CN107922843B - 材料组合物 - Google Patents
材料组合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107922843B CN107922843B CN201680046890.7A CN201680046890A CN107922843B CN 107922843 B CN107922843 B CN 107922843B CN 201680046890 A CN201680046890 A CN 201680046890A CN 107922843 B CN107922843 B CN 107922843B
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 79
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 35
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- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 8
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- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
- C09K19/54—Additives having no specific mesophase characterised by their chemical composition
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
- C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
- C09K19/06—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds
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- C09K19/2007—Non-steroidal liquid crystal compounds containing at least two non-condensed rings containing at least two benzene rings linked by a chain containing carbon and oxygen atoms as chain links, e.g. esters or ethers the chain containing -COO- or -OCO- groups
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- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
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Abstract
本发明涉及材料组合物,其包含包括液晶材料的第一流体及基本上不与该第一流体混溶的电绝缘第二流体,且涉及使用该材料组合物的光学器件。
Description
发明领域
本发明提供由包含与第二不混溶流体结合的液晶材料的双相体系组成的材料组合物(combination),含有所述材料组合物的光学组件,其能够转换为可用于各种光学应用中的组件,包括可使用电场控制焦距的透镜。此外,本发明涉及这样的透镜在可以2D模式或3D模式操作的显示器件、光闸、波束调向器(beamsteerer)、衍射光栅或电子纸显示器的用途。
发明背景
自适应光学组件(例如可变焦透镜)通常用于光学系统中。此处通过使用电动机或压电致动器机械致动透镜组来调节焦距。当用于要求小尺寸的便携式应用时,机械调谐遭受较高功率消耗及微型化困难。为克服与机械聚焦系统相关的问题,研发出替代性可变透镜,例如梯度折射率改变透镜[参考T.Nose、S.Masuda及S.Sato,“A liquid crystalmicrolens with hole-patterned electrodes on both substrates,”Jpn.J.Appl.Phys.31,1643(1992);Y.Choi、J.-H.Park、J.-H Kim.及S.-D.Lee,“Fabrication of a focal length variable microlens array based on a nematicliquid crystal,”Optical Mater.21,643(2003);H Ren、Y H Fan及S T Wu,“Liquid-crystal microlens arrays using patterned polymer networks,”Opt.Lett.29,1608(2004)]。梯度折射率改变透镜通过电学再分配透镜内的个别液晶分子来调节其焦距,该透镜中液晶分子密封于两片铟锡氧化物(ITO)玻璃之间。
与固态光子器件相反,可调谐光流控(optofluidic)器件是基于由液体制得的光学接口。由于液相的性质,基于此技术的器件具有例如快速可适应光输出及稳健性的优点且已研发出许多此技术的技术应用,例如自适应聚焦透镜、波束调向器、光栅、光圈(iris)、光学开关及显示器。实例是形变式透镜[例如B.Berge及J.Peseux,“Variable focal lenscontrolled by an external voltage:An application of electrowetting”,Eur.Phys.J.E 3,159(2000);S.Kwon及L.P.Lee,“Focal length control bymicrofabricated planar electrodes-based liquid lens(μPELL),”TransducersEurosensors,Germany,6月10-14日,(2001);N.Chronis、G.L.Liu、K-H Jeong及L.P.Lee,“Tunable liquid-filled microlens array integrated with microfluidic network,”Opt.Express 11,2370(2003);M.Agarwal、R.A.Gunasekaran、P.Coane及K.Varahramyan,“Polymer-based variable focal length microlens system,”J.Micromech.Microeng.14,1665(2004)]。
为能够操纵光学接口,已应用各种技术,例如电润湿或介电泳。
形变式透镜(也称为液体透镜)通过电转换液滴的表面轮廓来调节其焦距。取决于液滴接触角的表面轮廓可通过电润湿效应来改变。通常将盐添加至水中以增加水导电性(用于电润湿机制)且加宽水的操作温度。也发现电解、焦耳加热、微泡及蒸发阻碍基于水的液体透镜的光学性能及操作条件。[F.Mugele及J-C Baret,“Electrowetting:from basicsto applications,”J.Phys.:Condens.Matter 17,R705(2005)]。盐水的电解可基于将绝缘层置于电极上的“电介质上电润湿技术”而最小化。绝缘层减少焦耳加热效应及微泡;然而,其导致操作电压较高[E.Seyrat及R.A.Hayes,“Amorphous fluoropolymers asinsulators for reversible low-voltage electrowetting”,J.Appl.Phys.90,1383(2001)]。此外,盐水的高饱和蒸气压(即5托)需要昂贵的气密封装(即通常金属-玻璃封装)以将水密封于透镜内用于长期操作。利用电润湿效应使用水形成微透镜阵列已描述于例如“High speed adaptive liquid microlens array”,C.U.Murade、D.van der Ende及F.Mugele;Optics Express,第20卷,第16期,18180,(2012)中。
G.McHale、C.V.Brown、M.I.Newton、G.G.Wells及N.Sampara;Phys.Rev.Lett.107,186101(2011)描述可使用由非均匀电场诱导的液体介电泳来增强且控制含有平面内电极的基板上的电介质液体的润湿。此使得能够改变液体表面的大小及形状,而不具有上文所提及的电润湿缺点。当通过介电泳驱动潜在润湿效应时利用术语介电润湿。这可在使用非均匀电场及电绝缘流体时发生。
已展示适用于介电泳的特定种类的材料是向列型液晶。当分子具有非零介电各向异性时液晶可视为绝缘介电流体。C.-C.Cheng、C.A.Chang及J.A.Yeh,Opt.Exp.14(9),4101(2006)描述使用液晶来制作有源透镜,其通过改变含有同心ITO电极图案的基板上LC混合物液滴的形状来利用介电泳效应。然而,此处所用市售材料具有与常用溶剂相当的介电常数。
使用此介电润湿效应的液体的扩展(spreading)也已描述于例如C.V.Brown、G.G.Wells、M.I.Newton及G.McHale,Nature Photonics 3(7),403(2009)中。该文章进一步描述可引起薄膜起皱的情形(当不可能进一步介电润湿时)。此效应称为“强迫起皱”且褶皱的峰在电极之间,且谷与电极一致。
制作有源透镜的类似方法已公开于例如WO 2006/046185及US 7,483,218中。然而在两种情形中,该效应是基于电泳而非介电泳。
在C.V.Brown、G.G.Wells、M.I.Newton及G.McHale,Nature Photonics 3(7)403(2009)中,将强迫起皱施加至油空气界面以产生圆柱形透镜。这样的基于液体的器件的操作定向因重力而受限。然而,可在经囊封器件中在两种不混溶液体(例如油-水)之间的界面处产生表面褶皱,如GB 2422680中所述。此类型的方法用于Varioptic变焦液体透镜中以产生可以任何定向使用且对冲击及机械振动稳健的器件[Berge,B.与Peseux,J.Variablefocal lens controlled by an external voltage:An application ofelectrowetting.Eur.Phys.J.E3,159-163(2000)]。
此方法的缺点在于,相对于油与空气的折射率之间的较大差异,油与水的折射率之间差异较小。因此,为产生最大衍射效率(例如达到零阶未偏射光束的最小透射),两种流体之间的界面处的褶皱幅度将需要是油-空气界面处将要求的幅度的若干倍。为通过将空气更换为流体介质来补偿折射率差异的损失,要求新材料组合物易受低操作电压影响且同时具有高介电常数、低表面张力、低粘度、适宜折射率以及良好的热及化学稳定性(尤其当曝光于辐照时),以使得稳健器件能够具有良好的光学性能及高机械稳定性。
具有高介电常数的液晶混合物因利用聚合物稳定的蓝相液晶的液晶显示器而为本领域技术人员已知。在WO 2012/163470及WO 2013/156113中,公开这样的蓝相液晶混合物,其包含具有高介电常数的基础主体材料,其与实现蓝相所需的具有高螺旋扭曲力的手性掺杂剂及稳定蓝相的可聚合化合物结合使用。迄今为止未描述不含添加剂的基础主体材料本身的应用。
已知全氟化烃、(聚)醚及胺不与常用有机化学品混溶且描述了多种应用,例如使用全氟化烃的化学合成中的氟相化学(I.T.Horvat(编辑),Topics Curr.Chem.第308卷,Springer Verlag Berlin,Heidelberg,2012),对于医学目的,例如烧伤治疗(WO81/00002)或合成血液(US 405,798)。此外,例如氟硅酮油用作例如消泡剂(US 5,454,979)且氟化聚醚是一种重要的润滑油(例如EP 1 681 339 A2)。
出人意料地发现,与第二全氟化流体结合的具有高介电常数的液晶介质(该流体不与所述液晶介质混溶)适于满足上文所提及的产生用作可适应透镜的光学组件的要求。这样的LC介质展现高介电常数、低粘度、良好的热及光稳定性。适宜的第二介质展现低粘度、与LC介质的低混溶性及与所述LC介质足够不同的折射率。
发明概述
本发明涉及材料组合物,其含有
包含液晶材料的第一流体(40)及
基本上不与第一流体混溶的电绝缘第二流体(41)。
本发明进一步涉及用于借助介电泳产生空间变化的光波界面折射的光学组件,其包含:
流体外壳(enclosure),其包含第一基板(10),
置于第一基板对面的第二基板(11),其各自限定光学输入或输出面,器件的光轴从第一基板延伸至第二基板,且流体外壳包括
本发明材料组合物,其中第一流体及第二流体沿界面接触,及
第一及第二交叉指形电极(20、21),其布置于第一基板上且可操作以依赖电极间所施加的电压改变界面形状,其中第一流体及第二流体具有不同折射率,以使得在电极间施加电压时,界面代表折射表面,且电光效应与第一流体与第二流体间的界面处的周期波动相关联。
附图简述
图1是本发明优选实施方式的电光元件的横截面侧视图。
图2是本发明优选实施方式的电光元件在施加电压时的横截面侧视图。
图3显示本发明优选实施方式的透镜元件褶皱幅度的电压依赖性。
图4显示在第一流体暴露于空气的情形下焦距随透镜元件中所施加电压的变化。
图5显示焦距随包含本发明优选实施方式的第一及第二流体的双相体系的透镜元件中所施加电压的变化。
具体实施方式
如本文所用,“流体”是指其分子自由移动经过彼此的连续、无定形物质。流体可以是气体、液化气体、液体或压力下的液体或可流动微粒物质。
如本文所用,“流体外壳”可以是指用于物理储存流体的器件。
在优选实施方式中,第二流体包含一种或多种基本上氟化或全氟化的化合物。优选地,第二流体完全由基本上氟化或全氟化的化合物组成,尤其优选其完全由全氟化化合物组成。
全氟化意指碳材料的基本上所有氢原子已经由氟原子替代。尽管全氟化材料是优选的,但基本上氟化的碳材料也可用于本发明中。“基本上氟化”指示大多氢原子已经由氟原子替代,且进一步替代不会显著降低与非氟化的材料或部分氟化的材料的混溶性。据信当约50%的氢原子已经由氟原子替代时达到此程度。前述材料的某些氟原子也可经其他卤素原子(例如氯)取代。
如所指示,全氟化意指碳材料的基本上所有氢原子已经由氟原子替代。在这样的化合物的制造中可构想少量基本上氟化的衍生物可与完全氟化的化合物混合。这是可允许的,前提是缺乏完全替代所有氢并不影响本发明液体全氟碳的基本特性。优选至少95%、更优选至少98%且甚至更优选100%的氢原子已经替代。
可采用的全氟碳化合物尤其是全氟十氢萘(PP5)、全氟-1-甲基十氢萘、全氟-正十一烷、全氟十二烷、全氟-正辛基环己烷、全氟-对-二异丙基环己烷、全氟异丙基环己烷、全氟-正丁基环己烷、全氟-间-二异丙基环己烷、全氟-1,2-二甲基环己烷、全氟三甲基环己烷、全氟四甲基环己烷、全氟-1-甲基-4-异丙基环己烷、全氟-1-甲基-4-叔丁基环己烷、全氟十五烷、全氟(甲基环戊烷)、全氟己烷、全氟庚烷、全氟煤油、全氟十四氢菲、全氟十二氢芴、全氟双环[4.3.0]壬烷、全氟-内-四氢二环戊二烯、全氟金刚烷、全氟-乙基金刚烷、全氟-甲基金刚烷、全氟-乙基甲基金刚烷、全氟-乙基二甲基金刚烷、全氟-三乙基金刚烷、全氟-三甲基二金刚烷、全氟-甲基二金刚烷、全氟-1,3,5,7-四甲基金刚烷、全氟-1,3-二甲基金刚烷、全氟-四氢二环戊二烯、全氟-甲基双环[2.2.2]辛烷、全氟-二甲基双环[2.2.2]辛烷、全氟-蒎烷、全氟-莰烷、全氟-1,4,6,9-二桥亚甲基十氢萘、全氟-双环[4.3.2]十一烷、全氟-双环[5.3.0]癸烷、全氟-外-四氢二环戊二烯、全氟双环[5.3.0]癸烷、全氟二甲基双环[3.3.1.]壬烷、全氟-2,6-二甲基双环[3.3.1]壬烷、全氟-3-甲基双环[3.3.1]壬烷、全氟十氢苊、全氟三甲基-双环[3.3.1.]壬烷、全氟-7-甲基双环[4.3.0.]壬烷、全氟-正辛基溴化物、全氟三丁基胺(FC47)、全氟-N,N-二烷基环己胺、全氟烷基吗啉、全氟烷基哌啶、全氟四氢呋喃(FC80)、全氟-2-丁基四氢呋喃、全氟醚(PID)[(CF3)2CFOCF2(CF2)2CF2OCF(CF3)2]、全氟醚(PIID)[(CF3)2CFOCF2(CF2)6CF2OCF(CF3)2]、全氟聚合物(E3)[CF3CHF(OCF2C(CF3)F)2OCF2CF2CF3]、全氟聚合物(E4)[CF3CHF(OCF2C(CF3)F)3OCF2CF2CF3]、全氟醚聚合物(FomblinY)、氟硅酮油
全氟碳及其任何衍生物可通常称为“液体”。如本文所用术语“液体”是纳入既非固态也非气态的化合物的综合名称,例如液体、乳液及凝胶。术语“全氟碳”意指“环”或“非环”碳化合物。而术语“其经取代的衍生物”表征在其结构内经化学元素(例如氧、氮、氯及溴)取代的全氟碳。
应理解,本发明的全氟碳液体可由“纯”全氟碳液体、全氟碳与其本身或其他溶剂混合的乳液、悬浮液或溶液形成。尽管一些前述化合物在环境温度下是固体,但其在环境温度下为液体的那些中可溶且可使用这样的混合物。例如,全氟-1,3-二甲基金刚烷通常是固体,但与全氟三甲基双环[3.3.1.]壬烷混合形成液体,即DAWN。
可用的基本上氟化或全氟化的材料是在温度及压力(包括环境温度及压力)下通常为液体的那些。全氟化C8或更低碳数的材料及最高C18或更高碳数的材料可用于本发明中。也可使用各种不同全氟化材料的混合物。
上述全氟碳可通过熟知化学或电化学方法合成。优选的全氟化材料市面有售或可根据描述于以下美国专利中的以下方法来制备:4,105,798;3,911,138及3,962,439或Houben-Weyl,Methods in Organic Chemistry,第E10卷-Organo-Fluorine Compounds,第1-5卷(第4版)。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,第一流体包含液晶介质,其包含一种或多种式I的介晶化合物,
其中
L11至L15彼此独立地是H或F,
R11是烷基,其为直链或支链,未经取代,经F、Cl或CN单取代或多取代,且其中一个或多个CH2基团在各情形下以使O和/或S原子不直接彼此连接的方式彼此独立地任选地经-O-、-S-、-NR01-、-SiR01R02-、-CO-、-CO-O-、-O-CO-、-O-CO-O-、-S-CO-、-CO-S-、-CY01=CY02-或-C≡C-替代,
Y01及Y02彼此独立地是F、Cl或CN,且另一选择为其中之一可以是H,
R01及R02彼此独立地是H或具有1至12个C原子的烷基,
Z11是-CO-O-、O-CO-、-OCF2-或-CF2O-,
X11表示卤素、CN、SF5、单卤化或多卤化的具有1至6个C原子的烷基或烷氧基或单卤化、二卤化或多卤化的具有2至6个C原子的烯基,
a)由反式-1,4-亚环己基、1,4-亚环己烯基及1,4’-双环己二基组成的组,此外其中一个或多个不相邻的CH2基团可经-O-和/或-S-替代,且此外其中一个或多个H原子可经F替代,
b)由1,4-亚苯基及1,3-亚苯基组成的组,此外其中一个或两个CH基团可经N替代且此外其中一个或多个H原子可经F替代,且
m是0或1,
n是0、1或2,
p是0或1,且
m+n+p是0、1或2。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,LC介质包含一种或多种式I-1化合物,
其中
A12、L11至L15、R11、X11及Z11具有如上文式I中所指示的含义之一。
化合物I-1优选选自其子式I-1-1及I-1-2、优选式I-1-2的化合物的组,
其中R11具有上文根据式I所给出的含义,且优选是正烷基,最优选乙基、正丙基、正丁基、正戊基或正己基。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,LC介质包含一种或多种式I-2化合物
其中
A11、L11至L14、R11、X11及Z11具有如上文式I中所指示的含义。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,LC介质包含一种或多种选自式I-2-1至I-2-5化合物的组的式I-2化合物
其中参数具有如在式I下所指示的含义之一。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,式I-2-1至1-2-5化合物优选选自子式I-2-1a至I-2-1c、I-2-2a至I-2-2f、I-2-3a至I-2-3c、I-2-4a至I-2-4f及I-2-5a至I-2-5f的化合物的组,更优选选自式I-2-2c、I-2-3c或I-2-2f的化合物的组,
其中R11具有如上文式II中所指示的含义之一,且优选是正烷基,最优选乙基、正丙基、正丁基、正戊基或正己基。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,LC介质包含一种或多种式I-3化合物,
其中A11、L11至L16、R11、X11及Z11具有如上文式I中所定义的含义。
式I-3化合物优选选自
其中L11至L14、R11及X11具有上文式I中所指示的含义之一。
在本发明另一优选实施方式中,式I-3-1、I-3-2及I-3-3的化合物选自子式I-3-1a至I-3-1f、I-3-2a至I-3-2c及I-3-3a至I-3-3f
在本发明的优选实施方式中,LC介质包含一种或多种式I-4化合物,
其中
L11至L13、R11、X11及Z11具有如上文式I中所指示的含义之一。
在另一优选实施方式中,式I-4化合物优选选自式I-4-1或I-4-2化合物或其组合。
其中参数R11、L11至L13及X11具有上文式I中所给出的相应含义之一。
式I-4-1及I-4-2化合物优选选自以下子式的化合物的组
其中R11具有上文在式I下所给出的含义,且优选是正烷基,最优选乙基、正丙基、正丁基、正戊基或正己基。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,LC介质包含一种或多种式II化合物
其中
R21具有上文在式I下针对R11所给出的含义之一,
X21具有上文在式I下针对X11所给出的含义之一,
A21具有上文在式I下针对A11所给出的含义之一,
A22具有上文在式I下针对A12所给出的含义之一,
L21、L24彼此独立地是H或F,
m是0或1,
n是0、1或2,
p是0或1,且
m+n+p是1、2或3。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,介晶介质包含一种或多种式II-1或II-2化合物或其组合。
式II-1化合物优选选自其子式II-1-1a及II-1-1b的化合物的组。
其中R21具有上文式I中所定义的含义且优选为正丁基或正戊基。
式II-2化合物优选选自其子式II-2-1至II-2-8、优选式II-2-1至II-2-4、最优选式II-2-3的化合物的组,
其中R21具有上文在式II下所给出的含义,且优选是正丁基或正戊基。
在本申请中,烷基或烷氧基(即其中末端CH2基团经-O-替代的烷基)可为直链或支链。其优选为直链,具有1、2、3、4、5、6、7或8个碳原子,且因此优选是例如甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、戊基、己基、庚基、辛基、乙氧基、丙氧基、丁氧基、戊氧基、己氧基、庚氧基或辛氧基,另外是壬基、癸基、十一烷基、十二烷基、十三烷基、十四烷基、十五烷基、壬氧基、癸氧基、十一烷氧基、十二烷氧基、十三烷氧基或十四烷氧基。
氧杂烷基(即其中一个非末端CH2基团经-O-替代的烷基)优选是例如直链2-氧杂丙基(=甲氧基甲基)、2-氧杂丁基(=乙氧基甲基)或3-氧杂丁基(=2-甲氧基乙基)、2-、3-、或4-氧杂戊基、2-、3-、4-或5-氧杂己基、2-、3-、4-、5-或6-氧杂庚基、2-、3-、4-、5-、6-或7-氧杂辛基、2-、3-、4-、5-、6-、7-或8-氧杂壬基或2-、3-、4-、5-、6-、7-、8-或9-氧杂癸基。
烯基(即其中一个或多个CH2基团经-CH=CH-替代的烷基)可为直链或支链。其优选为直链,具有2个至10个C原子且因此优选为乙烯基、丙-1-烯基或丙-2-烯基、丁-1-烯基、丁-2-烯基或丁-3-烯基、戊-1-烯基、戊-2-烯基、戊-3-烯基或戊-4-烯基、己-1-烯基、己-2-烯基、己-3-烯基、己-4-烯基或己-5-烯基、庚-1-烯基、庚-2-烯基、庚-3-烯基、庚-4-烯基、庚-5-烯基或庚-6-烯基、辛-1-烯基、辛-2-烯基、辛-3-烯基、辛-4-烯基、辛-5-烯基、辛-6-烯基或辛-7-烯基、壬-1-烯基、壬-2-烯基、壬-3-烯基、壬-4-烯基、壬-5-烯基、壬-6-烯基、壬-7-烯基或壬-8-烯基、癸-1-烯基、癸-2-烯基、癸-3-烯基、癸-4-烯基、癸-5-烯基、癸-6-烯基、癸-7-烯基、癸-8-烯基或癸-9-烯基。
尤其优选的烯基是C2-C7-1E-烯基、C4-C7-3E-烯基、C5-C7-4-烯基、C6-C7-5-烯基及C7-6-烯基,尤其为C2-C7-1E-烯基、C4-C7-3E-烯基及C5-C7-4-烯基。尤其优选烯基实例是乙烯基、1E-丙烯基、1E-丁烯基、1E-戊烯基、1E-己烯基、1E-庚烯基、3-丁烯基、3E-戊烯基、3E-己烯基、3E-庚烯基、4-戊烯基、4Z-己烯基、4E-己烯基、4Z-庚烯基、5-己烯基、6-庚烯基等。具有至多5个C原子的基团通常是优选的。
在其中一个CH2基团是由-O-替代且一个CH2基团是由-CO-替代的烷基中,这些基团优选是相邻的。因此,这些基团一起形成羰氧基-CO-O-或氧基羰基-O-CO-。优选地,该烷基为直链且具有2至6个C原子。
因此,其优选为乙酰氧基、丙酰氧基、丁酰氧基、戊酰氧基、己酰氧基、乙酰氧基甲基、丙酰氧基甲基、丁酰氧基甲基、戊酰氧基甲基、2-乙酰氧基乙基、2-丙酰氧基乙基、2-丁酰氧基乙基、3-乙酰氧基丙基、3-丙酰氧基丙基、4-乙酰氧基丁基、甲氧基羰基、乙氧基羰基、丙氧基羰基、丁氧基羰基、戊氧基羰基、甲氧基羰基甲基、乙氧基羰基甲基、丙氧基羰基甲基、丁氧基羰基甲基、2-(甲氧基羰基)乙基、2-(乙氧基羰基)乙基、2-(丙氧基羰基)乙基、3-(甲氧基羰基)丙基、3-(乙氧基羰基)丙基、4-(甲氧基羰基)-丁基。
其中两个或更多个CH2基团经-O-和/或-COO-替代的烷基可为直链或支链。其优选是直链并具有3-12个C原子。因此,其优选是双-羧基-甲基、2,2-双-羧基-乙基、3,3-双-羧基-丙基、4,4-双-羧基-丁基、5,5-双-羧基-戊基、6,6-双-羧基-己基、7,7-双-羧基-庚基、8,8-双-羧基-辛基、9,9-双-羧基-壬基、10,10-双-羧基-癸基、双-(甲氧基羰基)-甲基、2,2-双-(甲氧基羰基)-乙基、3,3-双-(甲氧基羰基)-丙基、4,4-双-(甲氧基羰基)-丁基、5,5-双-(甲氧基羰基)-戊基、6,6-双-(甲氧基羰基)-己基、7,7-双-(甲氧基羰基)-庚基、8,8-双-(甲氧基羰基)-辛基、双-(乙氧基羰基)-甲基、2,2-双-(乙氧基羰基)-乙基、3,3-双-(乙氧基羰基)-丙基、4,4-双-(乙氧基羰基)-丁基、5,5-双-(乙氧基羰基)-己基。
经CN或CF3单取代的烷基或烯基优选为直链。经CN或CF3的取代可发生在任何期望的位置处。
至少经卤素单取代的烷基或烯基优选是直链。卤素优选是F或Cl,在多次取代的情形下优选为F。所得基团也包括全氟化基团。在单取代的情形中,F或Cl取代基可处于任何期望的位置处,但优选处于ω位置处。具有末端F取代基的尤其优选直链基团的实例是氟甲基、2-氟乙基、3-氟丙基、4-氟丁基、5-氟戊基、6-氟己基及7-氟庚基。然而,不排除F的其他位置。
卤素意指F、Cl、Br及I,且优选为F或Cl,最优选为F。
式I及II的化合物可通过专业人员已知的一般方法来得到。起始材料市面有售或可通过公开的方法得到。
优选地,本发明第一流体包含一种或多种选自式I及II化合物的组的化合物。
本发明第一流体中的各个化合物的浓度优选在0.5%或更大至70%或更小范围内,更优选在1%或更大至60%或更小范围内,且最优选在5%或更大至50%或更小范围内。
第一流体包含一种或多种选自式I及II化合物的组的化合物的混合物,该混合物的总浓度优选在70%或更多至100.0%或更少、优选80%或更多至100.0%或更少且最优选90%或更多至100.0%或更少的范围内。
具体而言,第一流体优选包含一种或多种式I化合物,其总浓度在40%或更多至100.0%或更少、优选60%或更多至90%或更少且最优选80%或更多至90%或更少的范围内。
在第一流体包含一种或多种式II化合物的情形下,这些化合物的总浓度优选在1%或更多至30%或更少、优选5%或更多至25%或更少且最优选10%或更多至20%或更少的范围内。
优选实施方式是在下文中指示:
-第一流体包含1种、2种、3种、4种或更多种式I、优选式I-1的化合物,和/或
-第一流体包含一种、两种或更多种式II、优选式II-2的化合物。
式I及II的化合物是无色、稳定且可容易彼此混溶且可容易地与其他液晶材料混溶。
式I及II化合物的最佳混合比率基本上取决于期望性质,取决于式I或II的组份的选择,且取决于可存在的任何其他组分的选择。上文所给出范围内的适宜混合比率可容易地根据情形来确定。
在许多情形下第一流体中式I及II化合物的总量并不重要。因此,出于优化各种性质的目的,混合物可包含一种或多种其他介晶化合物。这样的化合物是本领域技术人员已知的。然而,所观察到的对操作电压及操作温度范围的影响通常越大,式I及II化合物的总浓度越高。
在尤其优选的实施方式中,本发明介质包含一种或多种式I及II中的每一者的化合物。与式I化合物的有利协同效应产生尤其有益的性质。具体而言,包含式I及式II化合物的混合物的特征在于其低操作电压。
可用于本发明介质中的式I及II的各个化合物是已知的或可以与已知化合物类似的方式制备。
在另一优选实施方式中,第一流体包含一种或多种选自式I和/或II化合物的组的化合物,且另外包含非介晶化合物。
所述非介晶化合物用于根据光学组件的需要来调整第一流体的性质且优选是高沸点有机液体,优选选自3-苯氧基甲苯、丁氧基苯、苄基甲基醚、苄基乙基醚、苄基丙基醚、苄基丁基醚、1,4-苯并二氧六环、二丙氧基苯、2,5-二甲氧基甲苯、4-乙基苯乙醚、1,2,4-三甲氧基苯、1,2-二甲氧基苯、1,3-二甲氧基苯、二苄基醚、4-叔丁基苯甲醚、苯甲醚、苯乙醚、2-甲氧基甲苯、3-甲氧基甲苯、4-甲氧基甲苯、2,2-二甲基-1,3-苯并间二氧杂环戊烯、1,8-桉树脑、2,3-二氢-2-甲基苯并呋喃、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃、3,5-二甲基苯甲醚、2,5-二甲基苯甲醚、4-乙基苯甲醚、1,2-亚甲基二氧基苯。
液体意指物质具有低于室温的熔点。
本发明的高沸点意指在常压下液体的沸点高于150℃、优选高于180℃、最优选高于200℃。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,第一流体是向列型液晶。
在另一优选实施方式中,在室温下第一流体是各向同性的。
此外,优选的是第一流体的介电常数为100至1000或更高,更优选200至500或更高。
可根据本发明使用的液晶混合物是以本身常规的方式(例如通过使一种或多种式I化合物与一种或多种式II化合物或与其他液晶化合物和/或添加剂混合)来制备。一般而言,有利地在升高的温度下将期望量的以较少量使用的组分溶于构成主要成分的组分中。也可在有机溶剂中(例如在丙酮、氯仿或甲醇中)混合该组分的溶液,并在彻底混合后再通过例如蒸馏来移除溶剂。此外,本发明涉及制备本发明LC介质的方法。
在本发明中且尤其在以下实施例中,介晶化合物的结构是由缩写(也称为首字母缩略词)来指示。在这些首字母缩略词中,使用下表A至C将化学式缩写如下。所有基团CnH2n+1、CmH2m+1和ClH2l+1或CnH2n-1、CmH2m-1和ClH2l-1表示直链烷基或烯基、优选1E-烯基,各自分别具有n、m和l个C原子。表A列示用于化合物核心结构的环要素的编码,而表B展示了连接基团。表C给出左手侧或右手侧末端基团的编码的含义。首字母缩略词由具有任选连接基团的环要素的编码、接着的第一连字符和左侧端基的编码、和第二连字符及右侧端基的编码组成。表D展示了化合物的阐释性结构以及它们各自的缩写。
表A:环要素
表B:连接基团
表C:端基
其中n和m各自表示整数,且三个点“...”是来自此表的其他缩写的占位符。
下表展示了阐释性结构以及它们各自的缩写。展示这些以阐释缩写规则的含义。另外,它们代表优选使用的化合物。
表D:阐释性结构
其中n优选彼此独立地表示1至7、优选2至6的整数。
下表(表E)显示可用作本发明介晶介质中的稳定剂的阐释性化合物。
表E
在本发明的优选实施方式中,介晶介质包含一种或多种选自表E化合物的化合物。
下表(表F)展示优选可用作本发明介晶介质中的手性掺杂剂的阐释性化合物。
表F
在本发明的优选实施方式中,液晶介质包含一种或多种选自表F化合物的组的化合物。
本申请的介晶介质优选包含两种或更多种、优选四种或更多种选自由上表化合物组成的组的化合物。
本发明液晶介质优选包含
-7种或更多种、优选8种或更多种选自表D化合物的组的化合物,优选具有3种或更多种、优选4种或更多种不同式的化合物。
基板可由容许限制流体且优选是光学各向同性材料的任何适宜材料(即不具有双折射的材料,例如玻璃)制得。
基板的厚度优选是0.1mm-3mm、更优选0.5mm-2mm且最优选1.0mm-1.5mm。基板优选在可见光区域中是透明的。
流体外壳具有内部体积以接收第一及第二流体,其优选呈在单独层中彼此相对配置的不混溶液体形式。第一流体是液晶材料,且第二流体是不导电液体、优选基本上氟化的液体。在优选实施方式中,液晶及第二流体二者均基本上透光且各自具有与另一流体不同的不同折射率,当液晶呈各向同性状态时且当液晶是双折射时,液晶的单轴折射率中至少之一与第二流体的折射率不同。
第一及第二电极优选是交叉指形电极,其包含经配置以利用其齿交错而彼此相对的至少一对梳状电极。电极的宽度优选是5-240μm、更优选10-150μm、最优选25-100μm且对于各电极可相同或不同、优选相同。电极间间隙优选是1-100μm、更优选5-75μm、最优选10-50μm且各间隙可相同或不同、优选相同。
优选地,电极间间隙比电极线宽小0.9至0.1、更优选0.25至0.75且最优选0.4至0.6范围内的倍数。电极优选是透明的且可由任何适宜的透明导电材料、优选铟锡氧化物(ITO)、铟锌氧化物(IZO)、锑锡氧化物(ATO)、RuO2或PEDOT、最优选ITO制得。电极优选具有低于100Ω/□的电阻/平方。
在本发明的优选改进(refinement)中,电极用具有高透明度的聚合物层(30)、优选聚酰亚胺或覆盖,以防止从电极(20、21)的电荷注入,或促进液晶的润湿。此外,所述聚合物层是促进液晶优选配向的液晶定向层(经摩擦的聚酰亚胺)可以是优选的。
优选地,上基板(11)未经处理。
本文对“透明”的提及意指材料或物质允许该材料或物质上的大多(若非全部)入射光经其穿过而没有显著减弱。此外,所有对“光”、“入射光”及相关术语的提及均应理解为是指,特别是,可见光,但也可包括来自电磁光谱的其他区域的其他辐照,例如紫外线及红外线。
在本发明的所有实施方式中,所施加的电压可以是直流或交流、优选交流。
图2图解说明施加电压至图1器件的第一及第二电极的影响。当施加电压时,静态褶皱在第一流体(40)与第二流体(41)之间的界面处形成,褶皱高度是电压的函数。
由于所施加的电压,第一流体(40)与第二流体(41)之间的界面现已获得周期波的形状,从而形成一系列圆柱形透镜。由于褶皱的高度取决于电压,因此可归因于改变施加至电极的电压来可控地调节这些圆柱形透镜的焦距。
当第一与第二电极(20、21)之间所施加的电压降低或减小至零时,系统恢复至图1中所示的初始状态。
使用下列缩写及符号:
ne表示20℃及589nm下的非寻常折射率,
no表示20℃及589nm下的寻常折射率,
△n表示20℃及589nm下的光学各向异性,
ε⊥表示20℃及1kHz下垂直于指向矢的电介质极化率,
ε∥表示20℃及1kHz下平行于指向矢的电介质极化率,
△ε表示在20℃及1kHz下的介电各向异性,
cl.p.,T(N,I)表示清亮点[℃],
除非另外明确注明,否则本申请中的所有浓度均以重量百分比指示且涉及无溶剂的相应混合物整体。
除非另外明确注明,否则本申请中所指示的所有温度值(例如,熔点T(C,N)、从近晶(S)相至向列(N)相的转变T(S,N)及清亮点T(N,I))均以摄氏度(℃)指示。M.p.表示熔点,cl.p.=清亮点。此外,C=晶态,N=向列相,S=近晶相且I=各向同性相。这些符号间的数据代表转变温度。
除非另外明确指示,否则在各情形中所有物理性质均是且已根据“Merck LiquidCrystals,Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals”,Status Nov.1997,Merck KGaA,Darmstadt,Germany测定,且适用于20℃的温度,且△n是在589nm下测定且△ε是在1kHz下测定。
除非另外指示,否则各个化合物的液晶性质是在向列型主体混合物ZLI-4792(可自Merck KGaA,Darmstadt购得)中以10%浓度来测定。
除非另外指示,否则“室温”意指20℃。
实施例
以下实施例说明本发明,而不以任何方式限制本发明。
液晶混合物M-1是如下制备。
液晶混合物M-2是如下制备。
表1汇总了相较于各向同性液体TTE及市售的液晶E7的M-1及M-2的性质。
表1
从表1中所示的材料,以下列方式制造且表征圆柱形透镜元件。
首先使用第一流体(40)而不应用第二流体(41)来进行单流体实验以展示效果且表征透镜元件。使用硼硅酸盐玻璃载片基板来进行单流体实验。基板已预涂覆有约25nm厚的电阻率为约100欧姆/平方的铟锡氧化物层。此涂层由Glas and OptikGmbH,Iserlohn,Germany在商业上提供。标准光刻程序用于蚀刻且图案化铟锡氧化物层以产生共平面的交叉指形条带电极(对应于图1中的20、21)的阵列,以及接触垫。电极(20)以正y方向连接至基板一侧上的铟锡氧化物接触垫,且电极(21)以负y方向连接至基板另一侧上的单独接触垫。电极(20)及(21)共同位于且交错于基板的方形区域(其通常覆盖12mm×12mm的面积)上。基板及电极涂覆有约0.8μM厚的光刻胶(商用材料SU8-10,MicroChemCorp.,Newton,MA,USA)层,该光刻胶层已通过曝光于UV辐射及加热而固化并硬化。从接触垫上移除SU8-10层。使用“Gilson Pipetman”微量吸移管(Gilson,Inc.,Middleton,USA)将液滴分配于基板的电极区域上。使用经由接触垫施加至交替电极的正弦波电压(通常具有10kHz频率)进行器件的电寻址。插入的电极经由其他接触垫连接至地电位。通过连接至PZD700A-1放大器(Trek Inc.,Medina,New York,USA)的波形发生器来提供电压。对于M-1及M-2施加通常大于25V(均方根)或对于E7或TTE施加通常大于125V(均方根)的电压振幅,使流体膜扩展直至其形成涂覆基板的同位交错的电极顶部上区域的薄层为止。进一步增加电压振幅可增加膜的流体-空气表面上的褶皱幅度。使用通常装配有容许观察流体顶部褶皱的10×物镜的标准USB摄影机(例如DCC1645C,ThorLabs,Ely,UK)从y方向获取漫射白光侧面照明下的液体膜的侧面图像。通过聚焦于流体膜顶部处的区域,这些图像容许在施加不同均方根振幅的电压时测量褶皱的峰至谷幅度,从而给出图3的数据。图4垂直轴上的焦距值是使用基板的顶视图利用通常装配有10×物镜的标准USB摄影机获得,该标准USB摄影机从z方向向下观看,同时用来自LED的准直白光从下方照射基板。使用测微计在z方向上操作位移平台来调节USB摄影机的高度。首先将摄影机聚焦于基板的不存在流体的区域顶部上。将其向侧面移动直至其位于含有流体的区域上方,该流体在电压下扩展。然后升高摄影机的高度直至可见一系列清晰的平行聚焦的光线为止。所升高高度的距离记录为处于正向的焦距,显示于图4中。使用类似方法来记录处于负向的焦距,显示于图4中,只是相对于摄影机聚焦于基板上时的位置降低摄影机的高度。
从图3可以看出对于给定电压,使用液体材料M-1及M-2可实现比液晶E7及极性液体TTE更高的褶皱幅度。
相应地,当使用M-1或M-2时,在相对较低的电压下焦距可缩短,如图4中所示。
第二流体的应用
使用如上文针对图4所述的相同实验技术及基板来记录图5中显示的数据。差别在于将透明小容器(cuvette)胶粘至基板以容许液体全氟十氢萘(图2中的流体41)层保持于液晶流体M-1(图2中的流体40)扩展层(spread layer)的顶部并浸没液晶流体M-1(图2中的流体40)扩展层。
作为第一流体的约20μm厚的LC-混合物M-1膜(电极:线宽80μm,间隙40μm)经作为第二流体的全氟十氢萘层覆盖。
如从图5可以看出,在添加第二液体层后,切换行为(即使用施加电压来改变焦距)是类似的。
Claims (11)
1.材料组合物,其含有
包含液晶材料的第一流体,和
基本上不与该第一流体混溶的电绝缘第二流体,
它们沿相边界与彼此接触,其特征在于该第二流体包含一种或多种基本上氟化或全氟化的有机化合物,
其特征在于该第一流体包含一种或多种式I的化合物
其中
L11至L15彼此独立地是H或F,
R11是烷基,其为直链或支链,未经取代,经F、Cl或CN单取代或多取代,且其中一个或多个CH2基团在各情形下以使-O-和/或-S-原子不直接彼此连接的方式任选地彼此独立地经-O-、-S-、-NR01-、-SiR01R02-、-CO-、-C(O)O-、-OC(O)-、-OCO-O-、-S-CO-、-CO-S-、-CY01=CY02-或-C≡C-替代,
Y01、Y02彼此独立地是F、Cl或CN,且另一选择为其中之一可以是H,
R01、R02彼此独立地是H或具有1至12个C原子的烷基,
Z11表示-C(O)O-或-CF2O-,
X11表示卤素、CN、SF5、单卤化或多卤化的具有1至6个C原子的烷基或烷氧基或单卤化、二卤化或多卤化的具有2至6个C原子的烯基,
a)由反式-1,4-亚环己基、1,4-亚环己烯基和1,4’-双环己二基组成的组,此外其中一个或多个不相邻的CH2基团可经-O-和/或-S-替代,和此外其中一个或多个H原子可经F替代,
b)由1,4-亚苯基和1,3-亚苯基组成的组,此外其中一个或两个CH基团可经N替代和此外其中一个或多个H原子可经F替代,且
m是0或1,
n是0、1或2,
p是0或1,且
m+n+p是0、1或2,
其特征在于该第一流体包含一种或多种式II的化合物
其中
R21具有式I中针对R11所给出的含义之一,
X21具有式I中针对X11所给出的含义之一,
A21具有式I中针对A11所给出的含义之一,
A22具有式I中针对A12所给出的含义之一,
L21、L22彼此独立地是H或F,
m是0或1,
n是0、1或2,
p是0或1,且
m+n+p是1、2或3。
2.根据权利要求1的材料组合物,其中该第二流体由一种或多种全氟化有机化合物组成。
3.根据权利要求1或2的材料组合物,其中该第一流体在室温下呈各向同性状态。
4.根据权利要求1或2的材料组合物,其特征在于该第一流体具有在20℃和1kHz下测量的100至1000或更高的介电常数。
5.光学组件,其包含流体外壳,该流体外壳包含第一基板、置于该第一基板对面的第二基板和布置于该第一基板与该第二基板之间的根据权利要求1至4中任一项的材料组合物。
6.根据权利要求5的光学组件,其中该光学组件利用置于该第一基板上的交叉指形电极。
7.根据权利要求6的光学组件,其中该电极由聚合物层覆盖。
8.根据权利要求7的光学组件,其中该聚合物层是液晶定向层。
9.生产根据权利要求5的光学组件的方法,其包括至少以下步骤:A)将根据权利要求1至2中任一项的第一流体分配于第一基板上,B)将根据权利要求1至2中任一项的第二流体分配于该第一流体顶部上。
10.光学器件,其包含根据权利要求5至8中任一项的光学组件。
11.以2D模式或3D模式操作的显示器件、动态透镜元件、光闸、波束调向器、衍射光栅或电子纸显示器,其包含根据权利要求10的光学器件。
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US20180237696A1 (en) | 2018-08-23 |
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KR20180039650A (ko) | 2018-04-18 |
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