CN107649828B - 在多个坯料中加工开口的方法 - Google Patents

在多个坯料中加工开口的方法 Download PDF

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CN107649828B
CN107649828B CN201710611621.7A CN201710611621A CN107649828B CN 107649828 B CN107649828 B CN 107649828B CN 201710611621 A CN201710611621 A CN 201710611621A CN 107649828 B CN107649828 B CN 107649828B
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sheet metal
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CN107649828A (zh
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劳伦特·伯纳德·恰佩斯
S·小乔治·勒基
安德烈·M·伊里尼奇
基斯·周贝
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Ford Motor Co
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D28/00—Shaping by press-cutting; Perforating
    • B21D28/02—Punching blanks or articles with or without obtaining scrap; Notching
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    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D31/00—Other methods for working sheet metal, metal tubes, metal profiles
    • B21D31/005—Incremental shaping or bending, e.g. stepwise moving a shaping tool along the surface of the workpiece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D35/00—Combined processes according to or processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
    • B21D35/002—Processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00
    • B21D35/005—Processes combined with methods covered by groups B21D1/00 - B21D31/00 characterized by the material of the blank or the workpiece
    • B21D35/007—Layered blanks
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D43/00—Feeding, positioning or storing devices combined with, or arranged in, or specially adapted for use in connection with, apparatus for working or processing sheet metal, metal tubes or metal profiles; Associations therewith of cutting devices
    • B21D43/20—Storage arrangements; Piling or unpiling
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C3/00—Milling particular work; Special milling operations; Machines therefor
    • B23C3/12—Trimming or finishing edges, e.g. deburring welded corners
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C3/00—Milling particular work; Special milling operations; Machines therefor
    • B23C3/12—Trimming or finishing edges, e.g. deburring welded corners
    • B23C3/128—Trimming or finishing edges of doors and windows
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P23/00—Machines or arrangements of machines for performing specified combinations of different metal-working operations not covered by a single other subclass
    • B23P23/04—Machines or arrangements of machines for performing specified combinations of different metal-working operations not covered by a single other subclass for both machining and other metal-working operations
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    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D25/00—Superstructure or monocoque structure sub-units; Parts or details thereof not otherwise provided for
    • B62D25/02—Side panels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B62—LAND VEHICLES FOR TRAVELLING OTHERWISE THAN ON RAILS
    • B62D—MOTOR VEHICLES; TRAILERS
    • B62D65/00—Designing, manufacturing, e.g. assembling, facilitating disassembly, or structurally modifying motor vehicles or trailers, not otherwise provided for
    • B62D65/02—Joining sub-units or components to, or positioning sub-units or components with respect to, body shell or other sub-units or components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21D53/00—Making other particular articles
    • B21D53/88—Making other particular articles other parts for vehicles, e.g. cowlings, mudguards
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C2215/00—Details of workpieces
    • B23C2215/08—Automotive parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C2220/00—Details of milling processes
    • B23C2220/28—Finishing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23C—MILLING
    • B23C2270/00—Details of milling machines, milling processes or milling tools not otherwise provided for
    • B23C2270/16—Constructions comprising three or more similar components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P2700/00—Indexing scheme relating to the articles being treated, e.g. manufactured, repaired, assembled, connected or other operations covered in the subgroups
    • B23P2700/12—Laminated parts
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49616—Structural member making
    • Y10T29/49622—Vehicular structural member making
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/51—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
    • Y10T29/5124—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling with means to feed work intermittently from one tool station to another
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/51—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling
    • Y10T29/5176—Plural diverse manufacturing apparatus including means for metal shaping or assembling including machining means
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T409/00—Gear cutting, milling, or planing
    • Y10T409/30—Milling
    • Y10T409/303752—Process
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T409/00—Gear cutting, milling, or planing
    • Y10T409/30—Milling
    • Y10T409/303752—Process
    • Y10T409/303808—Process including infeeding
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T409/00—Gear cutting, milling, or planing
    • Y10T409/30—Milling
    • Y10T409/304424—Means for internal milling

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Abstract

本公开涉及一种在多个坯料中加工开口的方法。公开了用于从限定有内部开口的坯料制造制品的方法和系统。将坯料堆对齐，并且通过旋转切削工具将坯料堆中的坯料的内部开口加工至精加工尺寸。在数控机床加工中进行之前，将坯料夹紧在一起。随后在钣金成形操作中单独地成形坯料，在所述钣金成形操作中内部开口的内周在成形坯料时膨胀。

Description

在多个坯料中加工开口的方法
技术领域
本公开涉及一种制造钣金坯料的方法，所述钣金坯料包括在拉延(drawing)操作或其他类型的成形操作中后续形成的开口。
背景技术
制造钣金部件通常从冲裁(blanking)操作开始，在该操作中由轧制的钢或铝的卷料切割出坯料。可以修剪外周和大的开口以形成坯料，然后在后续的拉延、翻边、冲压、冲孔和卷边工艺中使坯料成形。被冲裁有大的开口的部件的一个示例是车身侧面板，车身侧面板跨越车辆一侧并且限定以嵌套关系容纳车门的开口。在坯料中形成预切开口的一个问题是：在后续的成形操作中，开口周围的材料必须从开口的内部和开口外部的区域流动。当坯料成形时，预切开口扩张(expand)并且可能在开口周围的材料中形成裂缝。
在减轻车辆的重量以满足燃料经济性标准的需求下，正在加大对由铝或高强度合金制成的钣金部件的开发。铝和高强度钢的韧性比低碳钢低，并且与较大开口的内周处的裂缝有关的问题更为普遍。由于从开口内部拉延其他金属，所以当切割铝质坯料时在切割边缘处形成的小裂纹或小缺陷在后续的成形操作中扩大而形成裂缝。
在后续的成形操作中，在拉延模具扩张期间坯料内边缘处产生裂缝的根本原因源自由于粗糙的断裂表面、微裂纹、毛刺和卡咬痕迹(gall mark)而引起的过度的应变硬化和小缺陷。过度的应变硬化和缺陷严重限制了金属的扩张能力。避免与铝面板中的预切开口的缺陷引起的裂缝相关的问题限制了使用铝质钣金部件的机会。由于需要废弃在关键区域具有裂缝的部件，所以在冲压工艺中面板裂缝会导致明显的成品率损失。此外，与面板裂缝有关的问题导致成本超支、供应短缺、潜在质量问题以及生产线可用性下降。
本公开旨在解决上述问题和如下概括的其他问题。
发明内容
根据本公开的一方面，公开了一种用于制造钣金部件的方法。该方法包括以下步骤：从多个钣金段切割限定有内部开口的多个坯料的步骤，堆叠所述多个坯料并且使内部开口对齐，使用旋转切削工具将内部开口的内周加工至精加工尺寸。
根据该方法的其他方面，该方法还可以包括在加工之前将所述多个坯料夹紧在一起。坯料可以在数控机床中被夹紧在一起。该方法还可以包括在钣金成形操作中单独地成形坯料，其中，坯料中的内部开口的内周在成形坯料时膨胀。旋转切削工具可以是铣削工具。钣金部件可以是车辆的限定有车门开口或车窗开口的车身侧面板，或者可以是具有在后续的成形操作中膨胀的开口或关键边缘区域的另一类型的面板。
根据本公开的另一方面，公开了一种用于从限定有开口的坯料制造钣金部件的系统。该系统包括堆叠在基座上的坯料堆，其中所述开口大致对准。包括旋转刀具的机床从坯料堆中的开口去除材料以形成被加工的坯料边缘。随后，成形工具使每个被加工的坯料中的被加工的坯料边缘成形并膨胀。
该系统还可以包括夹紧装置，该夹紧装置在机床从开口切削材料时夹紧基座上的坯料堆。基座可以包括设置在坯料堆下方的间隔件，从而为机床提供间隙以从堆叠在基座上的所有坯料切割材料。
根据本公开的另一方面，公开了一种用于从限定有开口的坯料制造钣金部件的系统，坯料堆叠在基座上形成坯料堆，并且所述开口彼此对准，所述系统包括：机床，包括旋转刀具，所述旋转刀具从坯料堆中的开口切削材料以形成被加工的坯料；至少一个成形工具，单独地使每个被加工的坯料的开口成形和膨胀。
根据本公开的另一方面，公开了一种制品，其包括起初从钣金段冲压而成的限定有内部开口的坯料。内部开口的内周被成形为被加工的表面。被加工的表面可以是铣削表面。制品可以是车辆的车身侧面板，并且内部开口可以是车门开口、车窗开口或排气开口。
根据本公开的另一方面，公开了一种通过加工坯料的内部或外部边缘来制造钣金部件的方法。该方法开始于从多个钣金段切割均具有被冲裁的边缘的多个坯料的步骤。然后堆叠坯料并且使被冲裁的边缘大致对齐。然后使用机床将所述多个坯料的被冲裁的边缘加工至精加工尺寸。
下面将参照附图描述本公开的上述方面和其他方面。
附图说明
图1a是根据本公开的一方面的冲裁机的分解透视图解，所述冲压机用于在坯料中切割开口并且将坯料堆堆叠在托盘或其他支撑表面上。
图1b是车身侧面板坯料的一个示例的透视图。
图2是数控机床铣削多个坯料的内部开口的内周的透视图，其中，所述多个坯料被夹紧就位并且开口对准。
图3是沿着图2中的线3-3截取的局部剖视图，示出了旋转切削工具从坯料堆的内部开口的内周去除材料。
图4是用于车身侧面板的拉延模具(draw die)的示意性透视图，其中，坯料被装载到模具中而被拉延成期望形状。
图5是示出了用于成形具有大的内部开口的钣金面板的制造工艺的步骤的流程图，所述内部开口被加工以去除边缘缺陷。
具体实施方式
参照附图公开示出的实施例。然而，应理解，所公开的实施例旨在仅是示例，所述实施例可以以各种和替代的形式实施。附图不一定按比例绘制；一些特征可被夸大或最小化以显示特定部件的细节。所公开的特定结构和功能细节不应被解释为限制，而仅作为教导本领域技术人员如何实践所公开的构思的代表性基础。
参照图1a和图1b，示出了冲裁机(blanking press)10，其包括在坯料15中切割大的开口(诸如车门开口13、车窗开口14或者排气开口)的上冲裁模11和下冲裁模12。车门开口13、车窗开口14或排气开口称为内部开口。当从坯料15上切出内部开口时，坯料15被放置在托盘17上的其他坯料的堆16上，并且大致与其他坯料15的堆16对齐。托盘17可以是在冲压机(如图4所示)上使用的类型或可以是专用的加工托盘。空间18由处于内部开口下方的支撑构件或托盘17限定，以便于加工坯料堆16中的内部开口。
参照图1a、图1b和图2，内部开口19的内周20包含高度加工硬化材料带，其可包括当冲裁内部开口19时产生的边缘缺陷(未示出)。坯料15可能被堆叠得不完美，使得一些坯料15相对于堆16中的其他坯料15偏置。坯料15在堆上“大致对齐”意味着坯料15被堆叠得处于平均堆叠位置的+/-1毫米内，并且整个堆的误差在堆16的高度上在+/-1毫米内。
参照图2，所示出的多个坯料15或坯料堆16被支撑在托盘17上并被夹在顶板21和托盘17之间。坯料堆16中的内部开口19是通过所示出的接合顶板21的多个夹紧构件22保持就位。顶板21用于将夹紧构件22施加的夹紧载荷分布开。还可以使用其他的夹紧装置将夹紧载荷施加到堆16。所示出的数控机床24(下文称为“NC机床”)具有对内部开口19的内周20进行加工的旋转切削工具28或铣刀。
参照图2和图3，示出了坯料堆16被压紧在顶板21和托盘17之间。所示出的旋转切削工具28对内部开口19的内周20执行NC机床控制的铣削操作。刀具28从坯料堆16的内周20去除材料，由于夹紧构件22施加到顶板21的压力，使得坯料堆可以像整体式金属结构一样被铣削。通过使NC机床24相对于托盘17上的堆16的位置对准而使NC机床24初始化。旋转切削工具28包括多个刀片30，其将邻接的坯料15上的被铣削的表面32形成到精加工尺寸。可以在有或没有加工润滑剂的情况下进行机加工操作。
至少一个金属厚度的剪切边缘或冲裁边缘被去除，以便于后续的孔扩张。内部开口19可以被铣削多达4mm以补偿堆叠公差。
如图3所示，在坯料堆16的顶部中示出了若干个被加工的坯料34。如所示出的，旋转切削工具28从坯料堆16的顶部(如实线所示)运动到坯料堆16的底部的以虚线示出的位置。间隔件36放置在基座17或托盘上，以通过设置被限定在坯料堆16下方和托盘17上方的间隙区域18而允许旋转切削工具28对坯料堆16中的所有坯料15进行铣削。在图3中示出的间隔件36和托盘17为单独的部件。替代地，空间18可以由图1a示出的托盘进行限定。
参照图4，用于车身侧面板(未示出)的坯料15被设置在拉延模具42中，拉延模具42是形成车身侧面板的冲压生产线的一部分。钣金冲压机42使各个坯料15中的内部开口19膨胀。
参照图5并且继续参照其他附图，参照流程图50公开了该过程。该过程开始于在冲裁机10或冲压操作中生产坯料15以形成坯料的外周和内部开口19。在52处，将坯料15大致对齐并堆叠成坯料堆16，然而，一些坯料15可能被堆叠得不完美。堆叠得不完美的坯料15(内部开口19未对准)可通过后续加工到精加工尺寸而得到补偿。在54处，将坯料堆16夹紧在NC机床24中，该NC机床24将坯料15保持在一起并且大致对齐。在56处，将内部开口19的内周20加工到被铣削的表面32的精加工尺寸。在加工之后，通过将加工碎屑从堆16上冲走或吹走来清洁坯料堆16。在58处，将坯料15与坯料堆16分离，并且在钣金冲压机42中将每个单独的坯料15成形为成品部件(未示出)的期望的整体形状。
尽管参照铣削内部开口19(诸如车门开口13和车窗开口14)描述了该方法，但是该方法还能应用于在成形过程中后续被拉伸的较小开口或外部修剪边缘。
上文描述的实施例为具体示例，但是所述具体示例并没有描述本公开的所有可能的形式。示出的实施例的特征可以进行组合以形成所公开的构思的进一步的实施例。说明书中使用的词语为描述性词语而非限制。所附权利要求的范围比具体公开的实施例更宽，并且还包括所示实施例的变型。

Claims (14)

1.一种制造钣金部件的方法，包括：
从多个钣金段切割限定有内部开口的多个坯料；
堆叠所述多个坯料使得内部开口对准；
使用旋转切削工具将内部开口的内周加工至精加工尺寸；以及
在使用旋转切削工具加工内部开口的内周之后，在钣金成形操作中单个地成形所述多个坯料，其中，每个坯料中的内部开口的内周在成形该坯料时膨胀。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
在加工之前将所述多个坯料夹紧在一起。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中，将坯料夹紧在一起的步骤是在数控机床中执行的。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述钣金部件是车辆的车身侧面板，并且所述内部开口是车门开口。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，所述钣金部件是车辆的车身侧面板，并且所述内部开口是车窗开口。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，旋转切削工具是铣削工具。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，钣金部件是车辆的车身侧面板。
8.一种用于从限定有开口的坯料制造钣金部件的系统，所述系统包括：
坯料堆，堆叠在基座上，并且所述开口对准；
机床，包括旋转刀具，所述旋转刀具从坯料堆中的开口切削材料以形成被加工的坯料；和
至少一个成形工具，单个地使每个被加工的坯料的开口成形和膨胀。
9.根据权利要求8所述的系统，还包括：
夹紧装置，当机床从所述开口切削材料时，将坯料堆夹紧在基座上。
10.根据权利要求8所述的系统，其中，基座包括设置在坯料堆下方的间隔件，从而为机床提供间隙以从堆叠在基座上的所有坯料上切削材料。
11.根据权利要求8所述的系统，其中，所述旋转刀具是铣削工具。
12.根据权利要求8所述的系统，其中，所述钣金部件是车辆的车身侧面板。
13.一种制造钣金部件的方法，包括：
从多个钣金面板切割多个坯料，每个坯料均包括被冲裁的边缘；
堆叠所述多个坯料，并且所述被冲裁的边缘大致对齐；
使用旋转切削工具将所述多个坯料的被冲裁的边缘加工至精加工尺寸；以及
在使用旋转切削工具加工被冲裁的边缘之后，在钣金成形操作中单个地成形所述多个坯料，其中，当在钣金成形操作中成形所述多个坯料时，所述被冲裁的边缘膨胀。
14.根据权利要求13所述的方法，还包括：
在加工之前将所述多个坯料夹紧在一起。
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