CN107947593B - 直流-直流转换器 - Google Patents

直流-直流转换器 Download PDF

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CN107947593B
CN107947593B CN201711437559.0A CN201711437559A CN107947593B CN 107947593 B CN107947593 B CN 107947593B CN 201711437559 A CN201711437559 A CN 201711437559A CN 107947593 B CN107947593 B CN 107947593B
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converter
switch
capacitor
switch group
switching
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CN107947593A (zh
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赵晨
张望
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Hangzhou Silergy Semiconductor Technology Ltd
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Hangzhou Silergy Semiconductor Technology Ltd
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Priority to CN201911288824.2A priority Critical patent/CN110932560B/zh
Priority to CN201711437559.0A priority patent/CN107947593B/zh
Publication of CN107947593A publication Critical patent/CN107947593A/zh
Priority to TW109100781A priority patent/TWI714427B/zh
Priority to TW107137522A priority patent/TWI713915B/zh
Priority to EP18203844.8A priority patent/EP3506481A1/en
Priority to US16/196,679 priority patent/US10734905B2/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/06—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
    • H02M3/07—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
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    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
    • H02M3/1588—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load comprising at least one synchronous rectifier element
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H02M3/33523—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33571—Half-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33573—Full-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
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    • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02M1/0048—Circuits or arrangements for reducing losses
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    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0067—Converter structures employing plural converter units, other than for parallel operation of the units on a single load
    • H02M1/007—Plural converter units in cascade
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
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    • H02M3/01—Resonant DC/DC converters
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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Abstract

公开了一种直流‑直流转换器，本发明实施例的技术方案通过将开关电容变换器和至少一个开关变换器级联，利用开关电容变换器包括多个开关组的特点，配置每个开关变换器复用开关电容变换器的至少一个开关组，可以有效减小电路器件数量，提高器件利用率。同时，对开关组的复用并不会对开关电容变换器的工作构成负面影响，基于本发明实施例的直流‑直流转换器仍然可以具有可调的平滑输出，并具有可调的增益。

Description

直流-直流转换器
技术领域
本发明涉及电力电子技术，具体涉及一种直流-直流转换器。
背景技术
开关电容变换器通过开关控制电容的充电和放电，实现电压或电流变换。但是，开关电容变换器只能实现输入输出电压固定变比的变换，同时由于输入电源等器件上不期望的电流脉动较大，得到的输出电压也存在脉动。现有技术中，为了改变输入输出电压的比值变换，同时为了平滑输出电压，在开关电容变换器的前级或者后级串联传统的开关变换器，如图1所示，输入级为开关电容变换器1，输出级则为采用降压型拓扑的开关变换器2。但是这样会导致电路规模较大。
发明内容
有鉴于此，本发明实施例提供一种直流-直流转换器，以减小电路规模提高器件利用率。
本发明实施例提供了一种直流-直流转换器，包括：
开关电容变换器，包括至少一个开关组和至少一个电容，每个所述开关组包括两个串联连接的开关；以及
至少一个开关变换器，每个所述开关变换器包括至少一个原边磁性电路并复用至少一个所述开关组，所述原边磁性电路耦接至被复用的所述开关组的中间节点，所述中间节点为开关组的两个开关的公共连接点。
其中，所述开关变换器为单向功率转换器。
优选地，所述直流-直流转换器还包括：
控制电路，被配置为以PWM方式、PFM方式或PWM/PFM混合方式控制被复用的至少一个所述开关组以调节输出电压。
优选地，所述开关电容变换器为隔离型开关电容变换器或非隔离型开关电容变换器。
优选地，所述开关变换器复用一个所述开关组。
优选地，所述开关电容变换器的至少一个电容包括与被复用的开关组并联的第一电容；
所述原边磁性电路一端耦接到被复用的开关组的中间节点，另一端耦接到所述被复用的开关组的一端。
优选地，所述开关电容变换器的至少一个电容包括第一串联电容和第二串联电容，所述第一串联电容和所述第二串联电容串联连接在被复用的开关组的两端之间；
所述原边磁性电路一端耦接到被复用的开关组的中间节点，另一端耦接到所述第一串联电容和第二串联电容的公共连接点。
优选地，所述开关变换器还包括原边开关组，所述原边开关组与被复用的开关组以全桥方式与所述原边磁性电路连接。
优选地，至少一个开关变换器的数量为N，并对应地复用N个开关组，N大于等于2。
优选地，所述开关电容变换器的至少一个电容包括N个与被复用的开关组并联的第一电容；
每个所述原边磁性电路一端耦接到对应的被复用的开关组的中间节点，另一端耦接到所述被复用的开关组的一端。
优选地，所述开关电容变换器的至少一个电容包括N个第三电容和N个第四电容，第i个第三电容和第i个第四电容串联连接在第i个被复用的开关组的两端之间，i＝1,….,N；
第i个原边磁性电路一端耦接到第i个被复用的开关组的中间节点，另一端耦接到第i个第三电容和第i个第四电容的公共连接点。
优选地，第i个所述开关变换器还包括原边开关组，所述原边开关组与第i个被复用的开关组以全桥方式与第i个所述原边磁性电路连接，i＝1,….,N。
优选地，所述开关变换器复用两个所述开关组，被复用的两个开关组以全桥方式与所述原边磁性电路连接。
优选地，所述原边磁性电路包括原边线圈和谐振电路；或者
所述原边磁性电路包括谐振电路；或者
所述原边磁性电路包括原边线圈。
优选地，所述至少一个开关组包括N个开关组；所述至少一个电容包括N-1个第一电容和N-1个第二电容，N大于等于2；
其中，所述N个开关组顺序串联在第一端口的两端之间，所述N-1个第一电容分别与第2至第N个开关组并联，第i个第二电容连接在第i个开关组的中间节点和第i+1个开关组的中间节点之间，i＝1,….,N。
优选地，所述至少一个开关组包括N个第一开关组和一个第二开关组；所述至少一个电容包括N个第一电容、一个第二电容和N个第三电容，N大于等于2；
其中，所述N个第一开关组顺序串联在第一端口的两端之间，所述N个第一电容分别与对应的第一开关组并联，第i个第三电容一端与所述第二开关组的中间节点连接，另一端连接到第i个第一开关组的中间节点，所述第二电容与所述第二开关组并联。
优选地，所述至少一个电容还包括至少一个隔离电容，连接在第二端口的任一端与所述N个第一电容连接的任意一端之间。
优选地，所述至少一个开关组包括N个第一开关组、一个第二开关组以及一个第三开关组；所述至少一个电容包括N个第一电容、一个第二电容和N个第三电容，N大于等于2；
其中，所述N个第一开关组顺序串联在第一端口的两端之间，第i个第一电容分别与对应的第i个第一开关组并联，第i个第三电容一端与所述第三开关组的中间节点连接，另一端连接到对应的第i个第一开关组的中间节点，i＝1,….,N；所述第二开关组与所述第三开关组并联，所述第二电容与所述第二开关组并联。
优选地，所述至少一个电容还包括至少一个隔离电容，连接在第二开关组的中间节点和第i个第一电容的一端之间。
本发明实施例的技术方案通过将开关电容变换器和至少一个开关变换器级联，利用开关电容变换器包括多个开关组的特点，配置每个开关变换器复用开关电容变换器的至少一个开关组，可以有效减小电路器件数量，提高器件利用率。同时，对开关组器件的复用并不会对开关电容变换器的工作构成负面影响，基于本发明实施例的直流-直流转换器仍然可以具有可调的平滑输出，并具有可调的增益。
附图说明
通过以下参照附图对本发明实施例的描述，本发明的上述以及其它目的、特征和优点将更为清楚，在附图中：
图1是一个现有技术的直流-直流转换器的电路图；
图2是本发明第一实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图；
图3是本发明第一实施例进行PWM控制的开关控制信号的波形图；
图4是本发明第一实施例另一种进行PWM控制的开关控制信号的波形图；
图5是本发明第一实施例进行PFM控制的开关控制信号的波形图；
图6是本发明第一实施例的变形的电路图；
图7是本发明第二实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图；
图8是本发明第三实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图；
图9是本发明第四实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图；
图10是本发明第五实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图；
图11是本发明第六实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图。
具体实施方式
以下基于实施例对本发明进行描述，但是本发明并不仅仅限于这些实施例。在下文对本发明的细节描述中，详尽描述了一些特定的细节部分。对本领域技术人员来说没有这些细节部分的描述也可以完全理解本发明。为了避免混淆本发明的实质，公知的方法、过程、流程、元件和电路并没有详细叙述。
此外，本领域普通技术人员应当理解，在此提供的附图都是为了说明的目的，并且附图不一定是按比例绘制的。
同时，应当理解，在以下的描述中，“电路”是指由至少一个元件或子电路通过电气连接或电磁连接构成的导电回路。当称元件或电路“连接到”另一元件或称元件/电路“连接在”两个节点之间时，它可以是直接耦接或连接到另一元件或者可以存在中间元件，元件之间的连接可以是物理上的、逻辑上的、或者其结合。相反，当称元件“直接耦接到”或“直接连接到”另一元件时，意味着两者不存在中间元件。
除非上下文明确要求，否则整个说明书和权利要求书中的“包括”、“包含”等类似词语应当解释为包含的含义而不是排他或穷举的含义；也就是说，是“包括但不限于”的含义。
在本发明的描述中，需要理解的是，术语“第一”、“第二”等仅用于描述目的，而不能理解为指示或暗示相对重要性。此外，在本发明的描述中，除非另有说明，“多个”的含义是两个或两个以上。
图2是本发明第一实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图。如图2所示，本实施例的直流-直流转换器包括非隔离型的开关电容变换器1’和开关变换器2’。其中，开关变换器2’复用开关电容变换器1’中的开关组。开关电容变换器1’包括两个开关组，分别为相互串联的开关Q1和Q2组成的开关组以及相互串联的开关Q3和Q4组成的开关组。两个开关组依次串联连接在输入电压Vin的两端之间。每个开关组中的两个开关的公共连接点定义为开关组的中间节点mi，i＝1,2。
在本实施例中，开关Q1-Q4采用金属氧化物半导体晶体管(MOSFET)。但是，其它类型的电控开关器件，例如，双极性晶体管(BJT)以及绝缘栅型晶体管(IGBT)也均可以作为本实施例的开关。
开关电容变换器1’还包括电容C1和C2。电容C1与开关Q1和Q2组成的开关组并联。电容C2则一端与中间节点m1连接，一端与中间节点m2连接。
在本实施例中，所述开关变换器为单向功率转换器。开关变换器2’包括原边磁性电路21。所述原边磁性电路21一端连接到开关Q1和Q2构成的开关组的中间节点m2，另一端连接到开关Q1和Q2构成的开关组的一端(即，输入端口的接地端)。原边磁性电路21在被复用的开关组的控制下切换状态，产生一个变化的电流，从而将功率传递到副边侧。开关变换器2’还包括与原边线圈Lp耦合的副边线圈Ls以及整流电路22。副边线圈Ls耦合到原边磁性电路21产生一个变化的电流。整流电路22对变化的电流进行整流输出一个直流电压。
在本实施例中，原边磁性电路包括串联连接的谐振电感L、原边线圈Lp和谐振电容C。也即，包括原边线圈和LC串联谐振电路。这使得开关Q1、Q2与原边磁性电路一同形成一个LLC谐振半桥变换器的原边侧电路。开关变换器2’与开关电容变换器1’共用开关组Q1和Q2。原边磁性电路也可以形成为LCC谐振电路等其它的形式。
对于开关电容变换器1’，开关Q1和Q4通过开关控制信号GH控制，开关Q2和Q3通过开关控制信号GL控制。在本实施例中，以开关控制信号GH和开关控制信号GL为互补信号为例进行说明，也即，在信号GH为高电平时，信号GL为低电平，反之亦然。并且，开关Q1-Q3采用N型MOSFET，因此，当开关控制信号GH为高电平，开关控制信号GL为低电平时，开关Q1和Q4导通，开关Q2和Q3关断。这形成了从输入端口开始经由开关Q4、电容C2、开关Q1和电容C1的回路。输入电压对电容C1以及C2充电。在信号GL为高电平，信号GH为低电平时，开关Q1和Q4关断，开关Q2和Q3导通。这会形成一个包括开关Q2、电容C2、开关Q3、电容C1的回路。在此期间，通过电容C1和C2自身的储能来供电输出。每个电容上的电压是输入端口电压Vin的1/2。由此，通过控制开关组的状态不断切换，可以使得电容被反复充放电，从而维持一个基本恒定的输出。
根据上面的分析可知，开关电容变换器1’的输出电压和输入电压的比值是一个固定值，和开关控制信号GH或GL的占空比没有关系。同时，开关变换器2’的输出电压Vout则由输入端口的电压Vin/2以及两个开关Q1和Q2的开关控制信号的占空比决定。因此，控制电路(图中未示出)可被配置为根据期望的输出电压调节开关控制信号GH和GL的占空比，同时保持开关控制信号GH和GL互补。只要开关控制信号GH和GL互补，就可以保证开关电容变换器1’正常工作。而通过控制开关控制信号的占空比，就可以使得开关Q1和Q2交替导通关断，控制进行第二级的功率变换。开关变换器2’可以消除开关电容变换器1’的输出中的电压脉动，同时，还能够调节输出电压和输入电压的比值，从而调节整个直流-直流转换器的增益，使得增益更大或更小。在本实施例中，隔离型开关电容变换器1’的电压增益为1/2，开关变换器2’具有小于1的增益。开关变换器2’的加入，可以获得更低的增益。
也就是说，被复用的开关组中的开关Q1和Q2一方面在开关电容变换器1’中用于切换电路状态，使得电容C1和C2可以被充电和被放电，另一方面在开关变换器2’中分别作为主功率开关和同步整流开关，控制电流流入电感L的时间和电感进行续流的时间。如上所述，由于开关电容变换器1’的增益与开关Q1以及Q2的控制信号占空比无关，占空比变化时控制信号的占空比仅对开关变换器2’构成影响。
控制电路可以基于各种方式来调节控制信号的占空比，以调节开关变换器2’的状态。所述控制方式可以包括脉冲宽度调制方式(PWM控制)、脉冲频率调节方式(PFM控制)以及上述方式混合的方式。
图3是本发明第一实施例进行PWM控制的开关控制信号的波形图。在图3中，在每个开关周期Ts中，开关控制信号GH和开关控制信号GL为互补信号。在开关周期Ts不变的前提下，可以通过改变占空比(例如，当开关管采用N型MOSFET时，通过改变每个周期内高电平的时间来改变占空比)，从而调节输出电压。
图4是本发明第一实施例另一种进行PWM控制的开关控制信号的波形图。与图3不同，图4中的开关控制信号GH和GL为一对对称信号。对称信号是指信号GH和GL波形相同，相位不同，具有相同的占空比。例如，如图4所示，在第一个开关周期Ts中，信号GH的高电平持续时间为T1，即自t0到t1，信号GL的高电平持续时间同样为T1，即从Ts/2到t2。即，信号GL相对信号GH滞后Ts/2，但具有相同的占空比。对称信号可以在开关组的开关切换之间留出一个死区时间，在该死区时间内，开关组的两个开关均保持关断，以防止在切换期间两个开关同时导通。而对于开关变换器2’，开关Q1和Q2在图4所示的控制信号控制下交替导通和关断仍然能够实现功率变换。通过调节控制信号的占空比，也可以实现对于增益的调节，并保持输出电压恒定。
图5是本发明第一实施例进行PFM控制的开关控制信号的波形图。如图5所示，对于开关控制信号GH和GL，开关周期并不恒定，而是导通时间Ton或关断时间Toff保持恒定，通过调节开关周期，改变开关频率，同样可以实现对于开关变换器2’的输出电压的调节。
应理解，第一实施例的开关电容变换器中的开关组并不限于2个，可以根据所需要的变比设置为更多。图6是本发明第一实施例的直流-直流转换器的变形的电路图。其中，开关电容变换器3可以包括N个开关组。每个开关组包括相互串联的两个开关。N个开关组顺序串联在输入端口的两端之间。开关电容变换器3还包括电容C1,1-C1,N-1以及C2,1-C2,N-1。电容C1,1-C1,N-1分别与第2至第N个开关组并联。电容C2,1-C2,N-1则分别跨接在相邻的两个开关组的中间节点上，也即，电容C2,i连接在第i个开关组的中间节点mi和第i+1个开关组的中间节点mi+1之间，i＝1,2,…,N。在图6中，开关变换器4复用第N个开关组，原边磁性电路连接在第N个开关组的中间节点mN(也即，最靠近接地端的开关组)和输入端口的接地端之间。可选地，开关变换器4可以复用N个开关组中的任意一个来进行功率变换。
本实施例的技术方案通过将开关电容变换器和一个开关变换器级联，利用开关电容变换器包括多个开关组的特点，配置每个隔开关变换器复用开关电容变换器的一个开关组，可以有效减小电路器件数量，提高器件利用率。同时，对开关组器件的复用并不会对开关电容变换器的工作构成负面影响，基于本实施例的直流-直流转换器仍然可以具有可调的平滑输出，并具有可调的增益。
进一步地，隔离型开关电容变换器也可设置为其它的形式。图7是本发明第二实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图。如图7所示，本实施例中，开关电容变换器5和开关变换器6共用开关Q1和Q2构成的开关组。其中，开关电容变换器5包括第一串联电容C3和第二串联电容C4，串联连接在开关组Q1和Q2构成的开关组的两端之间，具有公共连接点m3。开关变换器6的原边磁性电路61包括原边线圈Lp，其两端分别连接到中间节点m1和公共连接点m3。开关变换器6的副边电路62包括副边整流电路和滤波电路。由此，通过串联两个电容C3和C4并将原边磁性电路61的一端耦接至两者的公共连接点，使得原边线圈两端的电压随着开关Q1和Q2的交替导通和关断形成一个交流电流，从而可以经由原边线圈和副边线圈构成的变压器传递。
上述实施例中，被复用的开关组以半桥方式连接到原边磁性电路，从而输出交流电。可选地，也可以配置使得开关变换器的开关部分为全桥开关电路。
图8是本发明第三实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图。如图8所示，本实施例中，开关电容变换器7的结构与第一实施例相同。同时，开关变换器8除了包括原边磁性电路、副边电路外，还包括一个原边开关组。原边开关组包括开关Q5和Q6，两者串联连接。原边开关组与被复用的开关组(开关Q1和Q2)并联。同时，原边磁性电路81的两端分别连接到上述两个开关组的中间节点m1和m4。也就是说，原边开关组和开关电容变换器7中被复用的开关组以全桥方式与原边磁性电路81连接。通过控制上述两个开关组交替导通和关断，可以将开关电容变换器7的输出电压转换为交流电，通过变压器向副边传递。
本发明实施例中开关变换器的输入端和输出端实现能量单向传输，输出端的变化不会导致输入端的突变。由此，可以设置多个开关变换器，分别复用多个不同的开关组。
图9是本发明第四实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图。如图9所示，本实施例的开关电容变换器9包括开关组Q1和Q2，开关组Q7和Q8以及电容C1、C2和C3。其中，电容C1与开关组Q1和Q2并联。电容C3与开关组Q7和Q8并联。电容C2连接在中间节点m1和m2之间。开关变换器10复用开关组Q1和Q2。开关变换器11复用开关组Q7和Q8。开关变换器10和11的输出端并联。由此，可以一定程度提高功率转换的效率。
可选地，本实施例的开关变换器10和11也可以独立地分别连接到两个输出端口。
在上述实施例中，开关电容变换器均为非隔离型。开关电容变换器也可以设置为隔离型开关电容变换器。
图10是本发明第五实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图。如图10所示，本实施例的直流-直流转换器包括隔离型的开关电容变换器12和开关变换器13。其中，开关电容变换器12包括N个第一开关组、一个第二开关组(开关Q9和Q10)和一个第三开关组(Q11和Q12)。其中N大于等于2。每个开关组包括相互串联的两个开关。N个第一开关组顺序串联连接在输入端口两端。第二开关组连接在开关电容变换器12的输出端口的两端之间。开关电容变换器还包括电容C1,1-C1,N、电容C2以及电容C3,1-C3,N。电容C1,i与第i个第一开关组并联，i＝1,2,…,N。电容C2与第二开关组并联。电容C3,i则连接在第i个第一开关组的中间节点mi和第三开关组的中间节点m’之间。由于电容C3,1-C3,N的存在，开关电容变换器5可以有效地隔离输入端口和输出端口，从而有效抑制输入端口的共模噪声。在本实施例中，开关变换器13复用第二开关组和第三开关组。第二开关组包括开关Q9和Q10。第三开关组包括开关Q11和Q12。原边磁性电路131的两端连接到第二开关组的中间节点m和第三开关组的中间节点m’。
可选地，还可以设置一个隔离电容Cg。在图10中，隔离电容Cg连接在输入端口的接地端和第二开关组的中间节点m之间。
本实施例通过复用两个开关组可以形成一个全桥LLC谐振变换器。应理解，也可以仅复用一个开关组形成半桥LLC谐振变换器。同时，也可以采用输出侧仅有一个开关组的隔离型开关电容变换器，复用该开关组形成半桥LLC谐振变换器。
图11是本发明第六实施例的直流-直流转换器的电路图。如图11所示，本实施例的直流-直流转换器包括隔离型的开关电容变换器14和开关变换器15。其中，开关电容变换器14包括N个第一开关组和一个第二开关组(开关Q13和Q14)。其中N大于等于2。每个开关组包括相互串联的两个开关。N个第一开关组顺序串联连接在输入端口两端。第二开关组连接在开关电容变换器14的输出端口的两端之间。开关电容变换器14还包括电容C1,1-C1,N、电容C2以及电容C3,1-C3,N。电容C1,i与第i个第一开关组并联，i＝1,2,…,N。电容C2与第二开关组并联。电容C3,i则连接在第i个第一开关组的中间节点mi和第二开关组的中间节点m之间。在本实施例中，开关变换器15复用第二开关组。原边磁性电路151的两端连接到第二开关组的中间节点m和第二开关组的一端。
可选地，还可以设置一个隔离电容Cg。在图11中，隔离电容Cg连接在输入端口的接地端和第二开关组的一端之间。
本发明实施例通过级联开关电容变换器和开关变换器来进行功率变换，利用开关电容变换器中的各开关组开关交替导通关断的特点，将其中至少一个开关组复用作为开关变换器的至少一个桥臂使用，由此，可以有效减少开关数量，提高器件利用率。
同时，级联的结构也可以综合开关电容变换器和开关变换器的各自优点，改变直流-直流转换器的增益，并有效地平滑输出电压。
开关电容变换器可以隔离型或非隔离型，开关变换器可以为半桥变换器、全桥变换器、LLC谐振型变换器以及LC谐振型变换器等可以实现能量单向传输的拓扑。
以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例，并不用于限制本发明，对于本领域技术人员而言，本发明可以有各种改动和变化。凡在本发明的精神和原理之内所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (4)

1.一种直流-直流转换器，包括：
开关电容变换器，包括至少一个开关组和至少一个电容，每个所述开关组包括两个串联连接的开关，至少部分所述电容与对应的开关组并联；以及
至少一个开关变换器，每个所述开关变换器包括至少一个原边磁性电路并复用至少一个所述开关组，所述原边磁性电路耦接至被复用的所述开关组的中间节点，所述中间节点为开关组的两个开关的公共连接点；
其中，所述开关变换器复用一个所述开关组，所述开关变换器还包括原边开关组，所述原边开关组与被复用的开关组以全桥方式与所述原边磁性电路连接；
其中，所述开关变换器为单向功率转换器。
2.根据权利要求1所述的直流-直流转换器，其特征在于，还包括：
控制电路，被配置为以PWM方式、PFM方式或PWM/PFM混合方式控制被复用的至少一个所述开关组以调节输出电压。
3.根据权利要求1所述的直流-直流转换器，其特征在于，所述开关电容变换器为隔离型开关电容变换器或非隔离型开关电容变换器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的直流-直流转换器，其特征在于，所述原边磁性电路包括原边线圈和谐振电路；或者
所述原边磁性电路包括谐振电路；或者
所述原边磁性电路包括原边线圈。
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