CN1078798A - 利用无规填料深冷分离空气 - Google Patents

利用无规填料深冷分离空气 Download PDF

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CN1078798A
CN1078798A CN 93103697 CN93103697A CN1078798A CN 1078798 A CN1078798 A CN 1078798A CN 93103697 CN93103697 CN 93103697 CN 93103697 A CN93103697 A CN 93103697A CN 1078798 A CN1078798 A CN 1078798A
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张海理
M·J·洛凯特
R·A·维克托
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Praxair Technology Inc
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Abstract

一种深冷空气分离系统，该系统采用无规填料段 和其上方的有序填料段，而且在数组无规填料段和有 序填料段之间再分布液体。

Description

本发明涉及深冷温度（使空气处于液态下的足够低的温度）下蒸馏分离空气为其成分（主要是氮、氧和氢）的技术。
半个多世纪以来，空气的深冷分离是空气分成的主要工业来源，而且空气成分日益成为重要的工业产品。例如，今日的炼钢业有赖于用这种分离法获得的、以管道输送的氧的数量。
所说的分离作用发生在一个或多个含液-气接触结构的园柱形塔中，其中液体向下流过所说的结构，而气态蒸气向上通过所说结构，与液体呈对流方式接触。一种类型的这种接触结构叫作填料，填料有迷宫式表面，液体以液膜形式在所说表面上流动，而且有足够的间隙使上升的蒸气容易通过，与流动的液体相接触。有两大类填料：（1）规则或有序的填料和（2）无规填料。前者由设计确定，一般是由金属板制成的峰窝状结构。无规填料是一些松散的材料，如玻璃球、陶瓷环或能够堆积或装入所说塔中的有一定形状的金属片。
另外一种液-气接触结构叫作塔盘，一系列塔盘在塔中一个处于另一个之上形成液体的浅池，上升的气体通过液体池时鼓泡。
据证明，虽然填料不论是有序填料还是无规填料均可用于深冷空气分离和其它蒸馏过程，但是直到八十年代后填料，尤其是有序填料才变成人们优选的接触结构。人们知道，填料的有益性能在于与采用塔盘相比，使用填料时压缩原料空气使之进入蒸馏柱中所需的能量较少。这是因为与在填料表面液膜上通过相比，当上升的气体受迫通过塔盘上的许多液池鼓泡时，在塔顶和塔底之间必须有更大的压力差。而且电能花费大约是深冷空气分离设备总操作成本的三分之一，所以即使电能成本仅仅减少%或2%都是有意义的。
尽管人们知道采用有序填料节省操作费用，但是这种节省被所说填料的附加投资费用所抵消。此外，塔盘设计已经得到高度发展，以致能得出精确而可预期的结果。但是，到七十年代和八十年代早期，情况发生变化了。
由于欧佩克议定书的作用和环境投资费用负担的结果，发电成本急剧增加。与此同时，或许由于受到电能成本费用增加的刺激，在采用许多巨大蒸馏设备的石化工业和炼油工业中，开发和工业规模地采用了更有效、更便宜的有序填料。随后，深冷空气分离中也工业规模地使用了这种填料。
虽然在有序填料上有许多改进，但是与塔盘相比投资费用仍然较高。另一方面，无规填料比有序填料便宜，而且与有序填料相似，和塔盘相比在较低的压力降下操作，但是对于空气分离来说在性能上有一系列缺点。主要缺点是：当无规填料段或床深度达到空气分离所需的正常值时，下降的液体在塔的整个截面上缺乏均匀的流动性。这个问题源于这样一点，即经济上可行的空气分离系统需要精确控制操作，以便实现氧、氮和氩的几乎完全的分离，因为它们的沸点处于相当窄的温度范围内（标准大气压下其沸点分别为-360°F、-383°F和-368°F）。
因此，本发明目的在于提供一种使用无规填料作为液-气接触结构的深冷空气分离法。
本发明的另一目的在于提供一种深冷空气分离用蒸馏塔，其中交替设有无规填料段和有序填料段。
上述目的和其它目的是这样达到的：
一种深冷空气分离用蒸馏塔，至少包括一组相邻的液-气接触段，其中该组的靠上方段包含有序填料，而靠下方段包含无规填料。
一种深冷空气分离方法，包括在具有靠上方的有序填料段和相邻的靠下方的无规填料段的塔中，使下降的空气中液体成分与上升的空气中气体成分接触。
本申请使用的术语“塔”，指蒸馏或分馏塔或区，即接触塔或接触区，其中液相和气相对流接触以实现液体混合物的分离，例如通过所说的气相和液相在所说塔中安装的一系列垂直相间的塔盘或塔板上接触，或者在充填在塔中的填料上接触的方式分离。有关蒸馏塔的详细讨论，参见<化学工程师手册>，第五版，R.H.Perry和C.H.Chilton编，纽约McGraw-Hill图书公司;第十三节，B.D.Smith等人撰写的“蒸馏”，第13-3页，“连续蒸馏过程”。本文所用的术语“双塔”，指较高压力的塔上端与较低压力塔的下端按热交换关系相连。有关双塔的详细讨论，参见Ruheman编<气体分离>，牛津大学出版社，1949年，第Ⅶ章，“空气的工业分离”。
本文使用的术语“氩塔”，指这样一种塔，其中向上流动的气体通过与向下流动的液体相对流动而逐渐地富含氩，并从此塔放出氩产品。
本文使用的术语“间接热交换”，指使两种液流在互相没有实体接触或互相混合的条件下进行热交换。
本文使用的术语“蒸气-液体接触元件”，指在两相对流流动期间，在液-气界面上有利于传质或成分分离的。在塔内使用的任何装置。
本文使用的术语“塔盘”，指其上具有开孔、流体入口和出口的大体上平的板，液体能够穿过此板流动，同时蒸气穿过所说的开孔上升，以便实现此两相间的传质。
本文使用的术语“填料”，指在塔内部使用，具有预定的构型、形状和尺寸的任何固体或空心体，其作用在于提供液体表面区域，以便在所说两相对流流动期间在液-气界面上实现传质。
本文使用的术语“无规填料”，指单个填料互相之间或相对于塔的轴线没有任何特定取向的填料。
本文使用的术语“有序填料”，指单个填料之间或相对于塔的轴线具有特定取向的填料。
本文使用的术语“理论级”，指在向上流动的蒸气和向下流动进入某级的液体之间使这些物流处于平衡下的理想接触。
附图1是可以实施本发明的一种普通的空气分离设备的代表性简化示意图，其中包括一种传统的双塔系统，此系统有按热交换关系连结的低压塔和高压塔，还有一个氩塔或侧臂塔。
附图2剖视说明本发明的塔结构，也可以用作如附图1作为塔14示意说明的那种粗氩塔的液-气接触结构。
附图3是图2中所示的液体分布器26和26′的三维结构图
以下参照附图1-3详细说明本发明的方法和设备。
参看图1，较高压力下的原料空气1被送入系一种双塔系统较高压力塔的塔2之中，原料空气在塔2中被深冷蒸馏分离成富氮气体和富氧液体。富氧液体3从塔2送入氩塔的顶部冷凝器20中，至少有一部分被冷凝的氩塔顶蒸氯所汽化，然后作为蒸气流21和液流23被送入塔4（系双塔系统的较低压力塔）中。富氮蒸气5被送入冷凝器6中，通过与沸腾塔4底热交换而冷凝。形成的富氮液体7被分成两部分，一部分8作为回流液被送入塔2中，另一部分9作为回流液被送入塔4之中。也可以将较低压力的原料空气22送入塔4中。原料空气在塔4中被深冷蒸馏分离成富氮部分和富氧部分。
富氮的部分作为物流10从塔4放出，回收作为产品氮。富氧的部分作为物流11从塔4放出，回收作为产品氧。废物料流12从塔4放出用于控制目的。主要含氧和氩的物流13由塔4的中间位置放出再通入氩塔14之中，在其中被深冷分离成富氩部分和富氧部分。富氩的蒸气在氩柱顶部冷凝器20被冷凝，一部分作为物流15从塔14中除去，回收作为粗氩产品。富氧的部分从塔14放出，作为物流16返送回塔4之中。
图2中表示出塔的一部分，其中设有有序填料段24，其下方的无规填料段25和与另一组有序和无规填料段（分别为24和25）之间的液体分布器（或再分布器）26。另一个液体分布器26′直接设在所说的两组有序和无规填料段上方。填料段的这种顺序排列，可以在传质-传热系统中，尤其是深冷空气分离的蒸馏或精馏用系统中采用大量无规填料。所说系统的总效率和性能与全部采用有序填料时基本相同，但是因为与有序填料相比无规填料本身更便宜而且装填更经济而显著节省投资费用。
若将图2所示的结构，更改成采用无规填料段代替那二个有序填料段25，并且增设两个液体分布器，以便使每个填料段之间有一个液体分布器，即在每段之间有一个液体分布器，构成一连串相当短的无规填料段，这种方案较差。
采用本发明时，与例如图1所代表的普通设备中的双塔相比，最好使用直径较小的氩柱。之所以优选较小直径的氩柱，是因为当用增大直径的方法扩大无规填料段时，其性能的损失一般比有序填料段更大。举例来说，我们证明在大约3英尺直径的塔中，可以采用大约15个理论级的无规填料而不会有明显的液体不均匀分布。从大约15个理论级开始，理论级数越小，就可以在比直径3英尺大得更多的空气分离塔中全部使用无规填料。因此，图2说明作为普通的粗氩塔（例如图1中的塔14）中的液-气接触系统使用本发明时，理论级数大约为50。
若两段无规填料25各有15个理论级，那么利用无规填料可以完成一半以上的蒸馏，即50理论级中的30级。这说明，氩塔的投资费用得以显著节省。当然，既然低压头损失是按本发明得有序填料和无规填料相结合时所固有的属性（与每理论级塔板约为0.07-0.08psia相比，从大约0.01至大约0.02psia），所以操作成本与全部采用有序填料时相同。而且，由于采用有序填料时压头损失小，所以为了（1）回收更多的氩或（2）获得高纯度氩，可以采用大于50个理论级数。
本发明不限于任何特定类型的有序填料，但是优选使用授予Meir的第4296050号美国专利中所述的那种。同样，本发明也不限于任何具体类型的无规填料。可以使用的填料类型包括鲍尔环、Interlox环、Nutter环和拉希环，其尺寸应小于1 1/2 英寸，优选约定1/4-1英寸的。优选无规填料的表面积/体积密度比，约150-50英尺2/英尺3，而且还优选堆积下空隙容积约90-98%的所说填料。满足这些要求而且是我们优选的市售填料，是5/8英寸大小的Nutter环。
图3表明一种适于本发明使用的普通孔板分布器。孔板27在每平方英尺塔流面积上至少有六个孔28，优选至少每平方英尺九个孔的。气体竖井29提供气体的上流通道，这些通道总共占塔横截面的大约10%。利用液滴护板30阻止流体旁流。图2中塔顶液体分布器26′可以不要液滴护板。所说的孔板27应当大体水平。
本技术领域中的普通技术人员会应该知道，本发明还包括一些上面未提到而且属于后附权利要求范围内的本发明的其它具体方案。

Claims (8)

1、一种深冷空气分离方法，包括使在塔中下降的液体空气成分与上升的气体空气成分接触，所说的塔至少有一段无规填料和一段相邻且处于其上方的有序填料。
2、权利要求2的方法，其中所说的相邻的无规填料段和有序填料段处于氩塔之中。
3、权利要求2的方法，其中至少有两组无规填料段和有序填料段，而且液体在所说的填料段组之间再分布。
4、一种深冷空气分离用的传质/传热塔，其中至少包括一组相邻的两个填料段，该组的下填料段包含无规填料，而上段包含有序填料。
5、一种深冷空气分离设备用氩塔，至少包括一组两个相邻的上段和下段，所说的下段含无规填料，而所说的上段含有序填料。
6、权利要求5的氩塔，其中至少有两组被液体再分布装置隔开的无规填料段和有序填料段。
7、权利要求5的氩塔，其中所说的液体再分布装置具有孔板，在每平方英尺塔流面积的孔板上至少有六个开孔。
8、权利要求5的氩塔，其中所说的那组相邻的填料段，其直径小于大约三英尺。
CN 93103697 1992-03-31 1993-03-30 利用无规填料深冷分离空气 Pending CN1078798A (zh)

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