CN108076842B

CN108076842B - Method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance

Info

Publication number: CN108076842B
Application number: CN201810139507.3A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 龙光强; 李敬仁; 赵久霞; 高松; 陈军文; 王平理; 谢世清; 信辉; 张广辉
Original assignee: Yunnan Xintong Plant Pharmaceutical Co ltd; Yunnan Agricultural University
Current assignee: Yunnan Xintong Plant Pharmaceutical Co ltd; Yunnan Agricultural University
Priority date: 2018-02-11
Filing date: 2018-02-11
Publication date: 2020-09-04
Anticipated expiration: 2038-02-11
Also published as: CN108076842A

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for harvesting and storing marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance, which comprises the steps of determining the harvesting period of the marsdenia tenacissima seeds, harvesting and drying the marsdenia tenacissima seeds, measuring the thousand seed weight and the germination rate to judge the seed quality, screening qualified seeds and storing the screened qualified seeds. The method for harvesting marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance can bring the seed harvesting period forward to 12 months per year, and solves the problem that the seed harvesting period conflicts with the medicinal material harvesting period. Meanwhile, the drying process only needs 3 months, the seedling breeding of the next season is not affected, the operation is simple, and the feasibility is strong.

Description

Method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the technical field of seed harvesting, and relates to a method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance.

Background

Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb) Wight et arm.) is a vine plant of the genus California of the family Asclepiadaceae, and has the effects of diminishing inflammation, clearing away heat and toxic materials and the like on stems, roots and leaves. The rattan is in a flat cylindrical shape, slightly twisted and 2-5 cm in diameter; the nodes are expanded, 1 obvious longitudinal groove is respectively arranged on two sides of each node, the nodes are symmetrical in an interaction mode, the surface is grey brown and rough, and the medicinal composition is collected and dried in autumn and winter and then used as a medicine.

Tongguanteng was originally recorded in Yunnan materia Medica and widely distributed in Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is mainly used for treating diseases such as bronchitis at first, and is popularized only after the 20 th century 70 years of discovery of the anti-tumor effect, but the research is not deep. In recent years, with the intensive research on medicinal components and pharmacodynamic activity of marsdenia tenacissima, the supply of medicinal materials and the maximum utilization of effective components are also emphasized. However, the mature period of the seeds of marsdenia tenacissima is long, about 1 year (from 4 months to 3 months in the year) is required from flowering to fruit ripening, the optimal period for collecting the medicinal materials of the marsdenia tenacissima is autumn and winter 2 seasons (from 11 months to 1 month in the next year), the medicinal material collection period is earlier than the seed mature period, and immature seed resources are greatly damaged along with the medicinal material collection, so that the seed collection is difficult. Meanwhile, the seeds are harvested as early as possible, and the method has important significance for sowing and breeding the seedlings in advance, ensuring the sufficient growth time of the seedlings and realizing the transplanting of the seedlings in the same year. Therefore, the method for harvesting the seeds before the medicinal materials are harvested, processing and storing the seeds is explored, and the method has important significance for the utilization of the medicinal materials, the harvesting of the seeds and the breeding of seedlings.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides a method for harvesting and storing marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance, which solves the problems of premature pod waste, difficult seed harvesting and loss of active ingredients of medicinal materials caused by early harvesting due to conflict between the harvesting period and the seed maturation period of the traditional Chinese medicinal materials in the prior art.

The technical scheme adopted by the invention is that the method for harvesting and storing the marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance is carried out according to the following steps:

step one, building a drying shed: selecting a place with the temperature equalization of 18-25 ℃ in the daytime and the temperature equalization of 11-17 ℃ at night in the fruit harvesting period to build a drying shed, wherein a drying table is arranged in the drying shed;

step two, fruit harvesting: collecting the fruits of Marsdenia tenacissima from 12 months per year to 1 month per year before the medicinal materials are collected;

step three, drying treatment: slowly drying the marsdenia tenacissima fruits;

step four, primary processing of seeds: after the drying treatment is finished, putting the fruits into a screen basket for rubbing, separating the seeds from the shells and the hairs, then cleaning the seeds by using a winnowing machine, and finally continuously drying the cleaned seeds;

step five, determining thousand seed weight and germination rate: after the primary processing of the seeds is finished, counting and measuring the thousand seed weight and the germination rate so as to judge the seed quality and screen qualified seeds;

and step six, warehousing and storing the screened qualified seeds.

Furthermore, the upper layer of the drying shed in the first step is plastic cloth, and the periphery of the drying shed is provided with a closed insect-proof net.

Furthermore, the drying table top is built by adopting a wood board with the thickness of less than 5cm, and the height is 1.2-1.5 m away from the ground.

Furthermore, the fruit harvesting in the second step adopts manual picking, the fruits are contained in a woven bag after being picked, the fruits are contained in 2/3 of the woven bag and then are tied, and the producing area, the harvesting time and the female parent age of the fruits are marked.

Further, the drying treatment in the third step is that the fruits are picked and then slowly dried, the fruits are placed in woven bags for no more than 2 days, the slow treatment time is 3 months, the picked fruits are placed on a drying table in a drying shed to be spread to be thinner than or equal to 5cm, the drying condition is observed every ten days, meanwhile, the fruits at the bottom are turned to the surface until the shells can be easily turned off, the fruits are transferred into a drying mesh bag and placed in an electric heating drying box to be dried for 6 hours, and the drying temperature is 35 +/-2 ℃.

Furthermore, the screen basket in the fourth step is provided with rectangular holes, the length of each hole is 15mm, the width of each hole is 3mm, and plastic cloth with the length of 50cm and the width of 35cm is placed under the screen basket.

Further, the purity of the seeds after the cleaning of the air separator in the fourth step is more than or equal to 98 percent.

Further, after the four seeds are cleaned and selected, the four seeds are placed in an electric heating drying box at the temperature of 30-35 ℃ to be continuously dried until the water content is less than or equal to 13%.

Furthermore, the five-qualified seeds in the step are seeds with thousand seed weight more than or equal to 18g and germination percentage more than or equal to 92%.

Further, the six seeds are stored in a refrigeration mode, the refrigeration temperature is 0-5 ℃, and the age limit of the refrigeration storage is not higher than 3 years

The invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) the method can advance the collection period of the marsdenia tenacissima seeds to 1 month in the next year from 12 months per year, is coordinated with the collection of the medicinal materials, and solves the problems that the seeds are wasted due to no germination rate after the medicinal materials are collected and the seeds need to be reserved separately for seed seedling breeding in the prior art; (2) according to the invention, through the treatment of the drying process after seed harvesting, the germination rate of the seeds harvested in advance reaches 92-97%, which is almost the same as the germination rate of 94% of naturally mature seeds. The process is simple to operate, extra labor or material cost is not needed, the whole drying process only needs 3 months, the period is short, and the seed breeding in the next season is not delayed; (3) according to the invention, the marsdenia tenacissima seeds are slowly dried, so that the vitality of the seeds can be ensured to the maximum extent; (4) and the seeds harvested in advance are refrigerated at 0-5 ℃, so that the maximum activity of the seeds is ensured.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 is a statistical chart of the growing period of Marsdenia tenacissima fruits;

FIG. 2 is a graph comparing thousand kernel weight and germination rate for fast dried seeds versus slow dried seeds;

FIG. 3 is a graph showing the change of thousand seed weight and germination rate of rapidly dried seeds at different time periods;

FIG. 4 is a graph showing the change of thousand kernel weight and germination percentage of slowly dried seeds at different periods.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Marsdenia tenacissima is planted in the area A of the fine variety breeding base of Jinping of Mengyuan city of red river, Yunnan province, and the fructification plants of the base are randomly selected as test objects.

The method for harvesting and preserving the marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance comprises the following steps:

step one, building a drying shed: a drying shed is built at a place with the temperature of 18-25 ℃ in the daytime and the temperature of 11-17 ℃ at night, plastic cloth is arranged on the upper layer of the drying shed for avoiding rain, a closed insect-proof net is arranged on the periphery of the drying shed, a drying table is arranged in the drying shed, a drying table top is built by adopting a wood board with the thickness of less than 5cm, and the height is 1.2-1.5 m away from the ground;

step two, the fruit harvesting period: collecting the Marsdenia tenacissima fruits at the collecting period of 11, 12 months per year to 1, 2 and 3 months next year, and collecting the fruits before the medicinal materials are collected;

step three, harvesting: manually picking up three samples each time, wherein the number of the sampled fruits each time is not less than 20 fruits per plant, recording the number of the sampled fruits, respectively measuring the length, the diameter and the weight (as shown in figure 1), containing the fruits by using a woven bag after picking, tying the fruits to 2/3 of the woven bag immediately, and marking the producing area, the picking time and the female parent age of the fruits;

step four, drying treatment: the drying treatment test adopts two treatment modes of quick drying and slow drying for the marsdenia tenacissima fruits, the test takes 5 times of sampling, 3 samples are taken each time, 2 drying treatments are carried out on each sample, the number of the fruits subjected to the drying treatment is not less than 10 (shown in table 1), the two treatment modes are carried out after the fruits are picked, the quick drying treatment time is one week, and the fruits are immediately placed into a dryer with the temperature of 35-40 ℃ for quick drying after being picked; slowly treating for 3 months, spreading picked fruits on a drying table in a drying shed until the thickness is less than or equal to 5cm, observing the drying condition every ten days, turning the bottom fruits to the surface, transferring the fruits into a drying mesh bag, putting the drying mesh bag into an electric heating drying box, drying for 6 hours at the drying temperature of 35 +/-2 ℃, wherein the drying mesh bag is used for preventing seed hairs from escaping;

TABLE 1 statistics table for the treatment mode of Marsdenia tenacissima seeds

Step five, primary processing of seeds: after the drying treatment is finished, putting the fruits into a screen basket with a rectangular hole of 15mm in length and 3mm in width for rubbing, separating seeds from shells and seeds, putting a plastic cloth with 50cm in length and 35cm in width below the screen basket for containing the seeds leaked from the screen basket, after the seeds are separated out, selecting the seeds by a winnowing machine until the purity is more than or equal to 98%, and then putting the seeds into an electrothermal drying box at the temperature of 30-35 ℃ for continuous drying until the water content is less than or equal to 13%;

step six, determining thousand grain weight and germination percentage: after the primary processing of the seeds is finished, counting and measuring the thousand seed weight and the germination rate (shown in table 2), and finally comparing the thousand seed weight and the germination rate with those of naturally mature seeds to judge the seed quality and screen qualified seeds;

table 2 statistical table of test data of marsdenia tenacissima seed harvesting period

Seventhly, storing the seeds: weighing the screened qualified seeds, handling warehousing procedures, containing, marking batch number, weight, producing area, harvesting time, female parent age and seed quality information, refrigerating and storing the seeds at the controlled temperature of 0-5 ℃, wherein the cold storage time of the seeds is not more than 3 years to ensure the activity of the seeds.

In fig. 1, the fruit number is measured here for length, diameter, weight, and thus demonstrates the normal growth of the marsdenia tenacissima fruit here.

In the fourth step, the processing mode of the marsdenia tenacissima fruits has great influence on nutrient accumulation of the marsdenia tenacissima seeds, and if the marsdenia tenacissima seeds are still in the growth process, the sudden blocking of the development cycle of the marsdenia tenacissima seeds can cause extremely serious adverse effect on the activity of the seeds. If the fresh marsdenia tenacissima fruits are dried in a sun exposure mode when the collected marsdenia tenacissima fruits are treated, the water content of the shells of the marsdenia tenacissima fruits is higher, the shells cannot be cracked due to airing, but the shells deteriorate, so that the tender seeds are subjected to high-temperature braising and steaming in the shells, and the seeds are directly inactivated. The seeds are quickly dried by putting the fruits into a dryer for drying, so that the seeds are prevented from being damaged by high temperature. The seed coats harvested in 3 months are only partially browned, so in the fourth step, the pod state is maintained after the fruits are harvested, and slow drying treatment is carried out until the seed coats are partially or completely browned after being stripped, and the seeds cannot be stripped.

TABLE 3 statistical table of average data of different processing modes

Time of harvest	11 month	12 month	1 month	2 month	3 month
						Thousand Kernel weight (quick drying)	12.81	16.24	18.53	20.69	24.36
Germination rate (Rapid drying)	0.00％	0.00％	26.67％	32.45％	94.22％
						Thousand Kernel weight (Slow drying)	17.54	20.40	22.84	24.01	24.37
Germination rate (Slow drying)	64.89％	92.44％	97.33％	95.56％	99.56％
						Thousand Kernel weight growth rate (Rapid drying)	0.00％	23.58％	17.06％	11.66％	17.74％
Thousand Kernel weight growth rate (Slow drying)	0.00％	16.31％	11.96％	5.12％	1.50％

In the fourth step, after the fresh marsdenia tenacissima fruits are harvested, the fresh marsdenia tenacissima fruits are treated by two modes of quick drying and slow drying, and experiments show that the two treatments have great influence on the germination rate of seeds. Fresh fruits harvested in the same plant in the same month have the germination rate far higher than that of seeds obtained by quick drying treatment (shown in table 3), the average germination rate of the seeds obtained by slow drying of the fresh fruits harvested in 11 months per year has reached 64.89%, the germination rates are all more than 92%, and the seeds subjected to quick drying treatment show activity from the next 1 month, but the average germination rate of the next 1 month is only 26.67%, and the germination rate does not reach 94.22% until the last sampling in the next 3 months (shown in fig. 2).

As can be seen from table 3, when the seeds are not completely ripe, the thousand seed weight of the fresh fruits harvested at the same time by adopting the slow drying manner is far higher than that of the seeds obtained by quick drying after harvesting. And as the maturity period approaches, the difference slowly decreases until the seeds are completely the same at the end of maturity.

The thousand seed weight of the seeds is increased along with the time, until the last sampling is carried out in 3 months in the next year, the thousand seed weight of the seeds obtained by quick drying and slow drying is completely the same, and the thousand seed weight of the seeds obtained by quick drying and slow drying is the same as the thousand seed weight of the naturally mature seeds, which indicates that the seeds are completely mature at the moment.

The seeds of the fresh fruits harvested in 3 months of the next year are completely mature, the thousand seed weight reaches the maximum value, and as can be seen from the table 3, the germination rate of the seeds obtained by adopting the quick drying treatment is only 94.22 percent lower than that of the seeds obtained by adopting the slow drying treatment, namely 99.56 percent. As can be seen from fig. 3, the germination rate of the seeds of 3 samples reached 90% or more in the next 3 months in the rapid drying treatment. As can be seen from FIG. 4, when the thousand seed weight is greater than or equal to 18g, the germination percentage of the seeds is greater than or equal to 92%.

The method comprises the steps of collecting medicinal materials of marsdenia tenacissima in a period from 11 months to 1 month of the next year every year, collecting seeds of the marsdenia tenacissima seeds in 12 months and 1 month respectively to have a germination rate of more than or equal to 92%, selecting fruits of the marsdenia tenacissima in 12 months to 1 month of the next year, collecting the fruits before the medicinal materials are collected, then carrying out drying treatment and primary processing on the fruits, and preserving the seeds with the thousand seed weight of more than or equal to 18g and the germination rate of more than or equal to 92%. The germination of the seeds needs accumulated nutrients to supply energy, if the accumulated nutrients are insufficient, the energy for germination is not enough, the nutrients required by later-stage maturation of the seeds are obtained from the milk pulp in the shells, and the energy of the milk pulp in the shells fundamentally determines the activity of the seeds.

The germination rate of the seeds is detected due to the limitation of instruments, the sample size of each detection is only 25, the germination rate ratio influenced by 1 seed reaches 4%, and the inevitable mildew of individual seeds in the germination rate measurement process can cause certain influence on the germination rate measurement result, but the error is reduced by setting parallel samples. Therefore, in the experimental analysis process, the germination rates of the dry-treated seeds are all expressed according to the ranges, for example, the germination rates of 90% to 100% are all expressed as the germination rates of more than 90%, and the germination rates can only be judged to be at the same high level, but cannot be precisely higher or lower.

The marsdenia tenacissima as a vine medicinal plant used as a whole plant generally grows to bloom in 2 or 3 years, the flowering period of the marsdenia tenacissima is 4-6 months per year, and the seed harvesting period is 3-4 months next year. The pharmacopoeia records that the Chinese medicinal material is dry caulis Marsdeniae Tenacissimae, the harvesting period is two seasons of autumn and winter every year, namely 10 months to 1 month in the next year every year, and the optimal harvesting time is 12 months to 1 month in the next year according to the activity of the effective components. Milk pulp is still in the fruit shell at the stage and is in the seed maturation stage, the seeds are not completely mature at the medicinal material harvesting stage, and the seed germination rate can only reach over 26 percent at most. According to the method provided by the invention, the germination rate of the marsdenia tenacissima seeds harvested from 12 months to 1 month in the next year in the current flowering year can reach 92-97%, compared with the germination rate of normal mature seeds, the germination rate of the marsdenia tenacissima seeds harvested in advance is higher than that of the normal mature seeds, and the seeds with the thousand seed weight of more than or equal to 18g and the germination rate of more than or equal to 92% are preserved. Therefore, the method for harvesting and storing the marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance can bring the seed harvesting period forward to 12 months, and solves the problem that the seed harvesting period conflicts with the medicinal material harvesting period. Meanwhile, the drying process only needs 3 months, the seedling breeding of the next season is not affected, the operation is simple, and the feasibility is strong.

The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. The method for harvesting and preserving the marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance is characterized by comprising the following steps of:

step three, drying treatment: slowly drying the marsdenia tenacissima fruits; until the seed coat is partially or completely brown after being stripped, the seeds can not be stripped;

step six, warehousing and storing the screened qualified seeds;

and the drying treatment in the third step is to carry out slow drying treatment immediately after picking the fruits, the fruits are held in woven bags for no more than 2 days, the slow treatment time is 3 months, the picked fruits are placed on a drying table in a drying shed to be spread to be less than or equal to 5cm in thickness, the drying condition is observed every ten days, meanwhile, the bottom fruits are turned to the surface until the shells can be easily turned off, the fruits are transferred into a drying mesh bag and placed in an electric heating drying box to be dried for 6 hours, and the drying temperature is 35 +/-2 ℃.

2. The method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drying shed in the first step is made of plastic cloth on the upper layer and is provided with a closed insect-proof net on the periphery.

3. The method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the drying table top is built by adopting a wood board with the thickness of less than 5cm and the height of 1.2-1.5 m from the ground.

4. The method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance as claimed in claim 3, wherein the fruit harvesting in the second step is carried out by manual picking, the seeds are contained in woven bags after being harvested, the fruit is bound at 2/3 of the woven bags, and the producing area, harvesting time and maternal age of the fruit are marked.

5. The method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step four screen baskets are provided with rectangular holes with a length of 15mm and a width of 3mm, and plastic cloth with a length of 50cm and a width of 35cm is placed under the screen baskets.

6. The method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the purity of the seeds after the cleaning by the air separator in the step four is greater than or equal to 98%.

7. The method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance according to claim 1, wherein the four seeds are cleaned and then placed in an electrothermal drying oven at 30-35 ℃ to be continuously dried until the moisture content is less than or equal to 13%.

8. The method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance as claimed in claim 1, wherein the step five-qualified seeds have a thousand seed weight of more than or equal to 18g and a germination percentage of more than or equal to 92%.

9. The method for harvesting and preserving marsdenia tenacissima seeds in advance according to claim 1, wherein the six seeds are preserved by refrigeration, the refrigeration temperature is 0-5 ℃, and the age of the refrigeration storage is not higher than 3 years.