CN107660217A - 双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯和(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的共聚物及其作为燃料中的流变改性剂的用途 - Google Patents
双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯和(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的共聚物及其作为燃料中的流变改性剂的用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN107660217A CN107660217A CN201680028106.XA CN201680028106A CN107660217A CN 107660217 A CN107660217 A CN 107660217A CN 201680028106 A CN201680028106 A CN 201680028106A CN 107660217 A CN107660217 A CN 107660217A
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- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052588 hydroxylapatite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium orthosilicate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Mg+2].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] HCWCAKKEBCNQJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000391 magnesium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052919 magnesium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019792 magnesium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
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- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000693 micelle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- ADTJPOBHAXXXFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]prop-2-enamide Chemical compound CN(C)CCCNC(=O)C=C ADTJPOBHAXXXFS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZQXSMRAEXCEDJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethenylformamide Chemical compound C=CNC=O ZQXSMRAEXCEDJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920002113 octoxynol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 1
- XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D pentacalcium;hydroxide;triphosphate Chemical compound [OH-].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O XYJRXVWERLGGKC-UHFFFAOYSA-D 0.000 description 1
- 125000001147 pentyl group Chemical group C(CCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000864 peroxy group Chemical group O(O*)* 0.000 description 1
- 229920000205 poly(isobutyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000196 poly(lauryl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229940114930 potassium stearate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- ANBFRLKBEIFNQU-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium;octadecanoate Chemical compound [K+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O ANBFRLKBEIFNQU-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012673 precipitation polymerization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010378 sodium ascorbate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M sodium-L-ascorbate Chemical compound [Na+].OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)C(O)=C1[O-] PPASLZSBLFJQEF-RXSVEWSESA-M 0.000 description 1
- HFQQZARZPUDIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-dodecylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCC1=CC=CC=C1S([O-])(=O)=O HFQQZARZPUDIFP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- WYKYCHHWIJXDAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl 2-ethylhexaneperoxoate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)C(=O)OOC(C)(C)C WYKYCHHWIJXDAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert‐butyl hydroperoxide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OO CIHOLLKRGTVIJN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricalcium bis(phosphate) Chemical compound [Ca+2].[Ca+2].[Ca+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O QORWJWZARLRLPR-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 229940078499 tricalcium phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000391 tricalcium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019731 tricalcium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UZNHKBFIBYXPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[3-(2-methylprop-2-enoylamino)propyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC(=C)C(=O)NCCC[N+](C)(C)C UZNHKBFIBYXPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OEIXGLMQZVLOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl-[3-(prop-2-enoylamino)propyl]azanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCNC(=O)C=C OEIXGLMQZVLOQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明涉及可通过使至少以下单体共聚而获得的特定共聚物:至少一种双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯;至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯;任选且优选地,至少一种芳族乙烯基单体;和任选地其他烯属不饱和单体,其中共聚物的重均分子量使用GPC‑MALS技术在40℃的THF溶液中测得为100,000‑10,000,000道尔顿,以及合成该类共聚物的方法和该类聚合物在改变其可溶的液体的流变性中的用途。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及一种共聚物、其合成和该共聚物的用途。
背景
以前已经使用聚合物来改变包含该聚合物的流体的流变性。需要可用于调节石油基燃料(例如汽油和柴油燃料)的流动和喷雾特性的聚合物。
液体烃燃料本身通常不可燃。必须首先将其汽化并与空气或氧气混合以燃烧。由于中间馏分或较重的石油燃料馏分具有低蒸气压,因此有效的雾化是该类燃料的喷雾燃烧的关键方面。
雾化产生细的液体燃料颗粒,其的大表面积导致快速蒸发,从而快速有效地燃烧。即使有效的雾化也不能实现化学计量燃烧。在这方面,由于在燃烧过程和设备的时间和尺寸上无法达到完美混合的条件而受到限制。因此,为了达到完全燃烧,需要向体系供应过量空气。
以提供完全燃烧的程度过量的空气用于提高燃烧效率。然而,过多空气可能导致热回收降低。所有不参与燃烧过程的氧气以及空气中的所有氮气均被加热,因此将热量从堆体中带出。此外,过量空气越多,通过体系的质量流量越大,并且传热的时间尺度越短。因此,实现有效的燃烧和热回收需要与优化的燃烧室和热回收体系设计相结合的雾化和过量空气的微妙平衡。
GB 1 569 344涉及聚合物,尤其是聚异丁烯以改变燃料性能从而试图提高燃烧效率的用途。发现聚异丁烯的问题是其非常难以处理,这以其Tg为-75℃为例。其他已知聚合物如聚甲基丙烯酸月桂基酯也具有如此低的Tg。发现其他聚合物如聚(甲基)丙烯酸异冰片酯不能产生所需的流变性能并且成本过高。还发现大多数具有较高Tg的聚合物遭受不足的聚合物溶解度,使得它们不适于改变液体的流变性。因此,仍然需要能够以合理的成本改变液体如石油基燃料的流变性的替代聚合物。
发明概述
本发明的一个目的是提供一种能够以可以积极地影响使用该燃料运行的内燃机的燃烧效率的方式改变石油基燃料的流变性的聚合物。
本发明人发现该目的可以至少部分地通过本发明聚合物来满足,现在将更详细地描述该聚合物。
本发明涉及一种可通过使以下单体共聚而得到的共聚物:
·一种或多种双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯,
·一种或多种(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯,
·任选地且优选地,一种或多种芳族乙烯基单体,
·任选地其他烯属不饱和单体,
其中所述共聚物的重均分子量为100,000-10,000,000道尔顿。
就本发明而言,术语“(甲基)丙烯酸酯”是指丙烯酸酯和甲基丙烯酸酯。
应注意在现有技术如WO 2015/091513和EP-A-0626442中,已经提出了具有相似组成的聚合物。然而,其中所得聚合物的分子量过低而不能允许有效地改变液体如石油基燃料的流变性。发现具有较高分子量聚合物的其他现有技术在大多数溶剂中具有溶解性问题,主要是由于它们的组成不含双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯,这导致许多溶剂,特别是柴油燃料中的不利浊点。
发明详述
双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯包含与六元碳原子桥环键合的(甲基)丙烯酰基,所述单体组包括产品如(甲基)丙烯酸十氢萘基酯和(甲基)丙烯酸金刚烷酯,但优选的是根据式(I)的产品:
其中,
R是H或-CH3,
A是-CH2-、-CH(CH3)-或-C(CH3)2-,并且
一个或多个M与双环的任何碳,优选与六元环的碳原子共价键合,且M各自独立地选自氢、卤素、甲基和甲基氨基或其中的多种。双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯的非限制性实例包括(甲基)丙烯酸异冰片酯、(甲基)丙烯酸冰片酯、(甲基)丙烯酸葑基酯、(甲基)丙烯酸异葑基酯、甲基丙烯酸降冰片酯、顺式(内)3-甲基氨基-2-冰片基(甲基)丙烯酸酯、1,4,5,6,7,7-六氯双环[2.2.1]-庚-5-烯-2-醇甲基丙烯酸酯(HCBOMA)和1,4,5,6,7,7-六氯双环[2.2.1]庚-5-烯-2甲醇甲基丙烯酸酯(HCBMA)以及该类双环甲基丙烯酸酯的混合物。氯化化合物不太优选,因为它们可以在燃烧时释放出腐蚀性的HCl。优选的双环甲基丙烯酸酯是甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯。双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯本身是已知的,并且可以以已知方式制备或可由商业来源获得。双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯优选选自在聚合时形成可溶于液体,优选燃料,更优选柴油燃料的均聚物的单体。
本发明的(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯是其中(甲基)丙烯酰基与低级烷基(本文定义为可以是线性或支化的,取代或未取代的,饱和或不饱和的C1-C7,优选C1-4烷基)键合的化合物。(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的实例包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸乙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丙酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯、(甲基)丙烯酸戊酯和(甲基)丙烯酸己酯。目前优选的(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯是甲基丙烯酸异丁酯。(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯优选选自在聚合时形成不溶于液体,优选燃料,更优选柴油燃料中的均聚物的单体。
芳族乙烯基单体包含与芳族基团键合的乙烯基。在一个实施方案中,它是苯乙烯、取代的苯乙烯、乙烯基萘、二乙烯基苯及其混合物。优选的取代苯乙烯包括邻-、间-和/或对-烷基、烷氧基或卤素取代的苯乙烯,例如甲基苯乙烯、叔丁氧基苯乙烯、2-氯苯乙烯和4-氯苯乙烯。优选的芳族乙烯基单体是苯乙烯。芳族乙烯基单体优选选自在聚合时形成不溶于液体,优选燃料,更优选柴油燃料中的均聚物的单体。
可以参与共聚过程的其他单体是与上文定义的单体(a)、(b)和(c)不同的烯属不饱和单体。该类其他单体的实例包括本领域技术人员已知的4-叔丁基苯乙烯,阳离子、非离子和阴离子烯属不饱和单体,并且包括但不限于烯属不饱和酸如(甲基)丙烯酸、马来酸、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸、甲基丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯、丙烯酸二甲基氨基乙酯、N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]甲基丙烯酰胺、N-[3-(二甲基氨基)丙基]丙烯酰胺、(3-丙烯酰胺基丙基)三甲基氯化铵、甲基丙烯酰胺基丙基三甲基氯化铵、甲基丙烯酰胺、N-烷基(甲基)丙烯酰胺、N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮、N-乙烯基己内酰胺、乙烯基甲酰胺、乙烯基乙酰胺、(甲基)丙烯酸高级烷基酯,其中高级烷基在本文中定义为直链或支化的,饱和或不饱和的,取代或未取代的烃基,其包含8个或更多个,如8-24个碳原子。
共聚物可以通过本领域技术人员已知的乙烯基加成聚合的常规方法合成,例如但不限于溶液聚合、沉淀聚合和分散聚合,其包括悬浮聚合和乳液聚合。
在一个实施方案中,通过悬浮聚合形成聚合物,其中不溶于水或难溶于水的单体作为液滴悬浮在水中。通过机械搅拌和加入稳定剂而保持单体液滴悬浮液。表面活性聚合物如纤维素醚、聚(乙烯醇-共-乙酸乙烯酯)、聚(乙烯基吡咯烷酮)和含(甲基)丙烯酸的碱金属盐的聚合物以及胶态(水不溶性)无机粉末如磷酸三钙、羟基磷灰石、硫酸钡、高岭土和硅酸镁可用作稳定剂。此外,少量的表面活性剂如十二烷基苯磺酸钠可与稳定剂一起使用。使用油溶性引发剂引发聚合。合适的引发剂包括过氧化物如过氧化苯甲酰,过氧化酯如过氧化-2-乙基己酸叔丁酯,偶氮化合物如2,2'-偶氮二(2-甲基丁腈)。完成聚合后,固体聚合物产物可以通过过滤而由反应介质中分离,并用水、酸、碱或溶剂洗涤以除去未反应的单体或游离稳定剂。
在另一实施方案中,聚合物通过乳液聚合形成,一种或多种单体分散在水相中,并且使用水溶性引发剂引发聚合。单体通常是水不溶性或非常难溶于水的,并且使用表面活性剂或皂来稳定水相中的单体液滴。聚合发生在溶胀的胶束和胶乳颗粒中。可能存在于乳液聚合中的其他成分包括链转移剂如硫醇(例如十二烷基硫醇)(用于控制分子量)和电解质(用于控制pH)。合适的引发剂包括过硫酸的碱金属或铵盐如过硫酸铵、水溶性偶氮化合物如2,2'-偶氮双(2-氨基丙烷)二盐酸盐、氧化还原体系如Fe(II)和枯烯氢过氧化物和叔丁基氢过氧化物-Fe(II)-抗坏血酸钠。合适的表面活性剂包括阴离子表面活性剂如脂肪酸皂(例如硬脂酸钠或硬脂酸钾)、硫酸盐和磺酸盐(如十二烷基苯磺酸钠)、磺基琥珀酸盐(例如二辛基磺基琥珀酸钠);非离子表面活性剂如辛基酚乙氧基化物及线性和支化醇乙氧基化物;阳离子表面活性剂如十六烷基三甲基氯化铵;以及两性表面活性剂。阴离子表面活性剂和阴离子表面活性剂与非离子表面活性剂的组合是最常用的。聚合稳定剂如聚(乙烯醇-共-乙酸乙烯酯)也可用作表面活性剂。不含含水介质的固体聚合物产物可以通过许多方法(包括最终乳液的去稳定/凝结,随后过滤,从胶乳中溶剂沉淀聚合物或喷雾干燥胶乳)获得。
本领域技术人员将认识到某些表面活性剂和引发剂体系可能在聚合物中留下残留物,这在燃料中是不希望的。这些可能包括含硫物质、一价和多价金属离子以及卤素离子。本领域技术人员可以选择不会留下该类残留物的替代表面活性剂和引发剂,或选择去除或最小化任何不需要的残留物的分离/纯化方法。
对于本发明共聚物,单体组合物中使用的双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯(a)的量基于所有单体的重量为20重量%或更多,合适地为21重量%,23重量%,25重量%或30重量%或更多,因为发现该类共聚物在燃料中具有由浊点确定的所需溶解度。
优选地,共聚物由以下物质聚合:
22-95重量%的双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯(a);
5-78重量%的(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯(b);
0-45重量%的芳族乙烯基单体(c);
和至多50重量%的其他烯属不饱和单体(d)。
贯穿整个文件中,构成共聚物的单体的重量百分数基于所用单体的总重量,其中将单体的总重量加至100重量%。
更优选地,本发明共聚物由以下物质聚合:
40-90重量%的双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯(a);
10-60重量%的(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯(b);
5-40重量%的芳族乙烯基单体(c);和
至多40重量%的其他烯属不饱和单体(d)。
在另一实施方案中,本发明共聚物由以下物质聚合:
50-80重量%的双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯(a);
15-45重量%的(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯(b);
10-30重量%的芳族乙烯基单体(c);和
至多30重量%的其他烯属不饱和单体(d)。
对于各实施方案,优选单体(a)的量比单体(c)的量多15重量%,优选多20重量%,因为发现这积极地影响共聚物的溶解度。
优选地,在各实施方案中,其他烯属不饱和单体(d)的量不超过20重量%,15重量%,9重量%或5重量%,在某些实施方案中,单体a)、b)和c)一起构成100重量%的用于形成共聚物的单体。
在一个限制性条件中,共聚物可以不由至少一种双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯、至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸脂肪烷基酯和至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯组成。它们也可以不是至少一种双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯、至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸脂肪烷基酯、至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯和至少一种芳族乙烯基单体的共聚物。在另一个限制性条件中,它们不是其中(甲基)丙烯酸脂肪烷基酯的重量百分数为5-80重量%或5-40重量%的聚合单体的共聚物。在另一个限制性条件中,它们不是其中双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯和(甲基)丙烯酸脂肪烷基酯的总和大于或等于35重量%,更优选大于或等于50%,最优选大于或等于55重量%的总的聚合的单体组合物的共聚物。
在另一个限制性条件中,本发明共聚物可以不是甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸2-苯氧基乙酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯和甲基丙烯酸异癸酯的共聚物,特别是不是其中单体以相同摩尔量聚合的共聚物,更特别地不是通过在100℃下使用每216.4份单体1份67作为引发剂获得的该类共聚物,因为发现该类聚合物不具有所需性能。
应注意,尽管苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丁酯的均聚物不溶于B7柴油燃料,但令人惊讶地大量的这些单体可以与甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯共聚以得到高度可溶的共聚物。例如,基于实施例中各共聚单体的重量分数并使用线性混合模型,本领域技术人员将预期明显高于本文实际发现和报道的浊点。在一个优选的实施方案中,共聚物的浊点比使用线性混合模型计算的值低至少5℃,更优选至少10℃。
如果需要,特别是为了控制聚合物的分子量和分子量分布和/或控制聚合物溶液的流变行为,则可以在单体混合中使用少量的二乙烯基苯。通常二乙烯基苯含量在5%以下,优选在2%以下,更优选在1%以下。
在本发明共聚物中,单体可以以任何方式(例如以嵌段或无规方式)排列。优选地,共聚物是无规排列的共聚物。
当根据实验部分的GPC-MALS方法d)测量时,本发明共聚物的重均分子量(Mw)优选为至少100,000道尔顿(D),合适地为至少200,000,300,000,400,000,500,000,600,000,700,000,800,000,900,000D和/或至少1,000,000D。在另一个实施方案中,本发明的分子量(Mw)为至少1,500,000,合适地为2,000,000或更高。以上分子量由其意欲使用的流体中的溶解度测定。合适的Mw为10,000,000或更低,合适地为小于900,000,8,000,000,7,000,000,6,000,000和/或5,000,000D。发现具有本发明组成和重均分子量为1,000,000-5,000,000,合适地为2,000,000-5,000,000D的聚合物分别在低浓度下是有用的,这使得它们特别适用于在燃料中的应用,特别是用于燃料的添加剂包中。
Mw为400kD或更高的聚合物在溶解在流体中时显示出所需的流变学有效控制。特别是对于仅具有(甲基)丙烯酸异冰片酯和(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C4烷基酯的共聚物,数均分子量适当地选择为大于400kD,因为只有这样才能获得控制其中使它们溶解的流体的流变性所需的性能。发现本发明共聚物的多分散性指数(PDI)(即Mw/Mn)不是关键的,并且合适地为1或2或3,至多10或8或6。在一个实施方案中,PDI为1-5或1.5-4。
本发明共聚物的玻璃化转变温度优选为50-190℃,更优选65-150℃,甚至更优选95-140℃,其通过差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定。在本文中,使用具有以下程序的DSC Q200(TAInstruments,New Castle,Delaware)测量玻璃化转变温度(Tg):
1)开始DSC运行,其中在20℃下等温15分钟;
2)以10℃/分钟沿斜线升温至材料Tg以上约20℃;
3)在该温度下等温运行5分钟;
4)以20℃/分钟沿斜线使温度由Tg以上20℃降至20℃;
5)在20℃下等温运行5分钟;
6)开始调制模式,其中处理条件为每60秒+/-1.280℃;
7)以2℃/分钟沿斜线升温至180℃;
聚合物的组成可以由供入聚合中的单体的相对量可靠地估计。作为替换,共聚物的组成可以使用Varian MR-400MHz和/或Agilent DD2 MR 500MHz NMR光谱仪由碳-13NMR谱适当测定。
将本发明聚合物有利地加入适用于运行内燃机的石油基燃料,例如通常称为汽油和柴油燃料的燃料。聚合物优选以有效获得燃烧效率改进效果的量加入燃料中。通常将本发明聚合物以低于1重量%,或5000ppm(每百万的份数),例如5ppm,10ppm,50ppm,100ppm或500ppm,优选至多3000ppm或1000ppm的浓度加入燃料中。术语“ppm”等于1mg/kg。在一个实施方案中,共聚物优选以基于燃料组合物的总重量为10-300ppm,更优选10-100ppm,例如25-80ppm的量存在于燃料组合物中。
本发明共聚物的优点在于:(1)它们比常规聚合物更适合于调节石油基燃料的流动和喷雾特性;(2)共聚物的Tg足够高以允许作为固体处理聚合物,(3)这些共聚物的成本将低于聚(甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯)和其他常规聚合物的成本,和(4)它们可以用于燃料用添加剂包。
应注意本发明共聚物也可以加入通常流体,特别是非极性流体或包含非极性流体的组合物,以改变该类流体的流变性。适当地,通过溶解基于总组合物的重量小于1重量/重量%,优选小于0.5重量/重量%的共聚物来提高流体的粘度。
正如本领域所公知的,本文所用“汽油”是指适用于运行火花点火发动机的液体烃基燃料,并且包括来自石油原料、可再生原料及其混合物的该类燃料。
正如本领域所公知的,本文所用“柴油”是指适用于运行压缩点火发动机的液体烃基燃料,并且包括来自石油原料、可再生原料及其混合物的该类燃料。
本文所用术语“包含”也包括“基本由……组成”,但可以任选地限于其严格意义“完全由……组成”。
就本发明而言,术语“(甲基)丙烯酸酯”表示丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯,“(共)聚合物”表示聚合物或共聚物。术语“聚合物”和术语“共聚物”在本文中可互换使用。
除了烃和聚合物之外,汽油和柴油燃料可以包含本领域常用的其他添加剂。为了测定在柴油中的溶解度,使用根据EN 590柴油燃料规格的柴油燃料B7。添加剂包是可以加入燃料中的两种或更多种组分的组合。由于各组分的添加量低于100%,因此改进了定量给料的准确度。组合的使用也有助于处理,因为要处理一个组合物而不是单独的组分。添加剂包合适地是各组分溶解在溶剂中,因为聚合物的受控预溶解使得容易与燃料混合或在燃料中溶解。
当在25℃下(如果需要的话,则在加热后)可以制备至少2.0重量%的聚合物在柴油中的溶液时,根据本发明认为该聚合物是可溶的。优选地,可以在8℃下制备2.0重量%聚合物在柴油中的溶液。优选地,当在实验部分中如下所述分析时,本发明的任何实施方案的共聚物显示低于25℃的浊点,更优选低于15℃的浊点,甚至更优选低于5℃的浊点。
实施例
使用甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丁酯的不同组合制备了一系列示例性的本发明共聚物和对比聚合物。甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯获自Sigma-Aldrich或Evonik(terra IBOMA)。苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丁酯获自Sigma-Aldrich。
分子量:
使用四种不同的方法来测定聚合物分子量。
方法A:
分子量通过使用窄范围聚苯乙烯校准标样的凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)来测定。样品和窄范围的聚苯乙烯校准标样通过将14-17mg溶解在5mL四氢呋喃(移动相)中而制备。
柱:(300mm×7.5mm ID),Polymer Labs PL Gel Mixed C
移动相(Mp):四氢呋喃
流速:0.8mL/min
注射液:50μL
RI检测器和柱温:40℃
方法B:
分子量通过使用窄范围聚苯乙烯校准标样的凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)来测定。样品和窄范围聚苯乙烯校准标样通过将12-15mg溶解在10mL四氢呋喃(移动相)中而制备。
柱:(300mm×7.5mm ID),Phenogel,5μm Linear(2)混合;
移动相(Mp):四氢呋喃;
流速:0.6mL/min;
注射液:50μL;
RI检测器和柱温:40℃。
方法C:
分子量通过GPC-MALS(40℃)测定。由于仅使用保护柱分析,定量为半分批模式。样品通过将约10mg溶于10mL四氢呋喃(移动相)中而制备。根据需要用四氢呋喃进一步稀释样品。
柱:Phenogel Guard10^6A(50mm x7.8mm)
流速:0.5ml/min THF
注射液:50μl
检测:Dawn Heleos 18个角度的MALS 633nm和Wyatt Optilab T-REX折射率检测器
定量:Zimm或Debye一阶二阶,5-18个角度
方法D:
分子量通过GPC-MALS测定。样品通过将约8mg溶于8mL四氢呋喃(移动相)中而制备。
柱:30cm x 4mm 5m Phenogel Linear 2–标称10M排除
柱式炉:40℃
溶剂:在0.30ml/min下的稳定化THF
注射液:50μl
检测:Wyatt Dawn Heleos 18个角度的MALS 633nm和Wyatt Optilab T-REX折射率检测器。
合成实施例S1
通过悬浮聚合法制备共聚物
材料:
四颈500mL圆底烧瓶装有机械搅拌桨;装有N2入口顶部回流冷凝器和温度计的Y型管;和两个塞子。向烧瓶中加入HAP。向165.06g去离子水中加入0.4883g的1%十二烷基苯磺酸钠。将所得溶液加入反应容器中,使用恒温器控制的加热套在氮气正压下将所得悬浮液加热至80℃。在125mL锥形烧瓶中,制备67在甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丁酯中的溶液。将溶液一次加入反应容器中,搅拌速度设定为690rpm并保持3分钟,然后降低375rpm。聚合在80℃下保持总共6小时。在聚合过程中,在烧瓶壁或温度计上注意到固体的聚积非常少。在80℃下6小时后,将反应物在冰水浴中在搅拌下冷却,然后使其静置过夜。发现大量聚合物珠粒从悬浮液中掉落,且上清液基本上透明。
测量聚合物悬浮液的pH,并测得在~21℃下为6.91。通过在剧烈搅拌下加入稀硝酸而将pH降至1.51,并在该pH下保持1小时。保持期结束时,pH值下降至1.48。将反应混合物转移到掺合机中,在其中使其均化约60秒。通过真空过滤(纸滤器)分离固体。产物多次用200mL自来水在过滤器上洗涤,直到滤液的pH为6.5-7。然后用200mL去离子水;200mL的1:1(体积:体积)甲醇/水;200mL甲醇;和2×200mL去离子水洗涤产物。固体产物在真空烘箱(~40℃)中干燥至恒重。固体产物的收率为58.14g。产物的非挥发物含量为98.6。
MW用GPC方法A测定;结果:Mn:94,677;MW:351,230;PDI:3.71。
碳-13NMR在CDCl3中测量。通过NMR,共聚物由55.6重量%甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、34.1重量%苯乙烯和10.3重量%甲基丙烯酸异丁酯组成。这与单体进料重量几乎相同,其为55%甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、35%苯乙烯和10%甲基丙烯酸异丁酯。
合成例S2
通过乳液聚合法制备共聚物
材料:
聚合方法
2升的4颈圆底烧瓶装有顶部机械搅拌器、装有冷凝器和氮气吹扫管线的Y管、温度计和塞子。向烧瓶中加入去离子水和表面活性剂。检测pH并测得在所需的4-5的范围内,因此不进行pH调节。然后通过塞子开始次表面的氮气吹扫。在单独的容器中,将甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丁酯组合。然后通过将0.0395g叔丁基氢过氧化物(70%)溶解在3.7565g去离子水中而制备氧化剂溶液。
在保持氮气吹扫的同时,将单体混合物和丙酮共溶剂缓慢加入反应容器中。在加入期间,将搅拌速率逐渐升至350rpm。单体混合物和丙酮共溶剂加料完成几分钟后,将搅拌速度减慢至225rpm。使用恒温水浴使反应温度达到约38℃。
当反应温度为约38℃时,将氧化剂溶液一次加入反应混合物中。在单独的容器中,还原剂溶液通过将0.0730g抗坏血酸钠和0.60g的0.25重量%的硫酸钴(II)七水合物在去离子水中的溶液溶解在7.5g去离子水中而制备。在氧化剂溶液加入反应混合物后约5分钟,将深蓝色还原剂溶液通过注射器一次性加入反应容器中,同时保持氮气吹扫。在加入还原剂后约5分钟,注意到开始放热。随着反应的进行,注意到乳液中的蓝色色调,其变得越来越透明,并注意到粘度略有增加。根据需要通过加入冰或冷水将浴温保持在约40℃下。在约2小时后放热开始消退之前,反应温度达到最大约41℃。随后使用水浴将反应温度维持在38℃下。在总共6小时的反应时间后,将反应冷却并通过粗棉布倾入容器中。注意到凝固物(夹在粗棉布上),并测量粗砂。
聚合物胶乳的收率为945g。固体(重量分析测量):29.1%。通过GPC(方法A)的分子量:Mn=1,278,000;Mw=2,568,000;PDI=2.01。
通过将未稀释的乳液聚合物加入大过量的甲醇中来分离固体聚合物。通过真空过滤收集所得沉淀物并用甲醇充分洗涤。
合成实施例S3-S18。
其他共聚物按照用于制备合成实施例1的基础程序制备。这些聚合物和合成实施例S1和S2的那些的组成和性能总结在下表1中。
表1.本发明共聚物。
IBXMA=甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯;IBMA=甲基丙烯酸异丁酯。
a.由方法A测量。b.由方法B测量。c.由方法C测量。d.由方法D测量。
n.d.=未测定
对比例CE1
报道的Mw为280,000的聚苯乙烯获自Sigma-Aldrich。
对比例CE2
特性粘度为0.60的聚(甲基丙烯酸异丁酯)获自Polysciences。
对比例CE3和较不优选的实施例E4-E8
这些共聚物按照合成实施例S2的程序制备。这些聚合物和对比例1和2的那些的组成和性能总结在下表2中。
表2.对比例和较不优选的实施例。
IBXMA=甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯;IBMA=甲基丙烯酸异丁酯。
b.由方法B测量。
评价聚合物在柴油中的溶解度
溶解度指数法:
在20mL有盖的小瓶中,将0.2g聚合物加入9.8g的B7柴油燃料中。将所得混合物松散地盖上并在室温(约25℃)下剧烈搅拌1小时。然后将混合物在搅拌下加热至约90℃并保持1小时。将所得混合物或溶液冷却至环境室温并静置24小时。然后通过目视检测而确定聚合物溶解度;显示任何雾度、浊度或其他相分离迹象的聚合物被认为是不溶的。然后将混合物/溶液置于设置在8℃的冰箱中24小时。然后通过目视检测而确定聚合物溶解度;显示任何雾度、浊度或其他相分离迹象的聚合物被认为是不溶的。
这些实施例中使用的B7柴油燃料基于具有下表3中给出的特性的柴油基燃料。
表3
浊点测定方法
在装有顶部机械搅拌器、温度计、冷凝器和隔片/塞子的4颈250mL圆底烧瓶中将5.0g聚合物加入50.0g B7柴油燃料。将所得混合物在搅拌下加热至70-80℃,直至获得均匀溶液。在对比例CE1[聚苯乙烯]的情况下,即使在140℃下搅拌3小时后,聚合物也不溶于B7柴油燃料,将一部分所得溶液转移至40mL小瓶(同时温热)。对于浊点在约25℃以上的聚合物,将溶液冷却至约25℃,同时将其用温度计手动搅拌。报道的浊点是溶液明显变得混浊或雾状的温度。对于浊点在约25℃以下的聚合物,使用冰/水浴或干冰/丙酮浴将溶液冷却至低于溶液变得明显混浊或雾状的温度。使所得混浊/雾状混合物逐渐升温至25℃,同时将其用温度计手动搅拌。报道的浊点是溶液变得澄清的温度。作为检测,一旦确定了聚合物的浊点,则在用温度计搅拌和确定浊点的同时,将澄清溶液逐渐冷却(如果需要的话,则使用冷却浴)。合成实施例和对比例的溶解度评价结果总结在表4中。
表4.聚合物溶解度评价结果
苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丁酯的均聚物CE1和CE2分别不溶于B7柴油燃料,但令人惊奇地,大量的这些单体可以与甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯共聚,得到高度可溶的共聚物。例如,基于S16中的各共聚单体的重量比例,本领域技术人员使用线性混合模型预期在9.1重量%共聚物下的浊点为约27℃。然而,其为0℃,其与预测值显著且有用地不同。类似地,S2(包含超过40重量%的不溶性共聚单体苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸异丁酯)的预测浊点约为52℃(其高于足够溶解度的范围内),而实际浊点为18℃(其在足够溶解度的范围内)。
由于成本和性能原因,CE3的产物是不可接受的。由于成本原因,实施例S6的产物较不优选。实施例E4-E8的产物均较不优选,因为不希望浊点高于25℃。
对比例4-7
重复进行现有技术的实施例。在CE4中,评价了WO 2015/091513中的实施例1步骤1的聚合物。在CE5中分析了EP-A-0626442的实施例12。所得聚合物的Mw(使用方法D)分别为79kD和95kD。分子量过低而不能有效地影响其中使其溶解的流体的流变性。
在CE6中,重复进行EP1260278的实施例7。然而,没有得到聚合物。在CE7中,重复进行CN103992428的实施例11。然而,所得聚合物在85℃下不能溶解在B7燃料中,这表明聚合物具有>85℃的不希望的浊点。
应用实验
评价了表3中所提及的具有P编号的本发明产物对柴油流变性的影响以及对燃烧研究单元中的点火延迟、燃烧时间和最大压力增加的影响。首先,在包含至少2.5重量%共聚物的柴油中制备浓缩物,随后将其稀释成如编号P后所示聚合物浓度(以mg/kg计)的燃料。所得数据表明在用于柴油燃料时,本发明产物改进了在所述燃料上运行的直接喷射柴油机的燃料效率。尽管不希望受这一理论的束缚,据信改进的效率是因为由于在燃料中使用聚合物而导致的改变的流变性,这导致了改进的燃料雾化和更完全的燃烧。
Claims (16)
1.一种可通过使至少以下单体共聚而获得的共聚物:
·基于所有单体的重量,大于20重量%的一种双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯,
·至少一种(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C7烷基酯,
·任选地至少一种芳族乙烯基单体,和
·任选地其他烯属不饱和单体,
其中共聚物的重均分子量使用GPC-MALS技术在40℃的THF溶液中测得为100,000-10,000,000D,其中仅(甲基)丙烯酸异冰片酯和(甲基)丙烯酸C1-C4烷基酯的共聚物的数均分子量大于400kD。
2.根据权利要求1的共聚物,其中所述双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯具有下式
其中R是H或-CH3,A是-CH2-、-CH(CH3)-或-C(CH3)2-,M共价键合于六元环的碳原子并选自由氢和甲基或其中的多种组成的组。
3.根据权利要求1或2的共聚物,其中所述共聚物是无规共聚物。
4.根据权利要求1、2或3的共聚物,其包含:
·22-95重量%的双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯,
·5-78重量%的(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯,
·0-45重量%的芳族乙烯基单体,
·0-50重量%的其他烯属不饱和单体,
至多总共100重量%,其中单体的重量百分数基于所有单体的总重量。
5.根据权利要求4的共聚物,其包含
·40-90重量%的双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯,
·10-60重量%的(甲基)丙烯酸低级烷基酯,
·5-40重量%的芳族乙烯基单体,
·至多40重量%的其他烯属不饱和单体(d),
至多总共100重量%,其中单体的重量百分数基于所有单体的总重量。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项的共聚物,其包含至多20重量%的其他烯属不饱和单体。
7.根据前述权利要求中任一项的共聚物,其中至少一种双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯包含或为甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯。
8.根据前述权利要求中任一项的共聚物,其中至少一种甲基丙烯酸低级烷基酯包含或为(甲基)丙烯酸异丁基酯。
9.根据前述权利要求中任一项的共聚物,其至少包含苯乙烯作为芳族乙烯基单体。
10.根据权利要求9的共聚物,其中双环(甲基)丙烯酸酯的重量百分数比芳族乙烯基单体的量高至少15重量百分数。
11.根据前述权利要求中任一项的共聚物,其在25℃下的柴油B7中的溶解度为至少2.0重量百分数。
12.根据前述权利要求中任一项的共聚物,其在柴油B7燃料中的浊点为25℃或更低。
13.根据前述权利要求中任一项的共聚物,其玻璃化转变温度为50-190℃。
14.包含权利要求1-13中任一项的共聚物的燃料用添加剂包。
15.制备前述权利要求中任一项的共聚物的方法,包括使所述单体自由基聚合的步骤。
16.根据权利要求1-15中任一项的聚合物或添加剂包在通过将所述聚合物溶解在流体中而改变所述流体的流变性中的用途,其中所述流体不是燃机的燃料。
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CN112955478A (zh) * | 2018-10-05 | 2021-06-11 | 盛禧奥欧洲有限责任公司 | 亚乙烯基取代的芳香族单体和环状(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物 |
TWI732307B (zh) * | 2018-10-05 | 2021-07-01 | 瑞士商盛禧奧歐洲有限責任公司 | 亞乙烯基取代之芳族單體及環狀(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物 |
CN112955478B (zh) * | 2018-10-05 | 2024-01-12 | 盛禧奥欧洲有限责任公司 | 亚乙烯基取代的芳香族单体和环状(甲基)丙烯酸酯聚合物 |
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CN107660217B (zh) | 2021-06-04 |
EP3298051B1 (en) | 2021-03-03 |
US20180127669A1 (en) | 2018-05-10 |
JP2018517021A (ja) | 2018-06-28 |
CN112142906B (zh) | 2023-05-12 |
PH12017502076A1 (en) | 2018-05-07 |
JP6549732B2 (ja) | 2019-07-24 |
CN112142906A (zh) | 2020-12-29 |
EP3298051A1 (en) | 2018-03-28 |
WO2016188837A1 (en) | 2016-12-01 |
US11066615B2 (en) | 2021-07-20 |
BR112017024047A2 (pt) | 2018-07-24 |
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