CN107534386A - 直流电压转换器 - Google Patents

直流电压转换器 Download PDF

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CN107534386A
CN107534386A CN201680023748.0A CN201680023748A CN107534386A CN 107534386 A CN107534386 A CN 107534386A CN 201680023748 A CN201680023748 A CN 201680023748A CN 107534386 A CN107534386 A CN 107534386A
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terminal
diode
voltage
lead
pole
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CN107534386B (zh
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D.舍库林
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Bucher Hydraulics AG
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Execute Mids Haoze Joint-Stock Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/1213—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for DC-DC converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33538—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only of the forward type
    • H02M3/33546—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only of the forward type with automatic control of the output voltage or current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33571—Half-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33573—Full-bridge at primary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33584—Bidirectional converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • H02M3/33576—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H02M3/33592—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements having at least one active switching element at the secondary side of an isolation transformer having a synchronous rectifier circuit or a synchronous freewheeling circuit at the secondary side of an isolation transformer
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H02H7/125—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers for rectifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/34—Snubber circuits
    • H02M1/342—Active non-dissipative snubbers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/08—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage
    • H03K17/081—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit
    • H03K17/0812—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit by measures taken in the control circuit
    • H03K17/08122—Modifications for protecting switching circuit against overcurrent or overvoltage without feedback from the output circuit to the control circuit by measures taken in the control circuit in field-effect transistor switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03K—PULSE TECHNIQUE
    • H03K17/00—Electronic switching or gating, i.e. not by contact-making and –breaking
    • H03K17/28—Modifications for introducing a time delay before switching
    • H03K17/284—Modifications for introducing a time delay before switching in field effect transistor switches
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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Abstract

一种直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），具有：‑输出端子，其中所述输出端子具有第一输出端子极（2）和第二输出端子极（3），‑多个整流元件（D1、D2），‑具有电能存储器（C1）的电压限制单元（3），其中所述电压限制单元（3）被构造用于限制所述整流元件（D1、D2）上的电压，和‑时钟控制的能量调节单元（4），所述能量调节单元被构造用于将所述电能存储器（C1）中存储的能量调节到额定值上。

Description

直流电压转换器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种直流电压转换器。
背景技术
在例如以推挽转换器形式的直流电压转换器（也称为直流调节器）中，由于通常使用的变压器的杂散电感结合次级侧的整流二极管的整流特性而在功率半导体上出现开关过电压，所述开关过电压在没有限制的情况下将导致功率半导体的毁坏或者将要求耐压强度的极度的超大设计。
通常，为了衰减开关过电压，将RC元件与直流电压转换器的整流二极管并联。在这种情况下不利的是在衰减电阻中的相应的损耗热量。根据电流负载、开关能量、温度等，由此可以出现显著的散热问题，所述散热问题能够导致限制可实现的输出电流。
发明内容
本发明所基于的任务是，提供一种直流电压转换器（也称为DC-DC转换器），该直流电压转换器保证开关过电压的有效保护并且同时产生尽可能少的电损耗。
本发明通过根据权利要求1的直流电压转换器来解决该任务。
本发明涉及一种直流电压转换器，特别是以推挽转换器的形式。该直流电压转换器可以单向或双向地构造。
直流电压转换器具有输出端子，其中该输出端子具有第一输出端子极（正极）和第二输出端子极（负极）。在第一输出端子极上可以施加比第二输出端子极上更高的电位。术语“输出”在此不应该如下限制性地来理解，即必须强制性地涉及具有专用输入端和输出端的单向的直流电压转换器。在双向的直流电压转换器中，输出端子是两个（未定向的）外部端子中的一个。
直流电压转换器还具有多个（例如在2和4之间）整流元件。
直流电压转换器还具有特别是无源的电压限制单元（过电压保护单元）。电压限制单元被构造用于限制或减小整流元件上的（过）电压。电压限制单元具有电能存储器，该电能存储器被构造用于至少部分地缓冲由于开关过程由电压尖峰所引起的能量。
直流电压转换器还具有与电压限制单元耦合的时钟控制的能量调节单元，该能量调节单元被构造用于限制在电能存储器中存储的能量或在能量存储器上出现的电压和/或通过以下方式将其调节到额定值上，即如果在能量存储器中存储的能量超过能量额定值或在能量存储器上出现的电压超过电压额定值，则能量调节单元例如将在能量存储器中存储的能量沿着输出端子的方向传输。能量调节单元可以具有时钟控制的开关机构，其中开关机构的时钟可以与直流电压转换器的运行时钟不同。
能量调节单元能够实现，例如革新地在输出端子上提供开关能量，而开关能量没有在电阻中耗散地转换成热量。同时保证有效的过电压限制。
时钟控制的能量调节单元可以具有例如反相转换器形式的（时钟控制的）直流调节器（一般也可以称为时钟控制的调节器），该直流调节器被构造用于将在电能存储器中存储的能量沿着输出端子的方向传输。直流调节器可以用作能量或电压调节装置的语境中的调节元件，例如其方式是，只有当在电能存储器中存储的能量超过额定值时该直流调节器才将能量沿着输出端子的方向传输。直流调节器例如可以是反相的或非反相的降压调节器或升压调节器。
直流电压转换器可以具有例如进行直流分离的变压器。变压器除了一个、两个或更多个初级绕组之前还具有至少一个次级绕组，其中整流元件被构造用于将所述至少一个次级绕组上的一个或多个电压整流。
变压器可以具有恰好一个第一次级绕组和恰好一个第二次级绕组，其中整流元件被构造用于将第一和第二次级绕组上的电压整流。
整流元件可以是二极管。整流元件也可以替代地是晶体管、例如MOSFET，由此能够实现同步整流。
直流电压转换器可以具有电感器件，例如以线圈或扼流圈的形式。第一次级绕组的第一端子和第二次级绕组的第一端子可以与第二输出端子极间接（利用其他中间连接的器件）或直接（没有其他中间连接的器件）地电连接。第一整流元件和电感器件可以成环到第一次级绕组第二端子与第一输出端子极之间。第二整流元件可以成环到第二次级绕组的第二端子与第一整流元件和电感器件的连接节点之间。
电压限制单元可以具有第一二极管和第二二极管。电能存储器可以是电容器或具有这样的电容器。第一二极管的阳极和第二二极管的阳极可以与电容器的第一端子电连接。第一二极管的阴极可以与第一次级绕组的第二端子电连接。第二二极管的阴极可以与第二次级绕组的第二端子电连接。电容器的第二端子可以与第一整流元件、第二整流元件和电感器件之间的连接节点电连接。
能量调节单元可以具有去耦二极管和电荷转移电容器。去耦二极管的阴极可以与第一二极管的阳极和第二二极管的阳极电连接。电荷转移电容器的第一端子可以与去耦二极管的阳极电连接。电荷转移电容器的第二端子可以与第二输出端子极电连接。直流调节器的第一输入端子极可以与去耦二极管的阴极电连接。直流调节器的第二输入端子极可以与第一次级绕组的第一端子、第二次级绕组的第一端子和第二输出端子极电连接。
在一种替代的实施方式中，直流电压转换器可以具有例如扼流圈或线圈形式的电感器件，其中电感器件成环到第一次级绕组的第一端子和第二次级绕组的第一端子的连接节点与第一输出端子极之间。第一整流元件可以成环到第二次级绕组的第二端子与第二输出端子极之间。第二整流元件可以成环到第一次级绕组的第二端子与第二输出端子极之间。
对于该情况，电压限制单元可以具有第一二极管和第二二极管。电能存储器可以是电容器。第一二极管的阴极和第二二极管的阴极可以与电容器的第一端子电连接。第一二极管的阳极可以与第一次级绕组的第二端子电连接。第二二极管的阳极可以与第二次级绕组的第二端子电连接。电容器的第二端子可以与第二输出端子极连接。
直流调节器的第一输入端子极可以与第一二极管的阴极、第二二极管的阴极和电容器的第一端子电连接。直流调节器的第二输入端子极可以与第二输出端子极和电容器的第二端子电连接。
变压器可以具有至少一个初级绕组。直流电压转换器可以具有至少一个时钟控制的半桥电路，该半桥电路被构造用于给所述至少一个初级绕组加载随时间变化的电压或随时间变化的电流。对于该情况，直流电压转换器（或直流电压转换器的控制单元）被构造用于与时钟控制的能量调节单元或直流调节器的开关频率无关地调节所述至少一个半桥电路的开关频率和/或与时钟控制的能量调节单元或直流调节器的开关相位无关地调节所述至少一个半桥电路的开关相位。例如半桥电路可以实施脉宽调制并且能量调节单元同样可以实施脉宽调制，其中脉宽调制的相应周期时长和相应占空比能够彼此无关地调节。
变压器可以具有第一初级绕组和第二初级绕组。直流电压转换器可以具有时钟控制的第一半桥电路和时钟控制的第二半桥电路，其中时钟控制的第一半桥电路被构造用于给第一初级绕组加载随时间变化的电压或随时间变化的电流，并且时钟控制的第二半桥电路被构造用于给第二初级绕组加载随时间变化的电压或随时间变化的电流。对于该情况，直流电压转换器被构造用于与时钟控制的能量调节单元或直流调节器的开关频率无关地调节时钟控制的第一半桥电路和时钟控制的第二半桥电路的开关频率和/或与时钟控制的能量调节单元或直流调节器的开关相位无关地调节时钟控制的第一半桥电路和时钟控制的第二半桥电路的开关相位。
附图说明
随后参考附图详细描述本发明。在此：
图1示出根据第一实施方式的根据本发明的直流电压转换器的部分的电路图，
图2示出根据另一实施方式的根据本发明的直流电压转换器的部分的电路图，
图3示出根据另一实施方式的根据本发明的直流电压转换器的部分的电路图，
图4示出根据另一实施方式的根据本发明的直流电压转换器的部分的电路图，
图5示出在图1中示出的直流电压转换器的初级侧的变压器接线的电路图，
图6示出控制信号产生的框图，
图7示出经过直流电压转换器的不同扼流圈的电流时间曲线，和
图8示出经过直流电压转换器的直流调节器的扼流圈的电流时间曲线。
具体实施方式
图1示出根据第一实施方式的根据本发明的直流电压转换器或正向转换器1的次级侧的电路图。直流电压转换器1例如可以用作机动车中的车载电网转换器。
直流电压转换器1具有（输出）端子，其中输出端子具有第一（输出）端子极2和第二（输出）端子极3。在端子极2和3之间例如存在24V DC或48V DC的车载电网电压。
直流电压转换器1具有两个二极管D1和D2形式的两个整流元件。二极管D1和D2用于整流变压器6的次级绕组6a和6b上的电压。变压器的初级绕组6c和6d通常加载交流电压，该交流电压例如由具有400V DC或800V DC的电平的中间回路电压来产生。就这一点，也应该参考图5。
直流电压转换器1还具有拥有电容器C1形式的电能存储器和二极管D3和D4的无源电压限制单元或钳位电路3。二极管D3的阳极和二极管D4的阳极与电容器C1的第一端子电连接。二极管D3的阴极与第一次级绕组6a的第二端子电连接。二极管D4的阴极与第二次级绕组的第二端子电连接。电容器C1的第二端子与二极管D1和二极管D2的连接节点电连接。电压限制单元3被构造用于限制整流二极管D1和D2上的电压。
直流电压转换器1还具有能量调节单元4，该能量调节单元被构造用于限制在电容器C1中存储的能量或通过以下方式将该能量调节到额定值上，即将多余的能量沿着端子极2和3的方向传输，在那里能量例如可以由未详细示出的耗电器吸收。
对此，能量调节单元4具有电压反相的降压调节器（反相转换器）5形式的直流调节器（也可以称为调节器），该直流调节器被构造用于将存储在电能存储器C1中的能量沿着端子极2和3的方向传输。
直流电压转换器1还具有线圈或扼流圈L1形式的电感器件，其中第一次级绕组6a的第一端子和第二次级绕组6b的第一端子（变压器6的中间抽头）与第二输出端子极3电连接。
二极管D1以正向和电感器件L1成环到第一次级绕组6a的第二端子与第一输出端子极2之间。二极管D2以正向成环到第二次级绕组6b的第二端子与二极管D1和线圈L1的连接节点之间。
能量调节单元4还具有去耦二极管D5和电荷转移电容器C2。去耦二极管D5的阴极与二极管D3的阳极和二极管D4的阳极以及电容器C1的一个端子电连接。电荷转移电容器C2的第一端子与去耦二极管D5的阳极电连接。电荷转移电容器C2的第二端子与第二输出端子极3和变压器6的中间抽头电连接。
降压调节器5的第一输入端子极与去耦二极管D5的阳极电连接，并且降压调节器5的第二输入端子极与第一次级绕组6a的第一端子、第二次级绕组6b的第一端子（变压器6的中间抽头）和第二输出端子极3电连接。
电压限制单元3的器件D3、D4和C1构成用于整流二极管D1和D2的安全电压限制的无源钳位电路。整流过程中的能量在此存储在电容器C1上。
借助二极管D5实现钳位电路3的电位与电容器C2的去耦。不仅C1而且C2大约承载变压器6的次级电压的两倍。
具有晶体管T1、线圈或扼流圈L2和二极管D6形式的器件的后置的降压转换器或反相转换器5将电容器C2上的电压并且因此也将电容器C1上的电压保持恒定并且可以与正向转换器1的功率路径的时钟频率异步地工作并且利用以50和100kHz之间的开关频率来运行。因此，在钳位电路3中出现的或存在的能量无损耗地转移到输出侧并且缓存在电容器C3中。
过电压限制以鲁棒的无源网络实现。用于过电压钳位和反馈的电路在功能上通过二极管D5去耦。因此能够实现相应器件的分离优化。
图2示出根据另一实施方式的根据本发明的直流电压转换器或正向转换器1'的次级侧的电路图。
与图1中示出的实施方式相比较，仅仅二极管D1和D2通过MOSFET Td1和Td3来代替，由此能够实现同步整流和双向的直流电压转换器运行。
图3示出根据另一实施方式的根据本发明的直流电压转换器或正向转换器1''的次级侧的电路图。
在该实施方式中，二极管D3的阴极和二极管D4的阴极与电容器C1的第一端子电连接。二极管D3的阳极与第一次级绕组6a的第二端子电连接。二极管D4的阳极与第二次级绕组6b的第二端子电连接。电容器C1的第二端子与第二输出端子极3电连接。
能量调节单元4或降压调节器5的第一输入端子极与二极管D3的阴极、二极管D4的阴极和电容器C1的第一端子电连接。降压调节器5的第二输入端子极与二极管D1和D2的相应阳极、电容器C1的第二端子和第二输出端子极3电连接。
在图3中示出的实施方式中，二极管D2和D3可以如在图2中那样通过晶体管来代替。
图4示出根据另一实施方式的根据本发明的直流电压转换器或正向转换器1'''的次级侧的电路图。直流电压转换器1'''例如可以用在48V车载电网中，而在图1至3中示出的实施方式优选地用在24V车载电网中。
在直流电压转换器1'''中，两个次级绕组6a和6b串联。为了产生48V输出电压，使用具有MOSFET Td1至Td4的同步桥整流器。在C1中存储的整流能量可以借助降压调节器5直接传输到输出电容器C3中，因为不存在“中间电位”。如果同步整流和双向运行不是必需的，也可以使用二极管来代替MOSFET Td1至Td4。
根据本发明的电压限制单元或钳位电路3用于电压限制，其中“钳位的”能量暂存在电容器C1中并且通过降压调节器5提供给次级侧（耗电器侧）。通过该方式可以实现革新的过电压钳位来代替过电压衰减。
易于理解的是，根据占主导的电压水平和电路拓扑，可以使用其他合适的直流调节器来代替降压调节器5。
图5示出在图1中示出的直流电压转换器1的初级侧的变压器接线的电路图。易于理解的是，所示出的初级侧的变压器接线也可以用在图2至4的实施方式中。
两个无关的初级绕组6c和6d由非对称的第一半桥电路Tp1、Tp2、Dp1、Dp2、Cp1或非对称的第二半桥电路Tp3、Tp4、Dp3、Dp4、Cp2来控制，其中角标p表示初级侧。
相应半桥的半导体开关或晶体管Tp1和Tp2或Tp3和Tp4同步地控制，即Tp1和Tp2同时接通/切断并且Tp3和Tp4同时接通/切断。两个半桥优选地彼此相移180度地进行时钟控制。半桥可以串联或并联。在并联电路的情况下需要初级绕组的相同匝数。参量ZK1+和ZK2+表示正的中间回路电位并且参量ZK1-和ZK2-表示负的中间回路电位。
随后详细描述能量调节单元4或直流调节器5的运行。
直流调节器5不用于减小总输出电流和输出电容器C3的结构尺寸，而是用于革新的过电压钳位来代替过电压衰减。
直流调节器5在此与主调节器（特别是具有初级侧的半桥、变压器6、整流元件D1和D2和电感器件或扼流圈L1）无关地运行。
例如直流调节器5的输出电流或经过L2的扼流圈电流可以与经过L1的电流无关地选择，特别是与经过L1的电流的电流波动无关。
此外，晶体管T1的开关频率可以与半导体开关Tp1至Tp4的开关频率无关。
此外，晶体管T1的开关相位可以与半导体开关Tp1至Tp4的开关相位无关。
直流调节器5优选地以经过扼流圈L2的连续的通过电流来运行。该运行方式能够实现直流调节器的扼流圈L2的最小的结构尺寸。该运行方式还能够实现半导体T1和D6中由于AV电流和RMS电流（AV=算术平均值；RMS=平方平均值）的合适的比例而减小的损耗并且因此整个直流调节器5的减小的结构尺寸。
在下部的部分负载区域中，直流调节器5或者在非连续的区域中或者在间歇模式下运行。在该情况下，同步运行也不是必需的。
参考图6，用于降压转换器或反相转换器5的唯一调节标准是（电压限制）电容器C1上的电压或直流调节器的输入电压（C1或C2上的电压）或电容器C3上的电压。
在连续的运行模式下，直流调节器5的电压转换关系可以通过T1的控制信号的占空比来调节。
图7示出在满负载下的经过直流电压转换器的扼流圈L1或L2的电流时间曲线。如从图7中看出，电流异步或彼此随机地伸展，因为晶体管T1与初级侧的半桥的晶体管Tp1和Tp2或Tp3和Tp4无关地进行时钟控制。
图8示出针对不同负载情况、即上面在满负载下运行、中间在部分负载下以间歇运行来运行和下面在部分负载下以间断运行来运行经过扼流圈L2的电流时间曲线。
在满负载情况下，经过L1的平均电流典型地为200A。而经过L2的电流在满负载情况下典型地为10A。

Claims (13)

1.一种直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），具有：
- 输出端子，其中所述输出端子具有第一输出端子极（2）和第二输出端子极（3），
- 多个整流元件（D1、D2；Td1、Td2），
- 具有电能存储器（C1）的电压限制单元（3），其中所述电压限制单元（3）被构造用于限制所述整流元件（D1、D2；Td1、Td2）上的电压，和
- 时钟控制的能量调节单元（4），所述能量调节单元被构造用于将所述电能存储器（C1）中存储的能量调节到额定值上。
2.根据权利要求1所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其中所述时钟控制的能量调节单元（4）具有直流调节器（5），所述直流调节器（5）被构造用于将所述电能存储器（C1）中存储的能量沿着输出端子的方向传输。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），具有：
- 具有至少一个次级绕组的变压器（6），其中所述整流元件（D1、D2；Td1、Td2）被构造用于整流所述至少一个次级绕组上的电压。
4.根据权利要求3所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其中所述变压器（6）具有第一次级绕组（6a）和第二次级绕组（6b），其中所述整流元件（D1、D2；Td1、Td2）被构造用于整流所述第一次级绕组（6a）和第二次级绕组（6b）上的电压。
5.根据上述权利要求之一所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其特征在于，所述整流元件（D1、D2；Td1、Td2）是二极管或晶体管。
6.根据权利要求4或5所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），具有：
- 电感器件（L1），
- 其中第一次级绕组（6a）的第一端子和第二次级绕组（6b）的第一端子与第二输出端子极（3）电连接，
- 其中第一整流元件（D1）和所述电感器件（L1）成环到第一次级绕组（6a）的第二端子与第一输出端子极（2）之间，并且
- 其中第二整流元件（D2）成环到第二次级绕组（6b）的第二端子与第一整流元件（D1）和所述电感器件（L1）的连接节点之间。
7.根据权利要求6所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其特征在于，所述电压限制单元（3）具有：
- 第一二极管（D3）和
- 第二二极管（D4），
- 其中所述电能存储器（C1）是电容器，
- 其中第一二极管（D3）的阳极和第二二极管（D4）的阳极与所述电容器（C1）的第一端子电连接，
- 其中第一二极管（D3）的阴极与第一次级绕组（6a）的第二端子电连接，
- 其中第二二极管（D4）的阴极与第二次级绕组（6b）的第二端子电连接，并且
- 其中所述电容器（C1）的第二端子与第一整流元件（D1）、第二整流元件（D2）和所述电感器件（L1）的连接节点电连接。
8.根据权利要求2和7所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其特征在于，
- 所述能量调节单元（4）具有去耦二极管（D5）和电荷转移电容器（C2），
- 其中所述去耦二极管（D5）的阴极与第一二极管（D3）的阳极和第二二极管（D4）的阳极电连接，
- 其中所述电荷转移电容器（C2）的第一端子与所述去耦二极管（D5）的阳极电连接，
- 其中所述电荷转移电容器（C2）的第二端子与第二输出端子极（3）电连接，
- 其中所述直流调节器（5）的第一输入端子极与所述去耦二极管（D5）的阳极电连接，并且
- 其中所述直流调节器（5）的第二输入端子极与第一次级绕组（6a）的第一端子、第二次级绕组（6b）的第一端子和第二输出端子极（3）电连接。
9.根据权利要求4或5所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），具有：
- 电感器件（L1），
- 其中所述电感器件（L1）成环到第一次级绕组（6a）的第一端子和第二次级绕组（6b）的第一端子的连接节点与第一输出端子极（2）之间，
- 其中第一整流元件（D1）成环到第二次级绕组（6b）的第二端子与第二输出端子极（3）之间，并且
- 其中第二整流元件（D2）成环到第一次级绕组（6a）的第二端子与第二输出端子极（3）之间。
10.根据权利要求9所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其特征在于，所述电压限制单元（3）具有：
- 第一二极管（D3）和
- 第二二极管（D4），
- 其中所述电能存储器（C1）是电容器，
- 其中第一二极管（D3）的阴极和第二二极管（D4）的阴极与所述电容器（C1）的第一端子电连接，
- 其中第一二极管（D3）的阳极与第一次级绕组（6a）的第二端子电连接，
- 其中第二二极管（D4）的阳极与第二次级绕组（6b）的第二端子电连接，并且
- 其中所述电容器（C1）的第二端子与第二输出端子极（3）电连接。
11.根据权利要求2和10所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其特征在于，
- 直流调节器（5）的第一输入端子极与第一二极管（D3）的阴极、第二二极管（D4）的阴极和所述电容器（C1）的第一端子电连接，
- 其中直流调节器（5）的第二输入端子极与第二输出端子极（3）电连接。
12.根据权利要求3或4所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其特征在于，
- 所述变压器（6）具有至少一个初级绕组（6c、6d），并且
- 所述直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''）具有至少一个时钟控制的半桥电路（Tp1、Tp2、Dp1、Dp2；Tp3、Tp4、Dp3、Dp4），所述半桥电路被构造用于给所述至少一个初级绕组（6c、6d）加载随时间变化的电压或随时间变化的电流，
- 其中所述直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''）被构造用于与所述时钟控制的能量调节单元（4）的开关频率无关地调节所述至少一个半桥电路（Tp1、Tp2、Dp1、Dp2；Tp3、Tp4、Dp3、Dp4）的开关频率和/或与所述时钟控制的能量调节单元（4）的开关相位无关地调节所述至少一个半桥电路（Tp1、Tp2、Dp1、Dp2；Tp3、Tp4、Dp3、Dp4）的开关相位。
13.根据权利要求3或4所述的直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''），其特征在于，
- 所述变压器（6）具有第一初级绕组（6c）和第二初级绕组（6d），并且
- 所述直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''）具有时钟控制的第一半桥电路（Tp1、Tp2、Dp1、Dp2）和时钟控制的第二半桥电路（Tp3、Tp4、Dp3、Dp4），其中所述时钟控制的第一半桥电路（Tp1、Tp2、Dp1、Dp2）被构造用于给所述第一初级绕组（6c）加载随时间变化的电压或随时间变化的电流，并且所述时钟控制的第二半桥电路（Tp3、Tp4、Dp3、Dp4）被构造用于给所述第二初级绕组（6d）加载随时间变化的电压或随时间变化的电流，
- 其中所述直流电压转换器（1、1'、1''、1'''）被构造用于与所述时钟控制的能量调节单元（4）的开关频率无关地调节所述时钟控制的第一半桥电路（Tp1、Tp2、Dp1、Dp2）和所述时钟控制的第二半桥电路（Tp3、Tp4、Dp3、Dp4）的开关频率和/或与所述时钟控制的能量调节单元（4）的开关相位无关地调节所述时钟控制的第一半桥电路（Tp1、Tp2、Dp1、Dp2）和所述时钟控制的第二半桥电路（Tp3、Tp4、Dp3、Dp4）的开关相位。
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