CN106059307A - 采用低压电容器功率组的通用输入电压dc-dc变换器 - Google Patents

采用低压电容器功率组的通用输入电压dc-dc变换器 Download PDF

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CN106059307A
CN106059307A CN201610380223.4A CN201610380223A CN106059307A CN 106059307 A CN106059307 A CN 106059307A CN 201610380223 A CN201610380223 A CN 201610380223A CN 106059307 A CN106059307 A CN 106059307A
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switch
capacitor
power supply
converter
voltage
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K·G·尼尔森
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PR Electronics AS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/3353—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having at least two simultaneously operating switches on the input side, e.g. "double forward" or "double (switched) flyback" converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/10—Arrangements incorporating converting means for enabling loads to be operated at will from different kinds of power supplies, e.g. from ac or dc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
    • H02M3/33523—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33538—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only of the forward type
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/06—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes without control electrode or semiconductor devices without control electrode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0096—Means for increasing hold-up time, i.e. the duration of time that a converter's output will remain within regulated limits following a loss of input power
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/42—Circuits or arrangements for compensating for or adjusting power factor in converters or inverters
    • H02M1/4208—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input
    • H02M1/4258—Arrangements for improving power factor of AC input using a single converter stage both for correction of AC input power factor and generation of a regulated and galvanically isolated DC output voltage
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
    • H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/33569—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having several active switching elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
    • Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Rectifiers (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及一种根据AC电源输入(Vi)产生DC电压和电流的电源，其中该电源包括至少一个适于连接到AC电源输入的整流器(D1)，其中，该整流器适于连接到至少一个高压电容器(Ci1)，其中该电源还包括至少一个低压电容器(Ci2)，该低压电容器适于通过至少一个第一开关(S1)连接，该高压电容器适于连接到至少一个DC‑DC变换器，其特征在于，该DC‑DC变换器包括至少一个变压器(T1)，该变压器包括至少一个初级线圈(N1)和至少一个第一和第二次级线圈(N3，N2)，该第一次级线圈适于通过至少一个半导体(D5)连接，该第二次级线圈适于通过半导体(D3)和第二开关(S2)与所述低压电容器连接，该低压电容器形成为电容器组。

Description

采用低压电容器功率组的通用输入电压DC-DC变换器
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于基于AC功率输入生成DC电压和电流的电源，该电源包括适于连接到AC功率输入的至少一个整流器，该整流器适于与至少一个高压电容器连接，该电源还包括至少一个低压电容器，该低压电容器适于通过至少一个第一开关进行连接，该高压电容器适于与至少一个DC-DC变换器连接。
背景技术
US7760524公开了一种用于减小电源中的大电容器所需的体积的方法和装置。示出了被包含在具有耦合到单相AC输入电压的整流器的电源中的驱动电路。该驱动电路包括产生驱动信号的驱动信号发生器，以耦合到可变阻抗元件。电压传感器耦合到驱动信号发生器，以感测横跨高压电容器的电压。响应于电压传感器，驱动电路控制该可变阻抗元件。如果所感测的电压低于第一阈值，则允许低压电容器接收来自输入的电流。如果所感测的电压高于第二阈值，则阻止低压电容器从输入接收电流。
具有通用输入电压(其可以是直流(DC)或交流(AC)输入)的DC-DC电源是公知的，该技术例如是US5126652和US2009/0129130中描述的。通常，具有通用电压输入的DC-DC电源的所有实现方式都需要大电容器，以便在输入AC电压跨过0伏期间维持用于变换器的能量。这些大电容器需要大容量以保持足够的能量储存和高额定电压(大于340V)，以便能够承受240V交流电的峰值电压。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种具有通用输入电压的DC-DC功率变换的成本效益的实现。本发明涉及作为表面贴装技术(SMT)实现的低至中功率DC-DC变换器。由于避免大体积的穿孔元件并且同时仍然实现类似的性能，本发明与现有技术相比具有优点。
通过如权利要求1的前序部分所公开的电源来实现本发明的目的，其改进在于，所述DC-DC变换器包括至少一个变压器，该变压器包括至少一个初级线圈以及至少一个第一和第二次级线圈，其中第一次级线圈适于通过至少一个半导体进行连接，第二次级线圈适于通过半导体和第二开关连接到低压电容器，其中低压电容器形成为电容器组(capacitor bank)。
由此，可以实现以低电压对电容器组进行充电，从而降低了串联连接的半导体上的高电压降。因此，多个具有低压要求的较小电容器可以并联或串联地进行耦合，以便获得正确的电容容量。电容器组可以形成为SMT电容器的网格(grid)。
在本发明的优选实施例中，所述DC-DC变换器基于反激拓扑，其中，当第一开关闭合时，电流流过初级线圈，并且当第一开关断开时，电流流过第一和第二次级线圈。由此，可以实现：与DC输出功率无关地对电容器组进行充电。
在本发明的进一步优选实施例中，所述DC-DC变换器基于正激拓扑，其中，当第一开关闭合时，电流流过初级线圈和第一次级线圈，并且当第一开关断开时，电流流过第二次级线圈，该第二次级线圈适于执行该变压器的消磁。由此，可以实现：由对变压器进行消磁而获得的功率可以被用于对电容器组进行充电。
在本发明的进一步优选实施例中，第一开关被配置为在所述DC-DC变换器由低压电容器进行供电的期间被断开。由此，可以实现：如果由于DC输出处的高功率需求而使得高压电容器的电压变低时，电容器组在电容器组充电期间使电压保持在较高水平。
在本发明的进一步优选实施例中，第一和第二开关适于由控制器同时进行控制，以便获得功率因数校正。由此，可以实现：通过增加变压器的磁场来对电容器组进行充电。
在本发明的进一步优选实施例中，，电源还包括第三开关(S3)，该第三开关适于由控制器以下面这种方式进行控制：第三开关保持断开，直到输入供应电压处于DC-DC变换器的操作的极限为止，并且在其它情况下，该第三开关闭合，以便向DC-DC变换器供电。由此，可以由控制器来控制低压电容器组的放电。电容器组可以被充电，并且放电仅用于由控制器限定的需求。
本发明解决了有关AC输入DC-DC变换器的短时间能量存储的问题。传统上，基于大电容器组(图1中的Ci)的大能量存储被用于在AC输入电压(由于过零)低于DC-DC变换器所要求的输入电压时避免DC-DC变换的扰动。该电容器组承受高额定电压(典型地高于340V)和高容量的需求，从而导致电容器体积大、重量高、占用空间并且在SMT元件中无法使用。
本发明公开了一种使用低压(典型地小于50V额定值)电容器组(图2和3，Ci2)的技术，其在AC输入电压高于DC-DC电压的最小输入电压期间被充电到高于DC-DC变换器的最小输入电压的适当电压水平。所述电容器组(Ci2)将在输入AC电压(Vi)过零期间向DC-DC变换器提供能量。
本发明使得能够在没有大体积电容器的情况下设计出具有成本效益的电源。
应当注意，尽管附图中涉及到隔离的反激和正激变换器拓扑，但是本发明并不限于后者，而是可以与输入供应电压是AC电压的任何DC-DC变换器一起使用。
附图说明
图1a公开了非隔离DC-DC降压变换器的现有技术基本原理。
图1b公开了隔离的反激(flyback)DC-DC变换器的现有技术基本原理。
图2公开了反激型DC-DC变换器。
图3公开了正激(forward)型DC-DC变换器。
图4a公开了AC输入电压。
图4b公开了整流的AC输入电压。
图4c公开了整流的电压的分解视图。
图4d公开了平均输出电流。
图5公开了反激拓扑。
具体实施方式
图1a公开了具有通用输入电压的非隔离DC-DC降压变换器的现有技术基本原理，该非隔离DC-DC降压变换器能够处理AC电源和DC电源。充电电容器(Ci)需要足够大，以保证DC-DC变换器在输入AC电压(Vi)跨过零电压期间的正常运行。
图1b公开了隔离的反激DC-DC变换器的现有技术基本原理。
图2公开了反激型DC-DC变换器，其中Ci2是低压电容器，其在输入电压(Vi)足够高的期间通过开关(S2)和二极管(D3)进行充电，以确保DC-DC变换器的正常运行。在输入AC电压(Vi)过零期间，电容器组(Ci2)将通过二极管(D2)向DC-DC变换器提供能量。控制器(Conl)控制开关(S1)和开关(S2)，开关(S1)执行DC-DC变换的快速切换，开关(S2)控制电容器组的充电。
图3公开了正激型DC-DC变换器，其中消磁绕组(N2)用于通过开关(S2)及二极管(D3)对电容器组(Ci2)进行充电。在电容器组(Ci2)向DC-DC变换器供电期间，二极管(D4)确保变压器(T1)的消磁。
图4a公开了AC输入电压(Vi)。
图4b公开了在没有高压充电电容器(Ci1)的情况下出现的被整流的AC输入电压(V1，点线)，以及低压电容器组上的电压(V2，虚线)。
图4c公开了整流的电压(V1，点线)、低压电容器组上的电压(V2，虚线)和DC-DC变换器的输入电压(V3，实线)的分解图。
图4d公开了整流桥(D1)的平均输出电流(ID1，点线)以及从低压电容器组供给能量的通过二极管(D2)的平均电流(ID2，虚线)。
图5公开了反激拓扑，其中从低压电容器功率组释放能量的二极管(D2)已经与开关(S3)串联，开关(S3)由控制器(Con1)进行控制。可以利用开关(S3)来优化储存在低压电容器组(Ci2)中的能量的使用。
本发明将使得能够以成本有效的方式实现具有通用输入电压的低功率到中等功率的DC-DC变换器，该通用输入电压覆盖从16VAC到240VAC(峰值340V)的AC输入电压或16VDC到300VDC的DC输入电压。可以用低压SMT电容器来代替大体积、高电压、通常含铅的电容器。
下面描述功能。整流桥(D1)在AC输入电压的情况下对输入电压(Vi)进行整流。在DC输入电压的情况下，桥中仅有两个二极管将被导通。在现有技术中在AC输入电压的过零期间充当DC-DC变换器的能量贮存器的电容器(Ci)，在本实现方式中理论上可以被省略；然而，由于对传导且发射的辐射的权威性要求，可能需要电容器(Ci)来降低开关(S1)的瞬态噪声。尽管如此，与现有技术相比，可以显著地减小电容以及其大小。
变压器的初级绕组(N1)和次级绕组(N3)连同开关(S1)和整流二极管(D4)一起构成了传统的反激拓扑。为了能够对低压电容器组(Ci2)进行充电，已经将第三充电绕组(N2)添加到变压器(T1)。根据输入电压电平规格、输出电压电平要求以及低压电容器组的设计，每个绕组的线圈匝数必须被设计为考虑变压器材料的磁性性能和第一开关(S1)的切换频率的普通反激变换器。根据输出功率要求和变压器材料性能以及开关能力(带宽)，开关(S1)的切换频率通常在50kHz至10MHz的范围内。
在AC输入电压高于DC-DC变换器所需要的输入电压的时段期间，开关(S2)闭合，并且使得通过二极管(D3)对低压电容器组(Ci2)进行充电。当开关(S1)断开时，将仅对电容器组充电，并且当开关(S1)断开时，输出二极管(D5)将仅对输出电容器(Co)充电。
控制器(Con1)控制两个开关，其可以被实现为场效应晶体管，双极或IGBT晶体管。控制器可以被实现为集成DC-DC控制器或微控制器。来自输出电压(Vo)的反馈可以由光耦合器来实现，以确保稳定的输出电压。
可以通过微控制器或通过监测二极管(D2)中的电流来控制对电容器组的充电进行调整的开关(S2)。如果电流在(D2)中流动，则开关(S2)是永久断开的，因此避免了来自电容器组(Ci2)的不必要电流消耗。通过开关(S2)的智能控制，可以实现功率因数校正。
此外，为了更有效地使用低压电容器组，从低压功率组释放能量的二极管(D2)可以与开关(S3，图5)串联设置，开关(S3)受控于控制器(Conl)并且保持断开直到输入电压供应处于DC-DC变换器的操作的极限为止。通过开关(S3)的这种操作，低压电容器组(Ci2)供电期间，DC-DC变换器被最小化，从而实现低压电容器组的最大利用。

Claims (6)

1.一种用于基于AC功率输入(Vi)生成DC电压和电流的电源，所述电源包括适于连接到AC功率输入的至少一个整流器(D1)，所述整流器适于连接到至少一个高压电容器(Ci1)，所述电源还包括至少一个低压电容器(Ci2)，所述低压电容器适于通过至少一个第一开关(S1)进行连接，所述高压电容器适于连接到至少一个DC-DC变换器，所述DC-DC变换器包括至少一个变压器(T1)，所述变压器包括至少一个初级线圈(N1)以及至少一个第一和第二次级线圈(N3，N2)，其特征在于，所述第一次级线圈适于通过至少一个半导体(D5)进行连接，所述第二次级线圈适于通过半导体(D3)和第二开关(S2)连接到所述低压电容器，所述低压电容器形成为电容器组。
2.如权利要求1所述的电源，其中所述DC-DC变换器基于反激拓扑，其中当所述第一开关(S1)闭合时，电流流过所述初级线圈，并且当所述第一开关断开时，电流流过所述第一和第二次级线圈。
3.如权利要求1所述的电源，其中所述DC-DC变换器基于正激拓扑，其中当所述第一开关(S1)闭合时，电流流过所述初级线圈和所述第一次级线圈，并且当所述第一开关断开时，电流流过所述第二次级线圈，所述第二次级线圈适于执行所述变压器的消磁。
4.如权利要求3所述的电源，其中所述第一开关被配置为：在所述DC-DC变换器由所述低压电容器供电的期间断开。
5.如权利要求4所述的电源，其中所述第一开关和所述第二开关适于同时由控制器(Con1)进行控制，以便获得功率因数校正。
6.如权利要求5所述的电源，其中所述电源还包括第三开关(S3)，所述第三开关(S3)适于由所述控制器以下面这种方式进行控制：所述第三开关保持断开，直到输入供应电压处于所述DC-DC变换器的操作的极限为止，并且在其它情况下，所述第三开关闭合，以便向所述DC-DC变换器供电。
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