CN107926771A - 一种脆鱼养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种脆鱼养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
- A01K61/13—Prevention or treatment of fish diseases
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- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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Abstract
本方案公开了水产品养殖技术领域的一种脆鱼养殖方法，包括：a、每天向脆鱼投放食料，食料包括的原料及其重量份数为蚕豆50～60份和大蒜1～1.5份，每100kg脆鱼每天的食料投放量为5～6kg；b、在鱼塘内放置成捆的青蒿料，每亩鱼塘的青蒿料放置量为4～5捆，青蒿料的体积为0.5～1m3，青蒿料由青蒿成捆固定固定在固定杆上而得，青蒿料在固定杆上脱落后更换新的青蒿料；c、每月向鱼塘内投放灭菌料3～5次，每亩鱼塘每次的灭菌料投放量为0.4～0.6kg，灭菌料包括的原料及其重量份数为干的辣椒1～1.5份和干的烟草1～1.8份。本方案提供的养殖方法，通过对水体以及脆鱼肠道和皮肤的病原菌、寄生虫进行灭杀或抑制，使得脆鱼的死亡率和得病率大大降低。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于水产品养殖技术领域，特别涉及一种脆鱼养殖方法。
背景技术
脆鱼又名脆肉鲩，原产于广东省中山市长江水库，是中山市地理标志之一，是利用水库的矿泉水，喂精饲料，运用活水密集养殖法养育成的名特水产品。因其肉质结实、清爽、脆口而得名。
在脆鱼养殖过程中，脆鱼常因病原细菌、肠道寄生虫导致其出现出血病、肠炎病、水霉病、烂鳃病等疾病。为了减少脆鱼疾病的发生，目前主要采用漂白粉、生石灰、二氯异氰尿酸钠、三氯异氰尿酸、二氧化氯消毒剂等药物对病原细菌进行杀灭；该方式对病原细菌以及肠道寄生虫的杀灭作用较好，但是其在杀灭病原细菌以及肠道寄生虫的同时，其会进一步刺激脆鱼表皮破损部分以及脆鱼肠道炎症，导致脆鱼疾病愈发严重。
发明内容
针对上述技术问题，本发明意在提供一种脆鱼养殖方法，以解决现有技术采用化学药物杀灭病原细菌，导致脆鱼疾病愈发严重的问题。
本方案中的一种脆鱼养殖方法，包括：
a、每天向脆鱼投放食料，食料包括的原料及其重量份数为蚕豆50～60份和大蒜1～1.5份，每100kg脆鱼每天的食料投放量为5～6kg；
b、在鱼塘内放置成捆的青蒿料，每亩鱼塘的青蒿料放置量为4～5捆，青蒿料的体积为0.5～1m3，青蒿料由青蒿成捆固定在固定杆上制得，青蒿料在固定杆上脱落后更换新的青蒿料；
c、每月向鱼塘内投放灭菌料3～5次，每亩鱼塘每次的灭菌料投放量为0.4～0.6kg，灭菌料包括的原料及其重量份数为干的辣椒1～1.5份和干的烟草1～1.8份。
本方案的工作原理及其有益效果：蚕豆含蛋白质、碳水化合物、粗纤维、磷脂、胆碱、维生素B1、维生素B2、烟酸、和钙、铁、磷、钾等多种矿物质，犹其是磷和钾含量较高；向脆鱼投放蚕豆有利于其快速生长，同时蚕豆味甘、微辛，归脾、胃经；有治疗脾胃不键、水肿等病症的功效。但是大量食用蚕豆容易导致胀气等，在食料中添加大蒜，由于大蒜中含有大量的大蒜素，大蒜素中含有二硫醚、三硫醚、丙基二硫化丙烯三硫化二丙烯、甲基二硫化丙烯等多种挥发性的含硫化合物，是一种天然的抗菌物质，其能有效杀灭荧光极毛杆菌、鱼害黏球菌、鳗弧菌、爱德华氏菌、气单孢菌等致病菌，对防治脆鱼肠炎病、烂腮病、赤皮病等具有良好效果。同时，大蒜特殊的气味可以刺激脆鱼的嗅觉和味觉，提高其食欲，增加脆鱼的采食量；另外，大蒜气味能刺激动物消化液的分泌，加速胃肠道蠕动，改善各系统组织功能，调节动物体内各种酶的分泌，从而有效的促进营养物质的消化和吸收，有效减少脆鱼发生胀气的概率，进而促进脆鱼生长，提高增重率。
同时，鱼塘中放置有青蒿，青蒿具有清虚热、除骨蒸、解暑热、截疟、退黄、止血、凉血、消毒等功效。同时，青蒿具有浓烈的挥发性香气，其能吸引脆鱼进行啃食，脆鱼啃食青蒿后，其消炎作用能有效治疗脆鱼的肠道炎症。另外，青蒿放置在鱼塘后，其在水流的浸泡下，部分营养物质溶解到水中，使得鱼塘中的水类似于药水，有助于杀灭部分病菌；而脆鱼在水中游动与青蒿泡出的药物相接触，对脆鱼受损的皮肤具有修复作用，同时减少脆鱼出血症状，进而对治疗脆鱼的出血病、肠炎病、烂鳃病、赤皮病、鳃霉病、气泡病、中华鳋病等具有较好效果。
而青蒿和大蒜虽然对治疗炎症以及一些皮肤病、出血病等具有较好的效果，但大蒜大量的添加不利于脆鱼的生长，因此本方案中在蚕豆重量为50～60份时，大蒜只有1～1.5份，这样在保证脆鱼营养摄入量、肠道清洁的同时避免了过多大蒜对脆鱼的生长带来不利影响；但该分量的大蒜对病菌的消灭作用有限，因此在鱼塘中添加灭菌料对于从根源上减少脆鱼疾病的发生具有重要作用。
灭菌料中包含有辣椒和烟草，《全国中草药汇编》记载，烟草性温味甘、有毒，具有消肿、解毒、杀虫等功效；辣椒中含有大量的辣椒碱，辣椒碱具有促进食欲、改善消化的作用，同时对蜡样芽胞杆菌及枯草杆菌也有显著抑制作用。辣椒与烟草相互补充，扩大了灭菌料对病原菌灭杀作用的广度，使其对柱状嗜纤维菌、白皮极毛杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、气单胞菌等多种病原菌起到较好的杀灭效果，进而从根源上减少了脆鱼出血病、肠炎病、水霉病、烂鳃病等疾病的发生。
但在病原菌被大量灭杀的同时，由于鱼塘中放置有大量的青蒿料，青蒿溶解在水中后，大量的蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等微生物得以快速扩张，虽然蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌均对病原菌的生长具有抑制作用，但在病原菌大量被灭杀的情况下，过量的蜡样芽胞杆菌会产生大量的肠毒素，不利于脆鱼的生长；过量的枯草芽孢杆菌迅速消耗肠道中的游离氧，造成肠道低氧，进而容易造成脆鱼缺氧致死。而辣椒中的辣椒素对对蜡样芽胞杆菌及枯草杆菌有显著抑制作用，进而防止了蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌的过量生长，对于脆鱼的健康生长起到了关键作用。
而在灭菌料的使用过程中，烟草和辣椒虽然对某些病原菌具有灭杀作用，并且辣椒对脆鱼具有促进食欲、改善消化的功效。但过量的烟草对脆鱼同样具有毒害作用，过量辣椒对脆鱼的出血病、肠炎病、水霉病、烂鳃病等也具有刺激作用；而且病原菌被大量灭杀后，其恢复也需要较长的时间；因此每月向鱼塘内投放灭菌料3～5次，一方面避免了过量的灭菌料投入造成水体污染，另一方面投入的灭菌料在青蒿消毒、止血和凉血的作用下，在一定程度上减少了灭菌料对脆鱼的毒害作用，进而保证了脆鱼的健康生长。
进一步，所述食料向脆鱼投放喂食前，先用浓度为30～45％的食盐水将蚕豆浸泡20～30h。将蚕豆泡软发胀便于脆鱼摄食、消化；而使用食盐水浸泡，脆鱼啃食蚕豆和大蒜后，大蒜与食盐相互配合，更有利于减少脆鱼炎症的发生，并对减少肠道内寄生虫的生长具有良好效果。
进一步，所述灭菌料是将辣椒和烟草浸泡15～20h后滤出，然后剁细混合而得。将辣椒和烟草浸泡并剁细混合，有利于其与水体间更充分的接触，进而有利于对病原菌的灭杀；同时细小柔软的灭菌料更有利于脆鱼的啃食，啃食后对其肠胃的灭菌效果更好。
进一步，所述烟草为烟草根。烟碱由烟草的根部(烟草根)合成，烟草根中烟碱的含量比烟草叶中更高，对病原菌的灭杀效果更好，同时相较烟草叶，烟草根价格更为便宜。因而使用烟草根对于减低脆鱼饲养成本，提高病原菌灭杀效果具有重要作用。
进一步，所述辣椒为朝天椒。朝天椒中含有更多的辣椒碱，其对病原菌的灭杀效果更佳。
进一步，每亩鱼塘每次的灭菌料投放量为0.5kg。灭菌料的投放量过多，容易导致水体受到毒化，而过低又对病原菌的杀灭作用有限，将每亩鱼塘每次的灭菌料投放量设定为0.5kg，有利于在水体清洁与病原菌灭杀上达到优化。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式进一步详细的说明：
表一
实施例1～3和对比例1～8中，除了原料的种类和用量存在差异外，喂养方法一致，以实施例1为例：
一种脆鱼养殖方法，包括：
a、先用浓度为30～45％的食盐水将55kg的蚕豆浸泡20～30h；然后将蚕豆滤出与大蒜1kg混合制得食料，每100kg脆鱼每天的食料投放量为5.5kg；
b、在鱼塘内放置成捆的青蒿料，每亩鱼塘的青蒿料放置量为5捆，青蒿料的体积为0.8m3，青蒿料由青蒿成捆固定固定在固定杆上而得，青蒿料在固定杆上脱落后更换新的青蒿料；
c、每月向鱼塘内投放灭菌料4次，每亩鱼塘每次的灭菌料投放量为0.5kg(按干料计)，灭菌料由干的朝天椒1.2kg和干的烟草根1.5kg浸泡15～20h后滤出，然后剁细混合而得。
对比例9～10和实施例1的喂养方式一致，但是没有使用大蒜、青蒿料和灭菌料；其分别选用生石灰和二氧化氯作为消毒剂，消毒次数根据实际情况进行。
实验对比：实验共分为13组，以实施例1～3和对比例1～10来进行，每组鱼苗数量为200条，鱼苗的大小、生长状态相似，鱼苗体重0.5kg左右，喂养时间3个月；统计其死亡数，以及活鱼的出血病、肠炎病、水霉病、烂鳃病情况，具体数据表二：
表二
由表二可知，实施例1～3养殖脆鱼，其死亡率和得病率均很低，都在3％以内；而对比例1～4与实施例1相比，脆鱼的得病率有所提升，主要原因是由灯笼椒/簇生椒替换了朝天椒或者以烟草叶替换了烟草根，致使药效降低，进而使脆鱼的得病率有所提升。
对比例5相对于实施例1，其缺少了大蒜，导致其死亡率和肠炎病和出血病相对于实施例1都大幅度提升，主要原因缺少大蒜，导致脆鱼体内的病菌较多、炎症较多，进而使肠道疾病加重。
对比例6缺少了青蒿料，相对于实施例1，脆鱼的死亡率以及各种疾病率都大幅度提升，主要原因在于缺少青蒿料的作用，朝天椒和烟草根虽然对病原菌的杀灭作用较强，却对脆鱼的肠道和皮肤构成了较强的刺激，进而促使脆鱼的得病率答复攀升，并出现死亡。
对比例7相对于实施例1缺少朝天椒，由于朝天椒的缺失，致使蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌以及部分病原菌得不到有效灭杀或抑制；致使脆鱼的得病率提升，同时由于青蒿料在水中的溶解，大量蜡样芽胞杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌得以繁殖、生长；在缺少朝天椒的情况下，蜡样芽胞杆菌释放出大量毒素、枯草芽孢杆菌消耗了过量氧气，因而使得脆鱼的死亡率大大提升。
对比例8相较于实施例1缺少烟草根，其水霉病和烂鳃病大幅提升，主要原因是烟草根的缺少，导致水体中大量的病原菌得不到灭杀，进而致使了水霉病和烂鳃病的发生。而在青蒿料、大蒜和朝天椒的共同作用下，其肠道疾病发生较少。
对比例9和对比例10,采用常规养殖方法，脆鱼的死亡率和得病率相对于实施例1都很高，主要原因在于常规的消毒方式虽然能对单种或几种病原菌具有较好效果，但是其总体抗菌效果较差，另外其在灭菌的同时，对脆鱼的肠道和疾病均具有强烈刺激作用，进而造成了脆鱼较高的死亡率和得病率。
应当指出，对于本领域的技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明结构的前提下，还可以作出若干变形和改进，这些也应该视为本发明的保护范围，这些都不会影响本发明实施的效果和专利的实用性。本申请要求的保护范围应当以其权利要求的内容为准，说明书中的具体实施方式等记载可以用于解释权利要求的内容。
Claims (6)
1.一种脆鱼养殖方法，其特征在于：包括：
a、每天向脆鱼投放食料，食料包括的原料及其重量份数为蚕豆50～60份和大蒜1～1.5份，每100kg脆鱼每天的食料投放量为5～6kg；
b、在鱼塘内放置成捆的青蒿料，每亩鱼塘的青蒿料放置量为4～5捆，青蒿料的体积为0.5～1m3，青蒿料由青蒿成捆固定在固定杆上制得，青蒿料在固定杆上脱落后更换新的青蒿料；
c、每月向鱼塘内投放灭菌料3～5次，每亩鱼塘每次的灭菌料投放量为0.4～0.6kg，灭菌料包括的原料及其重量份数为干的辣椒1～1.5份和干的烟草1～1.8份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的脆鱼养殖方法，其特征在于：所述食料向脆鱼投放喂食前，先用浓度为30～45％的食盐水将蚕豆浸泡20～30h。
3.根据权利要求2所述的脆鱼养殖方法，其特征在于：所述灭菌料是将辣椒和烟草浸泡15～20h后滤出，然后剁细混合而得。
4.根据权利要求3所述的脆鱼养殖方法，其特征在于：所述烟草为烟草根。
5.根据权利要求4所述的脆鱼养殖方法，其特征在于：所述辣椒为朝天椒。
6.根据权利要求5所述的脆鱼养殖方法，其特征在于：每亩鱼塘每次的灭菌料投放量为0.5kg。
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