CN107694563A - 钯炭催化剂及其制备方法和应用 - Google Patents
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- UKVIEHSSVKSQBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane;palladium Chemical compound C.[Pd] UKVIEHSSVKSQBA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
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- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
- B01J23/44—Palladium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
- B01J35/393—Metal or metal oxide crystallite size
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/30—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their physical properties
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- B01J35/394—Metal dispersion value, e.g. percentage or fraction
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
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Abstract
钯炭催化剂及其制备方法和应用,载体活性炭浸渍到溶解有配合物的水溶液中,搅拌浸渍,随后加入钯盐水溶液,继续搅拌;上述温度下,无机碱调溶液pH至8~11,搅拌后加入硼氢化钠,反应后停止搅拌;上述混合液经过滤收集固体,然后用蒸馏水和乙醇依次洗涤,真空干燥得钯碳催化剂。钯碳催化剂的制备方法简单,反应条件温和,步骤少,易于规模化生产;所制得的催化剂钯粒子粒径小,分散度高,且对4‑硝基苯酚有较高的催化加氢活性。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂开发技术领域,具体涉及钯炭催化剂及其制备方法和应用。
背景技术
负载型钯催化剂具有优异的催化性能,在能源、石油化工、精细化学品等领域具有重要的应用。活性炭因为具有发达的孔隙结构,巨大的比表面积,良好的导电性和耐酸碱性等特点而常被用于钯的负载。钯负载到活性炭上制得的催化剂称为钯碳催化剂。钯碳催化剂的催化活性高,选择性好,催化产物产率高,且贵金属钯方便回收,因此广泛的应用于液相催化加氢、偶联等反应,受到人们的广泛关注。
钯碳催化剂的催化活性是评价其优劣的主要标准之一。影响钯碳催化剂活性的因素主要有钯金属的负载量、颗粒大小以及分散程度等。目前,钯碳催化剂可控制备的方法主要可以分为两大类:一是从载体入手,通过对活性炭载体性质的调控来实现钯粒子的有效负载和均匀分布,如氧化性酸、柠檬酸钠或者含磷配体等浸泡活性炭,二氧化钛等金属氧化物对活性炭进行预包覆,制备炭气凝胶替代活性炭作为钯的载体等(中国专利CN102626619、CN103769088、CN103691431、CN104741115、CN104984749、CN103007962、CN106824185、CN106824267);二是从催化剂钯金属入手,通过添加螯合剂、高分子化合物、稳定剂和还原剂或多巴胺等与钯离子预作用,形成复合物或钯悬浮液,进而再负载到活性炭上,经过还原、干燥等步骤得到均匀负载的钯碳(CN1698952、CN106607020、CN105536867、CN106374119、CN104971759、CN106861682)。上述钯碳催化剂可控制备方法的目的主要是提高负载的钯金属的分散度,减小钯微晶的尺寸。然而,现有的制备方法仍存在一些问题:如载体的改性往往是不可逆的,往往改性后的载体有利于钯的分散和尺寸控制但却不利于负载量的增加和催化反应的进行;通过加入稳定剂等来控制钯微晶的尺寸,往往需要增加高温氧化去除的步骤,工艺繁琐的同时还会导致钯离子尺寸的增加。
4-氨基酚作为一种非常有用的精细化学品,在药物,染料,橡胶等各种重要的制造业中均有广泛的应用。然而目前4-氨基酚的生产,主要是利用吡啶作为溶剂,在高温高压下对4-硝基苯酚选择性的催化加氢得到。这种方法消耗大,反应条件不够温和,因此在温和条件下,4-硝基苯酚直接催化加氢制备4-氨基酚具有十分重要的意义。
发明内容:
解决的技术问题:本发明提供一种反应条件温和,工艺简单,催化活性高的钯炭催化剂及其制备方法和应用。通过该方法所制得的钯碳催化剂具有钯粒子尺寸小,分散均匀,在催化4-硝基苯酚制备4-氨基酚的应用中具有优异的催化活性的特点。
技术方案:钯炭催化剂的制备方法,包括以下合成步骤:载体活性炭浸渍到溶解有配合物的水溶液中,20~30 ℃下搅拌浸渍1~4 h,随后加入钯盐水溶液,继续搅拌12~24 h;上述温度下,无机碱调溶液pH至8~11,搅拌1~3 h后加入硼氢化钠,反应0.5~1 h后停止搅拌;所述钯盐与配合物、硼氢化钠的摩尔比为1:(0.5~2):(5~50);上述混合液经过滤收集固体,然后用蒸馏水和乙醇依次洗涤,真空干燥得钯碳催化剂。
优选的,上述的钯碳催化剂中钯的质量含量为0.5%~7.5%。
优选的,上述载体活性炭为颗粒炭、粉末炭或成型炭。
优选的,上述配合物选自精氨酸、乙二胺四乙酸或乙二胺四亚甲基膦酸。
优选的,上述钯盐选自氯化钯、乙酸钯、硝酸钯或硫酸钯。
优选的,上述无机碱选自Na2CO3、K2CO3、NaOH或KOH。
优选的,上述钯盐与配合物、硼氢化钠的摩尔比为1:(1~1.5):(15~30)。
优选的,上述真空干燥的温度为50~80℃。
上述制备方法制得的钯炭催化剂。
上述钯炭催化剂在催化还原4-硝基苯酚中的应用。
本发明所制得的钯碳催化剂,其活性通过4-硝基苯酚的吸收光谱来评价,具体步骤如下:1 cm的石英比色皿中加入3 mL 0.1 mmol的4-硝基苯酚溶液和1.9 mg的硼氢化钠,随后加入15 μL0.4 g/L的钯碳催化剂溶液,每隔1.5 min通过紫外可见光谱对4-硝基苯酚的还原进程进行检测。
本发明的关键是预先将活性炭浸渍到配合物的溶液中,配合物先与活性炭发生相互作用,改变活性炭的表面性质使其更易吸附钯粒子,而加入钯离子后,配合物与钯离子配位后形成配位化合物,阻止钯离子负载到活性炭上时的团聚和过早还原,保证钯离子的均匀分布;配合物可直接通过水和乙醇洗涤去除,无需高温。
本发明中活性炭吸附钯离子后,通过将pH调为碱性而使钯离子固定,随后在液相条件下直接原位还原,省去了过滤、干燥的步骤。
有益效果:钯碳催化剂的制备方法简单,反应条件温和,步骤少,易于规模化生产;所制得的催化剂钯粒子粒径小,分散度高,且对4-硝基苯酚有较高的催化加氢活性。
附图说明
图1为实施例1得到的钯碳催化剂的透射电镜图;
图2为对比实施例得到的钯碳催化剂的透射电镜图;
图3为实施例1所制备的钯碳催化剂存在条件下,4-硝基苯酚在水中的紫外图谱随时间的变化图;
图4为实施例1、实施例2、实施例3和对比例制得的钯碳催化剂对4-硝基苯酚的催化加氢活性对比图(k为催化速率)。
图1和图2的对比能说明通过该发明方法制备的钯粒子粒径小和分散度高;图3和图4可说明对4-硝基苯酚有较高的催化加氢活性。
具体实施方式
为更好的阐述本发明为达成预定发明目的所采取的技术手段及功效,下面通过具体实施例和附图进行说明。
实施例1
室温下,29.2 mg乙二胺四乙酸加入到20 mL蒸馏水中,搅拌下溶解,随后加入0.2 g的破碎状活性炭(4~5目),搅拌2 h后加入2 mL0.05 mol/L的氯化钯溶液,继续搅拌过夜,NaOH调pH至9,搅拌2 h后加入37.83 mg的硼氢化钠,继续搅拌0.5 h后停止反应。过滤,滤饼用蒸馏水和乙醇反复洗涤,60 ℃下真空干燥得钯碳催化剂。
实施例2
室温下,43.6 mg乙二胺四亚甲基磷酸加入到20 mL蒸馏水中,搅拌下溶解,随后加入0.2 g的破碎状活性炭(4~5目),搅拌2 h后加入2 mL0.05 mol/L的氯化钯溶液,继续搅拌过夜,NaOH调pH至9,搅拌2 h后加入37.83 mg的硼氢化钠,继续搅拌0.5 h后停止反应。过滤,滤饼用蒸馏水和乙醇反复洗涤,60 ℃下真空干燥得钯碳催化剂。
实施例3
室温下,34.8 mg精氨酸加入到20 mL蒸馏水中,搅拌下溶解,随后加入0.2 g的破碎状活性炭(4~5目),搅拌2 h后加入2 mL0.05 mol/L的氯化钯溶液,继续搅拌过夜,NaOH调pH至9,搅拌2 h后加入37.83 mg的硼氢化钠,继续搅拌0.5 h后停止反应。过滤,滤饼用蒸馏水和乙醇反复洗涤,60 ℃下真空干燥得钯碳催化剂。
对比例
室温下,0.2 g的破碎状活性炭(4~5目)悬浮于20 mL蒸馏水中,搅拌2 h后加入2mL0.05 mol/L的氯化钯溶液,继续搅拌过夜,NaOH调pH至9,搅拌2 h后加入37.83 mg的硼氢化钠,继续搅拌0.5 h后停止反应。过滤,滤饼用蒸馏水和乙醇反复洗涤,60 ℃下真空干燥得钯碳催化剂。
以上所述的实施实例对本发明的技术方案进行了详细的说明,应理解的是,以上所述仅为本发明的较佳实施例,并不用于限制本发明,任何熟悉本专业的技术人员,在不脱离本发明技术方案范围内,当可利用上述揭示的技术内容做出些许改动或修饰为等同变化的等效实施例,但是,凡在本发明的原则范围内所做的任何修改或改进等,均应包含在本发明范围之内。
Claims (10)
1.钯炭催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于包括以下合成步骤:载体活性炭浸渍到溶解有配合物的水溶液中,20~30 ℃下搅拌浸渍1~4 h,随后加入钯盐水溶液,继续搅拌12~24 h;上述温度下,无机碱调溶液pH至8~11,搅拌1~3 h后加入硼氢化钠,反应0.5~1 h后停止搅拌;所述钯盐与配合物、硼氢化钠的摩尔比为1:(0.5~2):(5~50);上述混合液经过滤收集固体,然后用蒸馏水和乙醇依次洗涤,真空干燥得钯碳催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述钯炭催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述的钯碳催化剂中钯的质量含量为0.5%~7.5%。
3.根据权利要求1所述钯炭催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述载体活性炭为颗粒炭、粉末炭或成型炭。
4.根据权利要求1所述钯炭催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述配合物选自精氨酸、乙二胺四乙酸或乙二胺四亚甲基膦酸。
5.根据权利要求1所述钯炭催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述钯盐选自氯化钯、乙酸钯、硝酸钯或硫酸钯。
6.根据权利要求1所述钯炭催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述无机碱选自Na2CO3、K2CO3、NaOH或KOH。
7.根据权利要求1所述钯炭催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述钯盐与配合物、硼氢化钠的摩尔比为1:(1~1.5):(15~30)。
8.根据权利要求1所述钯炭催化剂的制备方法,其特征在于所述真空干燥的温度为50~80℃。
9.权利要求1~8任一所述制备方法制得的钯炭催化剂。
10.权利要求9所述钯炭催化剂在催化还原4-硝基苯酚中的应用。
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