CN107746468B - 一种自支撑纳米组装材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种自支撑纳米组装材料及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN107746468B
CN107746468B CN201711053488.4A CN201711053488A CN107746468B CN 107746468 B CN107746468 B CN 107746468B CN 201711053488 A CN201711053488 A CN 201711053488A CN 107746468 B CN107746468 B CN 107746468B
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钟鹭斌
郑煜铭
吴鹏
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Abstract

本发明提供了一种自支撑纳米组装材料及其制备方法。具体步骤如下:步骤a)配制纳米材料水溶液;步骤b)遴选有机溶剂,并加入高分子聚合物,配制高分子溶液;步骤c)将步骤b)所配制的高分子溶液置于纳米材料水溶液上方,形成油‑水界面;步骤d)搅拌步骤c)中所述的溶液,使纳米材料在油‑水界面形成纳米自组装体;步骤e)待上层高分子溶液里的溶剂挥发完全后,高分子聚合物在界面析出成膜,同时固定住纳米自组体;步骤g)将高分子膜取出,得到柔性自支撑纳米自组装材料。与现有技术相比,本发明提供的方法步骤简单,能一步法形成柔韧、牢固、轻盈的自支撑纳米组装材料,具有快速、简便和经济的特点。

Description

一种自支撑纳米组装材料及其制备方法
技术领域
技术领域描述段落本发明涉及纳米技术领域,更具体地说,尤其涉及一种自支撑纳米组装材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
纳米材料是指在三维空间中至少有一维处于纳米尺度范围 (1~100 nm) 或由它们作为基本单元构成的材料。组装的纳米材料不仅具有纳米材料的特性(如量子尺寸效应、小尺寸效应、表面效应和宏观量子隧道效应),又具有由纳米材料组装而引起的新效应(如量子耦合效应和协同效应等)。通过各层次的结构设计及化学修饰技术,主动操控纳米结构单元,构筑具有崭新功能和特性的二维和三维等高级结构,不仅使纳米器件成为可能,也由此带来了一系列新的物理和化学性质。近年来,生物分子马达、纳米发动机、纳米机器人、分子光电器件、纳米电路和纳米传感器等不断在实验室出现,展示了诱人的应用前景。纳米材料自组装的出现,标志着纳米材料科学研究进入了一个崭新的阶段。
在纳米材料的组装的报道中,所采用的方法主要分为“自上而下”(top-down)和“自下而上”(bottom-up)两类。“自上而下”是将大块材料经改性或者分割成较小的所需形状,过程中通常涉及到去除或蚀刻工艺以获取最终的形状,如常规的光刻技术。然而,这类方法步骤复杂,成本较大,而且由于分辨率有限,对粒径小的材料无能为力。“自下而上”的出现则为纳米组装提供了一个新思路。它是指基本结构单元(分子,纳米材料,微米或更大尺度的物质)形成有序结构的一种技术方法,主要通过模板法、界面组装法、外场驱动组装法和溶液中组装法等手段对纳米材料进行组装。这些方法所制备的纳米组装体一般需要外加一个载体作为支撑层;其次,由于纳米组装体中纳米材料间的相互作用力弱,组装体的结构易于被破坏(尤其在清洗或超声过程中)。以上缺点对纳米组装体的实际应用造成了众多不便,极大地限制其应用范围。
发明内容
为了解决以上技术问题,本发明提供了一种自支撑纳米组装材料及其制备方法。该方法能一步快速制备一种具有自支撑、柔韧、牢固、轻盈等特点的自支撑纳米组装材料。该自支撑纳米组装材料的特征在于自支撑纳米组装材料由纳米组装体和聚合物支撑层构成,其中纳米组装体是通过界面自组装所形成的有序纳米组装结构,聚合物支撑层则是由界面上层高分子溶液中有机溶剂挥发完全后,所形成的高分子膜。由于高分子在成膜的过程中,将纳米组装体固定住,因此纳米组装体结构十分稳定,即使在清洗或超声等情况下,还能保持完整的组装体结构。此外,高分子膜还同时能起到一个支撑层的作用,无需外加支撑材料,更能有效避免纳米组装体从支撑层的脱落的风险。相比其他纳米组装材料,本发明制备的自支撑纳米组装材料更能适应于实际生活中的不同需要,具有更好的应用前景。
制备自支撑纳米组装材料的具体步骤如下:步骤a)配制纳米材料水溶液;步骤b)遴选有机溶剂,并加入高分子聚合物,配制高分子溶液;步骤c)将步骤b)所配制的高分子溶液置于纳米材料水溶液上方,形成油-水界面;步骤d)搅拌步骤c)中所述的溶液,使纳米材料在油-水界面形成纳米自组装体;步骤e)待上层高分子溶液里的溶剂挥发完全后,高分子聚合物在界面析出成膜,同时固定住纳米自组体;步骤g)将高分子膜取出,得到柔性自支撑纳米自组装材料。与现有技术相比,本发明提供的方法步骤简单,能一步法直接形成自支撑纳米组装材料,具有快速、简便和经济的特点,并且适用于多种纳米材料组装体的制备。
本发明的优点是:
1)本发明可实现一步法快速制备自支撑纳米组装材料,具有快速、简便和经济的特点,适合产业化生产。
2)本发明所制备的自支撑纳米组装材料,具有自支撑、柔韧、牢固、轻盈特点,更加适用于实际应用中。
3)本发明无需乙醇等诱导剂,可直接实现纳米材料界面自组装。
附图说明
图1为实施例一条件下,所制备的自支撑纳米组装材料折叠照片。
图2为实施例一条件下,所制备的自支撑纳米组装材料的扫描电镜图。
图3为实施例三条件下,所制备的自支撑纳米组装材料的照片。
图4为实施例四条件下,所检测的福美双拉曼信号。
具体实施方式
现结合附图和具体实施方式对本发明进一步说明。
实施例一:
1)配制10 mL纳米银包金粒子溶液于烧杯中,并加入转子;
2)取20 mg聚氯乙烯溶于5 mL 环已酮溶液;
3)将含有聚氯乙烯的环已酮溶液置于10 mL纳米银包金粒子溶液上,构建水-环已酮界面;
4)通过转子搅拌溶液,使纳米银包金粒子上浮到水-环已酮界面,自组装成纳米组装体;
5)待上层环已酮挥发以后,聚氯乙烯在界面成薄膜,并将纳米银包金组装体固定住;
6)将含有纳米银包金组装体的聚氯乙烯薄膜取出,得到自支撑纳米银包金组装材料。
实施例二:
1)配制20 mL纳米金溶液于烧杯中;
2)取5 mg炭黑和50 mg聚苯乙烯加入10 mL 甲苯溶液,搅拌形成混合液;
3)将含有炭黑和聚苯乙烯的甲苯溶液置于20 mL纳米金溶液上,构建水-甲苯界面;
4)将上述烧杯置于超声仪中超声,使纳米金上浮到水-甲苯界面,自组装成纳米组装体;
5)待上层甲苯挥发以后,含有炭黑的聚苯乙烯在界面成薄膜,并将纳米金组装体固定住;
7)将含有纳米金组装体的聚苯乙烯炭黑薄膜取出,得到自支撑纳米组装材料。
8)通过等离子体对自支撑纳米组装材料进行进一步处理,调控纳米金组装体和聚苯乙烯炭黑薄膜的镶嵌状态。
实施例三:
1)配制20 mL纳米银溶液于烧杯中,并加入转子;
2)取10 mg氧化石墨烯和40 mg聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯溶于10 mL 环已酮甲苯溶液,搅拌形成混合液;
3)将含有氧化石墨烯和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的环已酮甲苯溶液置于20 mL纳米金溶液上,构建水-环已酮甲苯界面;
4)通过转子搅拌溶液,使纳米银粒子上浮到水-环已酮甲苯界面,自组装成纳米组装体;
5)待上层环已酮甲苯挥发以后,含有氧化石墨烯的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯在界面成薄膜,并将纳米银组装体固定住;
6)将含有纳米银组装体的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯氧化石墨烯膜取出,最终得到自支撑纳米组装材料。
实施例四:
1)配制10 mL纳米金溶液于烧杯中,并加入转子;
2)取20 mg聚氯乙烯溶于5 mL环已酮溶液;
3)将含有聚氯乙烯的环已酮溶液置于10 mL纳米金溶液上,构建水-环已酮界面;
4)通过转子搅拌溶液,使纳米金上浮到水-环已酮界面,自组装成纳米组装体;
5)待上层环已酮挥发以后,聚氯乙烯在界面形成薄膜,并将纳米金组装体固定住;
6)将含有纳米金组装体的聚氯乙烯薄膜取出,得到自支撑纳米金组装材料。
7)配制福美双溶液,将所制备的自支撑纳米金组装材料置于福美双溶液上,纳米金暴露的一面朝向溶液;
8)通过便携式拉曼监测自支撑纳米金组装材料上福美双的拉曼信号。
实施例五:
1)配制20 mL纳米金溶液于烧杯中;
2)取5 mg炭黑和50 mg聚苯乙烯加入10 mL 甲苯溶液,搅拌形成混合液;
3)将含有炭黑和聚苯乙烯的甲苯溶液置于20 mL纳米金溶液上,构建水-甲苯界面;
4)将上述烧杯置于超声仪中超声,使纳米金上浮到水-环已酮界面,自组装成纳米组装体;
5)待上层甲苯挥发以后,含有炭黑的聚苯乙烯在界面成薄膜,并将纳米金组装体固定住;
9)将含有纳米金组装体的聚苯乙烯炭黑薄膜取出,得到自支撑纳米组装材料;
10)使用硼氢化钠溶液和去离子水清洗所制备的自支撑纳米组装材料;
11)将所得到的自支撑纳米组装材料作为电极,通过电化学工作站测试性能。
尽管结合优选实施方案具体展示和介绍了本发明,但所属领域的技术人员应该明白,在不脱离所附权利要求书所限定的本发明的精神和范围内,在形式上和细节上可以对本发明做出各种变化,均为本发明的保护范围。

Claims (8)

1.一种自支撑纳米组装材料制备方法,其特征在于自支撑纳米组装材料由纳米组装体和聚合物支撑层构成,其中纳米组装体是通过界面自组装所形成的有序纳米组装结构,聚合物支撑层则是由界面上层高分子溶液中有机溶剂挥发完全后,所形成的高分子膜;所述的纳米组装体镶嵌在高分子膜中;所述的聚合物支撑层含有碳黑、石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管、石墨、金属颗粒中至少一种;所述的自支撑纳米组装材料的具体制备步骤如下:步骤a)配制纳米材料水溶液;步骤b)遴选有机溶剂,并加入高分子聚合物,配制高分子溶液;步骤c)将步骤b)所配制的高分子溶液置于纳米材料水溶液上方,形成油-水界面;步骤d)搅拌步骤c)中所述的溶液,使纳米材料在油-水界面形成纳米自组装体;步骤e)待上层高分子溶液里的溶剂挥发完全后,高分子聚合物在界面析出成膜,同时固定住纳米自组体;步骤f)将高分子膜取出,得到柔性自支撑纳米自组装材料。
2.如权利要求1所述的一种自支撑纳米组装材料制备方法,其特征在于聚合物包括聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯、聚二甲基硅氧烷、聚氨酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚乙烯、聚丙烯腈、聚酰胺-3、聚ε-己内酯、聚-β-羟丁酸、聚对苯二甲酰对苯二胺、聚对苯甲酰胺、丁酸纤维素、三元乙丙橡胶、1,2-聚丁二烯、顺-1,4-聚丁二烯、反-1,4-聚丁二烯、反-1,4-聚异戊二烯、聚偏氯乙烯中的一种或几种;有机溶剂包括正丁醇、异丁醇、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、环己酮、环己烷、环己醇、正戊烷、正己烷、正庚烷、正辛烷、正壬烷、正癸烷、异辛烷、四氢萘、2-丁酮、4-甲基-2-戊酮、乙醚、异丙醚、二丁醚、甲基叔丁基醚、醋酸异丙酯、2-硝基丙烷中的一种或几种。
3.如权利要求1所述的一种自支撑纳米组装材料制备方法,其特征在于上层高分子溶液里还包含其它添加物,碳黑、石墨烯、氧化石墨烯、碳纳米管、石墨、氧化钛、氧化硅、金属颗粒。
4.如权利要求1所述的一种自支撑纳米组装材料制备方法,其特征在于有序的纳米组装结构可自发形成,无需诱导剂。
5.如权利要求1所述的一种自支撑纳米组装材料制备方法,其特征在于纳米组装体和聚合物支撑层同时形成,实现一步法制备自支撑纳米组装材料。
6.如权利要求1所述的一种自支撑纳米组装材料制备方法,其特征在于 通过等离子对自支撑纳米组装材料进行进一步修饰,调控纳米组装体与高分子支撑层之间的镶嵌状态。
7.如权利要求1所述的一种自支撑纳米组装材料制备方法,其特征在于自支撑纳米组装材料无需外加支撑载体。
8.如权利要求1所述的一种自支撑纳米组装材料制备方法,其特征在于自支撑纳米组装材料可用作拉曼增强基底,电极材料,光学器件,传感器。
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