CN107614328A - 运输车辆的供电系统 - Google Patents

运输车辆的供电系统 Download PDF

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CN107614328A
CN107614328A CN201680030416.5A CN201680030416A CN107614328A CN 107614328 A CN107614328 A CN 107614328A CN 201680030416 A CN201680030416 A CN 201680030416A CN 107614328 A CN107614328 A CN 107614328A
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A·A·施韦德
A·V·韦林
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
    • B60L15/2072—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed for drive off
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/087—Details of the switching means in starting circuits, e.g. relays or electronic switches
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/51—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by AC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L50/00—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle
    • B60L50/50—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells
    • B60L50/52—Electric propulsion with power supplied within the vehicle using propulsion power supplied by batteries or fuel cells characterised by DC-motors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/03—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for supply of electrical power to vehicle subsystems or for
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/10—Safety devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/36—Arrangements for transfer of electric power between ac networks via a high-tension dc link
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/66—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/68—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/72—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/75—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means
    • H02M7/757—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M7/7575—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output with possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a thyratron or thyristor type requiring extinguishing means using semiconductor devices only for high voltage direct transmission link
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0814—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines comprising means for controlling automatic idle-start-stop
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N11/0862—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by the electrical power supply means, e.g. battery
    • F02N11/0866—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines characterised by the electrical power supply means, e.g. battery comprising several power sources, e.g. battery and capacitor or two batteries
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N2011/0881—Components of the circuit not provided for by previous groups
    • F02N2011/0885—Capacitors, e.g. for additional power supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N11/00—Starting of engines by means of electric motors
    • F02N11/08—Circuits or control means specially adapted for starting of engines
    • F02N2011/0881—Components of the circuit not provided for by previous groups
    • F02N2011/0888—DC/DC converters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2200/00—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus
    • F02N2200/06—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus said parameters being related to the power supply or driving circuits for the starter
    • F02N2200/063—Battery voltage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2200/00—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus
    • F02N2200/06—Parameters used for control of starting apparatus said parameters being related to the power supply or driving circuits for the starter
    • F02N2200/064—Battery temperature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02N—STARTING OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; STARTING AIDS FOR SUCH ENGINES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02N2300/00—Control related aspects of engine starting
    • F02N2300/10—Control related aspects of engine starting characterised by the control output, i.e. means or parameters used as a control output or target
    • F02N2300/106—Control of starter current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/327—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection against abnormal temperatures
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/72—Electric energy management in electromobility

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及电气工程设计的领域。运输车辆的供电系统包含：具有蓄电池(2)和电起动器(3)所连接到的负电线和正电线的电力网(1)；电容器组(4)；连接在电容器组与电力网之间的可逆转换器(5)；调节器(6)；以及温度传感器(11)。来自电容器组的电压被馈送到调节器的输入端(10)，调节器的额外输入端(12)连接到温度传感器，并且调节器的输出端连接到可逆转换器的控制输入端(7,8,9)，可逆转换器根据控制输入端处的信号能够改变其本身在电力网侧上的输出端处的电压‑电流特性的参数。调节器以下列方式实现：从可逆转换器流到电力网的最大电流是温度‑传感器温度的减函数。本发明延长了电起动器的寿命并增加了供电系统的可靠性。

Description

运输车辆的供电系统
技术领域
本发明涉及电气设备领域，即涉及运输车辆的供电系统。
背景技术
存在已知的供电系统，该供电系统由转换器组成、设计有半导体整流器、包含调节系统和过热传感器，过热传感器连接到调节系统以确保当某个温度被达到时转换器电流减小(Copyright certificate RF №864421,incl.Н02Н7/10,Н02М1/18.Converterthermal protection device.Publ.September 15,1981)。
这个解决方案的不足是，负载电流依赖于温度。因此，其功能能力很窄。
存在已知的供电系统，该供电系统由引擎起动模块组成、包含电容器组和转换器，转换器的输入端连接到蓄电池并且输出端连接到电容器组，该电容器组连接到电起动器电源电路(Maxwell Technologies,Inc.Ultra-capacitor Engine Start ModuleESM.http://www.maxwell.com/esm/)。
这个系统的不足是动态过载，其当电起动器开启时出现，这导致换向器和电刷组件以及电起动器驱动器的较快恶化。
存在已知的供电系统，该供电系统由蓄电池和软起动设备组成，软起动设备的功率输入端连接到蓄电池，而功率输出端连接到电起动器电源电路(Russian Federationinvention patent№2447314,incl.F02N11/08,F02N11/14,B60W10/06.Electric startersystem.Publ.April 10,2012)。
该系统与前面的类似系统相比较可以没有电起动器的动态过载，然而，它更大且更重，因为：
-在软起动设备内，全功率换向出现，这需要向电起动器供电，从而导致明显的能量损耗且需要对应的热耗散；
-与正常气候条件相比较，当温度减小时，蓄电池的内电阻增加2-3倍，这应由蓄电池的尺寸的对应增大而进行补偿。
作为原型，选择最接近于所要求保护的技术解决方案的明显特征的供电系统，该供电系统由具有蓄电池和电起动器所连接到的负和正电线的电力网、电容器组、连接在电容器组与电力网之间的双向转换器、具有至少一个输出端和输入端的调节器组成，该输入端接收电容器组电压，而双向转换器具有连接到调节器的输出端的控制输入端并且被设计为根据来自控制输入端的信号来改变其在电力网侧上的输出端处的电压-电流特性(Russian Federation invention patent№2513025,incl.H02J1/00.Electric powersupply system.Publ.April 20,2014)。
与以前的类似系统相比较，原型允许减小蓄电池的电流并减小其尺寸，因为部分负载电流从电容器组穿过双向转换器流到电力网中。这个原型的不足在较高环境温度下变得明显：
-电起动器的动态过载由于蓄电池的内部电阻的减小且由于起始电流的对应增大而出现；
-由于过热而增加电容器组和双向转换器故障的概率。
所要求保护的发明的挑战是电起动器运行寿命的增加和供电系统可靠性的增加，这将扩展其功能能力，特别是将确保在启停模式下的可操作性(在电起动器致动之间有短间隔)。
能够解决这个挑战的技术结果在于：
-电起动器的启动电流对温度的依赖性的减小，这防止电起动器动态过载；
-防止电容器组和双向转换器过热。
这个挑战在供电系统中被解决，该供电系统由具有蓄电池和电起动器所连接到的负和正电线的电力网、电容器组、连接在电容器组与电力网之间的双向转换器、具有至少一个输出端和输入端的调节器组成，电容器组电压被供应给输入端，而双向转换器具有连接到调节器的输出端的至少一个控制输入端，双向转换器被设计为当信号从控制输入端发送时通过根据本发明设计实施热传感器来改变其在电力网侧上的输出端处的电压-电流特性，调节器被配备有连接到热传感器的额外输入端并被设计为使得从双向转换器流到电力网中的电流的最大值是热传感器温度的减函数。
双向转换器可以具有在电力网侧上的输出端处的电压-电流特性的以下参数：在电压值v>V0下的电流调节部分i(v)＝I-、在电压值v<V0下的电流调节部分i(v)＝I+、在电流值I-<I<I+下的电压调节部分v(i)＝V0；其中双向转换器可以具有第一、第二和第三控制输入端以分别设置参数I-、I+和V0。
调节器可以包含：第一误差检测器，其输出端连接到双向转换器的第一控制输入端，而直接输入端是调节器输入端；第二误差检测器，其输出端连接到双向转换器的第二控制输入端，而反相输入端是额外的调节器输入端；参考电压源，其被供应到双向转换器的第三控制输入端。
双向转换器可以包含：基于绝缘栅极场效应晶体管的四个键；具有电感器的电流传感器的电感器；键控制电路，其第一、第二和第三输入端与双向转换器的控制输入端相对应，第四输入端连接到电感器的电流传感器输出端，并且第五输入端接收电力网电压。在这种情况下，电容器组的负输出端与电力网的负电线连接，电容器组的正和负输出端由串联连接的第一和第二键互连，电力网的正和负电线由串联连接的第三和第四键互连，第一和第二键的连接点通过电感器和电感器的电流传感器链接到第三和第四键的连接点。
双向转换器可以具有数字控制输入端。在这种情况下，调节器被设计为微处理器设备。
电容器组、双向转换器、调节器和热传感器可以放置在安装在蓄电池组附近的公共壳体中。
为了制造所要求保护的系统，需要已知的材料和标准化设备。因此，其对应于“工业可应用性”标准。
专利和技术科学信息源所执行的研究显示了所要求保护的电源系统对当前技术水平是未知的并对应于“创新”标准的证据。
从当前技术水平中，发现了具有与所要求保护的系统的区别特征匹配的特征的解决方案：调节器和热传感器被设计为当温度升高时具有转换器电流的减小。
这是所提到的区别特征对过热的防止的已知效果，这通过减小电流负载和系统的功能能力的对应变窄来实现。
所提到的区别特征对依赖于温度的电起动器的启动电流减小的效果没有被确认。此外，与已知的解决方案相反，电起动器负载电流稳定，并且系统的功能能力变宽。
因此，所提出的解决方案对应于“发明水平”标准，因为其包含被已知部件补充的已知系统，但该解决方案提供总技术结果，其由已知部件的互连确保并且不从当前技术水平中获取。
所提出的解决方案的明显特征以以下方式影响技术结果的实现：
-对电容器组与电力网之间的双向转换器的实施允许利用电容器组和蓄电池的总电流对电起动器供电；
-根据来自调节器的信号来改变在电力网侧上的输出端处的双向转换器的电压-电流特性的能力，其允许控制电容器组电流；
-热传感器到调节器的连接以及设计调节器，从而从双向转换器流到电力网中的电流的最大值是热传感器温度的减函数，这由于电容器组电流的对应变化而补偿蓄电池电流的温度相关性。因此，电起动器的启动电流的温度相关性减小了。
同时，电容器组和双向转换器的过热被防止。
附图说明
本发明由附图解释，附图示出了以下内容：
图1——模拟实施例中的系统的方框图；
图2——在正常气候条件下的客车的供电系统的部件的电流-电压特性；
图3——在降低的空气温度下的客车的供电系统的部件的电流-电压特性。
具体实施方式
方框图示出了：
-具有蓄电池2和电起动器3所连接到的负和正电线的电力网1；
-电容器组4；
-在电容器组4与电力网1之间实施的双向转换器5；
-具有连接到双向转换器的控制输入端7、8、9的输出端的调节器6；
-调节器的输入端10，电容器组4的电压被供应到输入端10；
-连接到调节器的额外输入端12的热传感器11.
调节器6包含：
-第一误差检测器13，其输出端连接到双向转换器的第一控制输入端7，并且直接输入端是调节器的输入端10；
-第二误差检测器14，其输出端连接到双向转换器的第二控制输入端8，并且反相输入端是调节器的额外输入端12；
-参考电压源15，其被供应到双向转换器9的第三控制输入端9。
双向转换器5包含：
-基于绝缘栅极场效应晶体管的四个键16、17、18、19；
-具有电感器的电流传感器21的电感器20；
-键控制电路22。
电容器组4的负输出端连接到电力网1的负电线。电容器组4的正和负输出端通过串联连接的第一键16和第二键17互连。电力网1的正和负电线通过串联连接的第三键18和第四键19互连。第一和第二键的连接点通过电感器20和电感器的电流传感器21连接到第三和第四键的连接点。电感器的电流传感器21的输出端、电力网1的正和负电线以及双向转换器的控制输入端7、8、9与键控制电路22有关，键控制电路22的设计原理是公开已知的(参见例如：Linear Technology.4-switch buck-boost controller LTC 3789.http://www.linear.com/product/ltc3789)。
针对正常气候条件(图2)和降低的空气温度(图3)提供客车电源系统的设计电压-电流特性：
-在电力网侧上的输出端处的双向转换器的特征23；
-蓄电池(12V，40Ah)的特征24；
-通过合计双向转换器的电流得到的特征25(对应于特征23和24)；
-在启动时刻的电起动器的特征26；
-在曲柄模式中的电起动器的特征27。
当不在操作中时，蓄电池2从电力网1断开，后者的电压是零，电容器组4放电，双向转换器5的供电缺失，键16、17、18和19被断开。在蓄电池2连接到电力网1之后，其电压v被供应到双向转换器5的输出端。双向转换器5、换向键16、17、18和19(键控制原理是已知的并且不在本说明书中提供)确保电流i通过电感器20和电感器的电流传感器21在电容器组4和电力网1之间流动。规定电流的值由键控制电路22提供以提供在连接到电力网1的双向转换器5的输出端处的电压-电流特征23。当前的示例复查电压-电流特征23的参数I-、I+和V0，这通过调节器6以以下方式提供：
-当将电容器组4的电压从零增加到ref V值时，第一误差检测器13将参数I-从-70A增加到零；
-当将热传感器温度11从-40℃增加到ref T值时，第二误差检测器14将参数I+从250A减小到80A；
-参考电压值15提供参数V0＝10.5V。
双向转换器5和蓄电池2的总电流对应于电压-电流特征25。如果电力网1未被加载，则双向转换器5和蓄电池2的总电流为零，并且根据特征25，电力网电压在正常气候条件(图2)下是11.5V或在降低的空气温度(图3)下是10.5V。根据特征23和24，这个电压对应于双向转换器5的负电流I-，其绝对值等于蓄电池2的正电流。通过双向转换器5流动的规定电流对电容器组4充电。当充电时，电容器组4的电压增加到高达ref V值，其中电压-电流特征23的参数I-变成零，即电容器组4的充电结束，当其电压达到ref V值时。在那之后，双向转换器5和蓄电池2进入无负载运行，电力网1的电压是12÷12.5V，系统为负载连接做好准备。
在引擎起动模式中，所要求保护的系统以以下方式工作。当电起动器3连接到电力网1时，电起动器轴是不动的，电流和电压由特征25和26的交叉点确定。然后，电起动器3的轴的旋转速度增加，电流和电压由特征25和27的交叉点确定。在所复查的示例中，电起动器电流在正常气候条件(图2)下从500A改变到300A；在降低的空气温度(图3)下从450A改变到350A。电起动器电流以以下方式由双向转换器(特征23)和蓄电池(特征24)的电流组成：
-在正常气候条件(图2)下，双向转换器的电流是80A，蓄电池从420A改变到220A；
-在降低的空气温度(图3)下，双向转换器的电流是250A，蓄电池电流从200A改变到100A。
因此，温度效应在内燃机的点燃期间对电起动器的启动电流是不明显的。此外，当温度增加时，双向转换器和电容器组的电流减小，防止其过热。规定的技术结果增加了电起动器的寿命和电源系统的可靠性，这确保它们在“启停”模式中的操作(在电起动器致动之间有短间隔)。
为了双向转换器和蓄电池的温度相关电流的最佳互补偿，优选地有在安装在蓄电池附近的公共壳体中的电容器组、双向转换器、调节器和热传感器。
在数字实施例中，双向转换器具有数字控制输入端，并且调节器被设计为微处理器设备。数字实施例中的系统通过与模拟实施例中的所述系统相同的原理来进行操作，并且未在附图上示出。

Claims (6)

1.一种用于运输车辆的供电系统，其由具有蓄电池和电起动器所连接到的负电线和正电线的电力网、电容器组、连接在所述电容器组与所述电力网之间的双向转换器、具有至少一个输出端和输入端的调节器组成，电容器组电压供应到所述输入端，而所述双向转换器具有连接到所述调节器的所述输出端的至少一个控制输入端，所述双向转换器被设计为当信号从所述控制输入端发送时来改变其在所述电力网侧上的输出端处的电压-电流特性，其特征在于热传感器，所述调节器被配备有连接到所述热传感器的额外输入端并被设计为使得从所述双向转换器流到电力网中的电流的最大值是热传感器温度的减函数。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于在所述电力网侧上的输出端处的所述电压-电流特性具有：在电压值v>V0下的电流调节部分i(v)＝I-、在电压值v<V0下的电流调节部分i(v)＝I+、在电流值I-<I<I+下的电压调节部分v(i)＝V0，其中所述双向转换器具有第一控制输入端、第二控制输入端和第三控制输入端以分别设置参数I-、I+和V0。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其特征在于所述调节器包含下列项：第一误差检测器，其输出端连接到所述双向转换器的所述第一控制输入端，而直接输入端是调节器输入端；第二误差检测器，其输出端连接到所述双向转换器的所述第二控制输入端，而反相输入端是所述调节器的额外输入端；参考电压源，其被供应到所述双向转换器的所述第三控制输入端。
4.根据权利要求2所述的系统，其特征在于所述双向转换器由下列项组成：基于绝缘栅极场效应晶体管的四个键；电感器；电感器的电流传感器；以及键控制电路，所述双向转换器的第一输入端、第二输入端和第三输入端与所述双向转换器的所述控制输入端相对应，第四输入端连接到所述电感器的电流传感器，并且第五输入端从所述电力网供应电压，而所述电容器组的负输出端连接到所述电力网的负电线，所述电容器组的正输出端和负输出端通过串联连接的第一键和第二键互连，所述电力网的正电线和负电线通过第三键和第四键互连，所述第一键和所述第二键的连接点通过所述电感器和所述电感器的电流传感器与所述第三键和所述第四键的连接点连接。
5.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于具有数字控制输入端的所述双向转换器，并且所述调节器被设计为微处理器设备。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统，其特征在于所述电容器组、所述双向转换器、所述调节器和所述热传感器放置在公共壳体中，所述公共壳体放置在所述蓄电池组附近。
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