CN107445422B - Ecological restoration method for river polluted bottom mud - Google Patents
Ecological restoration method for river polluted bottom mud Download PDFInfo
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- CN107445422B CN107445422B CN201710655266.3A CN201710655266A CN107445422B CN 107445422 B CN107445422 B CN 107445422B CN 201710655266 A CN201710655266 A CN 201710655266A CN 107445422 B CN107445422 B CN 107445422B
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/008—Sludge treatment by fixation or solidification
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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- C02F11/00—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor
- C02F11/12—Treatment of sludge; Devices therefor by de-watering, drying or thickening
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Abstract
The ecological restoration method of the polluted bottom mud of the river channel is characterized in that a bottom mud stacking area is arranged on the bank side of the river channel, the bottom and the periphery of the bottom mud stacking area are subjected to anti-seepage treatment, and the bottom mud which is dug out of the river channel and polluted by heavy metal is added with a curing agent and is stacked in the bottom mud stacking area; an isolation area is arranged between the bottom mud stacking area and the river channel water flow channel, and at least one isolation wall is arranged in the isolation area; an in-situ covering area is arranged in a dredged river channel water flow channel, a first covering layer is paved on the bottom of the isolation area and the bottom of the in-situ covering area, a second covering layer and a third covering layer are further arranged on the first covering layer of the in-situ covering area, the first covering layer is filled with a mixture of clay and curing agent, the second covering layer is sand, and the third covering layer is pebbles and natural zeolite. The invention can absorb heavy metals in the bottom mud, can also store water and improve the landscape function of the river channel; the in-situ remediation technology can prevent the release of bottom mud pollutants and improve the water purification function of the river.
Description
Background
Heavy metal pollution of river sediment is a major environmental problem in China. Heavy metals enter a water body through atmospheric sedimentation, wastewater discharge, rainwater leaching and scouring, and are deposited in the bottom mud through the actions of adsorption, complexation, precipitation and the like. When the environmental conditions change, heavy metals are easy to enter the water again, and secondary pollution is formed. Meanwhile, the main living places and food sources of the benthos are the bottom sludge, so that the heavy metals in the bottom sludge not only have toxic and harmful effects on the benthos or the organisms in the overlying water, but also further influence the human health through the effects of biological enrichment of a food chain and the like. The heavy metal pollution of the river sediment at home and abroad is serious, the heavy metal pollution of the river sediment is urgently reduced, and meanwhile, the method has important significance for removing or reducing the heavy metal in the sediment by adopting a proper restoration technology.
The existing repair technology of heavy metal polluted bottom mud can be divided into an in-situ repair technology and an ex-situ repair technology. Both have significant drawbacks. For example, the in-situ treatment is an in-situ combination method for repairing black and odorous bottom mud of surface water body disclosed in Chinese document CN105668965A, and provides a combination technology of nitrate injection, zirconium modified zeolite addition, zeolite/zirconium modified zeolite mixture covering and geotextile wrapped special adsorbent material covering. However, the method mixes the substrate sludge and the zirconium modified zeolite together in a stirring or hydraulic disturbance mode, and the heavy metal in the substrate sludge still has the problem of being released because the heavy metal cannot be effectively adsorbed; in addition, the in-situ treatment system adopting the cationic surfactant modified zeolite has higher cost, and the chemical agent injected into the bottom mud has the risk of secondary pollution to the water body.
Ectopic remediation for example, as disclosed in Chinese document CN104803573A, relates to a river heavy metal polluted bottom mud ectopic remediation method and system, wherein pebbles, broken stones and coarse sand in the dredged bottom mud are washed away, the bottom mud is subjected to conditioning treatment and then subjected to mud-water separation, and the mud after mud-water separation is screened to remove the fine sand and the coarse mud. And then carrying out mud-water separation on the slurry, conditioning the bottom mud with higher concentration by using a flocculating agent, dehydrating the conditioned slurry, and mixing and stirring the dehydrated bottom mud and a stabilizing agent solution to carry out stable solidification treatment. However, the method needs to carry out screening and mud-water separation for many times, the process is complex, and the engineering quantity is large. The treated bottom mud needs to be transported to other fields to be stacked, the transportation cost is high, moreover, because the land resources in China are in shortage, the difficulty in searching for a proper field is high, and the heavy metal and persistent organic pollutants in the bottom mud have the risk of leakage pollution to the surrounding soil and underground water.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems of release risk still existing in the curing and sealing of the existing heavy metal polluted bottom sediment in-situ remediation technology, complex treatment process existing in the ex-situ treatment technology, high transportation cost of dredged bottom sediment, difficulty in finding a stacking place, secondary pollution risk and the like, the invention provides the ecological remediation method for the polluted bottom sediment of the river channel, which is low in cost, free of heavy metal re-release risk, free of newly occupying a sludge storage yard, good in remediation effect, and capable of improving the water quality purification function and the landscape function of the river channel, based on the combination of in-situ remediation and ex-situ treatment.
The ecological restoration method of the polluted bottom mud of the river channel comprises the following steps:
arranging a bottom mud stacking area at the bank side of the river channel, performing anti-seepage treatment on the bottom and the periphery of the bottom mud stacking area, adding a curing agent into bottom mud which is dug out of the river channel and polluted by heavy metal, and stacking and filling the bottom mud in the bottom mud stacking area; an isolation area is arranged between the bottom mud stacking area and the river channel water flow channel, and at least one isolation wall is arranged in the isolation area; an in-situ covering area is arranged in a dredged river channel water flow channel, a first covering layer is paved on the bottom of the isolation area and the bottom of the in-situ covering area, a second covering layer and a third covering layer are further arranged on the first covering layer of the in-situ covering area, the first covering layer is filled with a mixture of clay and curing agent, the second covering layer is sand, and the third covering layer is pebbles and natural zeolite.
And heavy metal enrichment plants are planted on the bottom mud piled in the bottom mud piling area to enrich and absorb the heavy metals in the bottom mud.
The anti-seepage treatment of the polluted bottom mud is to lay a layer of isolation blanket at the bottom and around the bottom mud stacking area, wherein the isolation blanket sequentially comprises a bottom layer, a lower layer, an upper layer and a surface layer from bottom to top, the bottom layer is a non-woven geotextile, the lower layer is a heavy metal curing filler layer, the upper layer is a modified bentonite layer, and the surface layer is a woven geotextile; the filler in the heavy metal curing filler layer is a mixture of bentonite, sepiolite and limestone according to a mass ratio of 1-1.5:1-1.5: 2. The thickness of the heavy metal curing filler layer is 0.5-1cm, and the thickness of the modified bentonite layer is 0.1-0.5 cm.
The maximum gap between the non-woven geotextile and the woven geotextile is less than 0.2mm, is specifically determined by the minimum particle size of the selective heavy metal curing filler and the modified bentonite in the filler layer, and is subject to the condition of no permeation of the adsorption and curing filter materials.
The modified bentonite is prepared by the following method:
(1) humic acid is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 3-5, dissolving in NaOH solution with concentration of 0.1mol/L, fully stirring, filtering, and filtering to remove insoluble impurities to prepare humic acid solution;
(2) adjusting the pH value of the humic acid solution to 1.0-3.0, and heating at 50-60 ℃ for 1-3 hours;
(3) centrifugally separating the humic acid precipitated in the heating process to finish the primary humic acid purification process;
(4) repeating the step (1), the step (2) and the step (3) until purified humic acid with the purity of more than 95 percent is obtained;
(5) drying the purified humic acid at 40-50 ℃ for 8-12 hours;
(6) drying and crushing natural sodium bentonite raw ore, and sieving with a 50-150 mesh sieve to obtain natural sodium bentonite powder (the expansion coefficient is more than or equal to 10 ml/g);
(7) and (3) mixing the purified humic acid according to a mass ratio of 1: 5-10, dissolving in NaOH solution with the concentration of 0.1mol/L to prepare purified humic acid solution, adding natural sodium bentonite powder into the purified humic acid solution, wherein the mass ratio of the natural sodium bentonite powder to the purified humic acid solution is 1: 3-5, preparing a mixed solution; adjusting the pH value of the mixed solution to 5.0-6.0, and then oscillating the mixed solution for 12-18 hours;
(8) and drying the oscillated mixture at 60-70 ℃, and sieving the dried mixture by a 50-100-mesh sieve to obtain particles, namely the humic acid modified natural sodium bentonite.
The adding of the curing agent into the polluted bottom mud is to add the curing agent accounting for 3-5% of the volume of the bottom mud into the polluted bottom mud, stir and mix the mixture, and pile the mixture in a bottom mud piling area for stabilization for 30-45 days; the curing agent is a mixture of hydroxyapatite and diatomite in a mass ratio of 1-1.5: 2.
The sediment is stacked the district and is close to river bank one side, follows river course length direction and stacks the district and receive to set up the drainage canal between the rain zone at the sediment to collect the rainwater and leading-in river course, the rainwater that prevents when the precipitation is too big bank slope and converges down is with the district pollution sediment of piling up mud and rush into the river course, causes secondary pollution.
The isolation wall is built by isolation bags, and the isolation bags are made of non-woven geotextile and filled with natural rock blocks, sand grains and biofilm fillers. The isolation bags are fixed by the geogrids in the stacking process. The isolation bags are divided into a bottom isolation bag, a middle isolation bag and a surface isolation bag; the filler in the bottom isolation bag is natural rock block with the grain diameter of 15-20cm and ceramsite with the grain diameter of 1-3cm, and accounts for 70% of the inner space of the isolation bag; the filler in the middle isolation bag is natural stone blocks with the particle size of 10-15cm and porous modified fiber filler, and the natural stone blocks account for 70% -80% of the space in the bag; the filling materials in the surface layer isolation bag are natural block stones with the grain diameter of 10-15cm and natural zeolite with the grain diameter of 4-8mm, and the natural block stones account for 70-80% of the space in the bag. The bottom isolation bag, the middle isolation bag and the surface isolation bag are distributed on the longitudinal section of the river channel: aiming at a deep water river channel with the water depth of more than 0.8-1.0 m, a bottom isolation bag is adopted from a first covering layer laid on a substrate after dredging of polluted bottom mud of the river channel to the water depth of 1/3, a middle isolation bag is adopted from the bottom isolation bag to a position 30cm below the normal water level, and a surface isolation bag is adopted from the position 20cm above the normal water level to a position 30cm below the normal water level; secondly, aiming at a shallow river channel with the water depth within 0.8-1.0 m, a first bottom layer isolation bag is paved upwards 40cm from a first covering layer paved on a substrate after dredging the polluted bottom mud of the river channel, and then a surface layer isolation bag is directly paved on the first bottom layer isolation bag to be 20cm above the normal water level.
The porous modified fiber filler is in a spherical shape or a strip shape, the diameter of the spherical filler is 0.3-3cm, the length of the strip-shaped filler is 0.5-2cm, the width of the strip-shaped filler is 0.5-2cm, and the thickness of the strip-shaped filler is 5-10 mm. The porous modified fiber filler has good biocompatibility and easy film formation, and can effectively remove pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matters and the like in water. The specific preparation method of the porous modified fiber filler comprises the following steps:
(1) cutting dried plant straw (such as straw rich in cellulose, Giantreed, etc.) into 5-10cm segments, rinsing the plant straw, adding cooking liquor, wherein the ratio of the absolute dry mass of the plant straw to the volume of the cooking liquor is 1kg:5L, the total alkali in the cooking liquor is 16-18%, and the total alkali is Na2SO3And NaOH, wherein the NaOH accounts for 0.2-0.7 of the total alkali mass, Na2SO3The mass of the NaOH and the mass of the NaOH are both Na2Adding formaldehyde accounting for O, wherein the absolute dry mass of the plant straws is 2.0 percent, and anthraquinone accounting for 0.04-0.06 percent; heating the cooking liquor from 80 ℃ to 150 ℃ for 2 hours, then preserving the heat at 150-160 ℃ for 1-2 hours, rinsing with clear water and drying to prepare fibers;
(2) crushing the fiber obtained in the step (1) into cellulose with the length of 1-3mm, adding 8-10% of the cellulose by mass into a chlorinated 1-propenyl-3 methylimidazole solvent (with the purity of 99%), adding 1.0-3.0cm long filamentous polyhexamethylene adipate and 0.2-1cm long absorbent cotton serving as filler skeletons, wherein the mass ratio of the polyhexamethylene adipate to the absorbent cotton to the cellulose is 1: 2: 8-10; vacuumizing by adopting a closed container at the temperature of 80 ℃, and stirring at the rotating speed of 50 revolutions per minute to dissolve fibers to prepare a fiber solution; and adding a pore-forming agent (anhydrous sodium sulfate) preheated at 80 ℃, wherein the mass ratio of the pore-forming agent to the fiber solution is (4-7): 1, after stirring uniformly, injecting into a mold for molding; after forming, the mixture is washed and solidified in warm water at the temperature of 40-50 ℃ for 1-2 days, so that the fiber solvent and the pore-forming agent are dissolved out to form micropores, and the micropores are prepared by freeze drying.
The thickness of the first covering layer is 5-10cm, the thickness of the second covering layer is 10-20cm, and the thickness of the third covering layer is 5-10 cm.
The volume ratio of the curing agent to the clay in the first covering layer is 1-2:10, and the curing agent is a mixture of hydroxyapatite and diatomite in a mass ratio of 1-1.5: 2. The grain size of the sand grains in the second covering layer is 1-2.5 mm. The particle size of pebbles in the third covering layer is 5-100mm, and the particle size of natural zeolite is 4-8 mm.
According to the invention, based on the combination of in-situ remediation and ex-situ treatment, the dredged polluted bottom mud is stacked nearby and isolated by adopting an isolation blanket, so that the problems of high transportation cost, difficulty in finding a stacking site, heavy metal leakage risk and the like are solved; the planted heavy metal-enriched plants can absorb heavy metals in the bottom mud and also can store water, so that the landscape function of the river channel is improved; the in-situ remediation technology can prevent the release of bottom mud pollutants and improve the water purification function of the river.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an engineering structure for ecological restoration of polluted bottom mud of a river channel constructed by the method.
Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of the insulation blanket.
Fig. 3 is a schematic structural view of the isolation bag. (a) Is a bottom layer isolation bag, (b) is a middle layer isolation bag, and (c) is a surface layer isolation bag.
Fig. 4 is a schematic view of the construction of the partition wall.
In the figure: 1. the construction method comprises the following steps of drainage channel, 2 bottom mud stacking area, 3 heavy metal enrichment plant, 4 isolation blanket, 5 isolation area, 6 first covering layer, 7 second covering layer, 8 third covering layer, 9 woven geotextile, 10 modified bentonite layer, 11 heavy metal curing packing layer, 12 non-woven geotextile, 13 non-woven polypropylene geotextile, 14 natural rock block, 15 ceramsite, 16 porous modified fiber packing, 17 natural zeolite, 18 isolation bag and 19 geogrid.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the method of the invention realizes the ex-situ treatment and in-situ restoration of the polluted bottom mud in the river channel. As shown in fig. 1, the contaminated river is divided into a sediment accumulation zone 2, an isolation zone 5 and an in-situ covering zone. Set up the sediment at the river course bank and stack district 2, stack the bottom of district 2 and set up heavy metal isolation blanket 4 all around at the sediment, carry out the seepage prevention processing, will receive heavy metal pollution serious sediment to dig out, place in sediment after the dehydration treatment and stack district 2, add the curing agent solidification, plant heavy metal enrichment plant 3 (like reed, cattail etc.) on the sediment after the solidification, carry out the enrichment absorption to the heavy metal in the sediment to reap through the plant and get rid of gradually. An isolation area 5 is arranged between the bottom mud stacking area 2 and the river channel, at least one isolation wall is arranged in the isolation area 5, the isolation wall is stacked by isolation bags, the isolation bags are made of nonwoven polypropylene geotextile 13, and natural rock blocks, sand grains and biomembrane fillers are filled in the isolation bags; in the stacking process, the plastic steel geogrid 19 is used for fixing one or more isolation bags to form a firm isolation wall. An in-situ covering area is arranged in the dredged river channel, the in-situ covering area is sequentially provided with a first covering layer 6, a second covering layer 7 and a third covering layer 8 from bottom to top, the filler in the first covering layer 6 is clay mixture, the second covering layer 7 is sand, and the third covering layer 8 is pebbles and natural zeolite. A first cap layer 6 is also applied to the bottom of the isolation region 5,
the specific implementation process of the ecological restoration method of the river polluted bottom mud is as follows.
First, preparation in early stage
(1) Preparation of insulation blanket 4
The isolation blankets 4 are laid at the bottom and around the bottom mud stacking area 2. The structure of insulation blanket 4 is shown in fig. 2. The isolation blanket sequentially comprises a non-woven geotextile 12 at the bottom layer, a heavy metal curing filler layer 11 at the lower layer, a modified bentonite layer 10 at the upper layer and a plastic flat filament woven geotextile 9 at the surface layer from bottom to top. The thickness of the heavy metal curing packing layer 11 is 0.5-1cm, the packing is bentonite, sepiolite and limestone, and the mass ratio of the bentonite is as follows: sepiolite: limestone is 1-1.5:1-1.5: 2. The thickness of the humic acid modified natural sodium bentonite covering layer is 0.1-0.5 cm. The woven geotextile 9 is woven by adopting plastic flat filaments, and the heavy metal curing packing layer 11 and the modified bentonite layer 10 are fixed between the non-woven geotextile 12 and the plastic flat filament woven geotextile 9 by a needle punching method. The maximum gap between the non-woven geotextile 12 and the woven geotextile 9 is less than 0.2mm, and the specific gap is determined by the minimum particle size of the selective heavy metal curing filler and the humic acid modified natural sodium bentonite, so that the non-permeability of the adsorptive filter material is taken as the standard.
The modified bentonite layer 10 adopts humic acid modified natural sodium bentonite, and the thickness of the modified bentonite is set to be 0.1cm-0.5cm according to the requirements of specific engineering projects. The specific preparation method of the humic acid modified natural sodium bentonite comprises the following steps:
dissolving humic acid in NaOH solution with the concentration of 0.1mol/L (the mass ratio of the humic acid to the NaOH solution is 1: 3-5), fully stirring, filtering, and filtering out insoluble impurities to prepare humic acid solution;
regulating the pH value of humic acid solution to 1.0-3.0, heating at 50-60 deg.c for 1-3 hr;
centrifugally separating the humic acid precipitated in the heating process to complete the primary humic acid purification process;
fourthly, repeating the step (1), the step (2) and the step (3) until purified humic acid (with the purity of more than 95%) is obtained;
fifthly, drying the purified humic acid for 8-12 hours at the temperature of 40-50 ℃;
sixthly, drying and crushing the natural sodium bentonite raw ore, and sieving the crushed raw ore with a 50-150-mesh sieve to prepare natural sodium bentonite powder (the expansion coefficient is more than or equal to 10 ml/g);
dissolving the purified humic acid into a 0.1mol/L NaOH solution (the mass ratio of the humic acid to the NaOH solution is 1: 5-10) to prepare a purified humic acid solution, and adding natural sodium bentonite powder (the mass ratio of the natural sodium bentonite powder to the purified humic acid solution is 1: 3-5) into the purified humic acid solution to prepare a mixed solution; adjusting the pH value of the mixed solution to 5.0-6.0, and then oscillating the mixed solution for 12-18 hours;
drying the oscillated mixture at 60-70 ℃, and sieving the dried mixture by a 50-100 mesh sieve to obtain particles, namely the humic acid modified natural sodium bentonite.
The particle size of the humic acid modified natural sodium bentonite prepared by the method is 0.2mm-0.5 mm. In the step (II) and the step (III), the pH value is adjusted by using HCl solution with the concentration of 5 mol/L.
(2) Preparation of the isolation bag 18
As shown in fig. 3, a bag made of nonwoven polypropylene geotextile 13 is filled with fillers such as natural rock blocks 14, ceramsite 15, porous modified fiber filler 16, etc. to form an isolation bag 18. The maximum void of the nonwoven polypropylene geotextile 13 is determined by the minimum particle size of the filler, and the filler is not penetrated.
The isolation bag 18 is in a strip column shape and can be made into a certain fixed size, the length is 48cm, the width is 24cm, the height is 20-30cm, or other fixed length, and the length is required to be 2 times of the width so as to be staggered and piled.
The main filler in the isolation bag 18 is natural rock block 14 which accounts for about 60-80% of the space in the bag, and the gaps are filled with other fillers with certain particle size or size, such as ceramsite, porous modified fiber filler, zeolite and the like. The barrier bag 18 is further divided into a bottom barrier bag, a middle barrier bag and a surface barrier bag according to the use site, see (a), (b) and (c) in fig. 3.
The main filling material of the bottom isolation bag (a) is large natural block stone 14, the grain diameter of the block stone is 15-20cm, which accounts for about 60-70% of the space in the bag, and ceramsite 15 with the grain diameter of 1-3cm is filled in the gaps of the natural block stone. The ceramsite 15 can be used as a carrier of the anaerobic microbial membrane. Because the layer is positioned at the bottom of the river channel, the dissolved oxygen content is low, anaerobic microorganisms such as phosphorus-accumulating bacteria and the like and denitrifying facultative anoxic microorganisms mainly grow on the surface of the carrier, and the phosphorus-accumulating bacteria can be used for strengthening the release of phosphorus and denitrification by using organic carbon sources in the river water, so that organic carbon source pollutants and nitrogen in the water body are removed. Soluble phosphorus released by the phosphorus-accumulating bacteria is easily utilized by algae growing on the surface of the filler on the near water side in the middle layer isolation bag (b) and the surface layer isolation bag (c) of the isolation wall as nutrient substances and is removed from river water. If the water depth of the river channel is more than 0.8-1 meter, the bottom isolation bags are piled up from the substrate of the dredged polluted bottom mud of the river channel to about 1/3 points of the water depth.
The main filler of the middle layer isolation bag (b) is natural rock block 14, the grain diameter of the rock block is 10-15cm, which accounts for about 70% -80% of the space in the bag, and the gaps of the natural rock block are filled with porous modified fiber filler 16. If the water depth of the river channel is more than 0.8-1 m, the middle layer isolation bag is piled up from the bottom layer isolation bag to a position 30cm below the normal water level.
The porous modified fiber filler 16 is in a spherical shape or a strip shape, the diameter of the spherical fiber filler is 0.3-3cm, the length of the strip fiber filler is 0.5-2cm, the width of the strip fiber filler is 0.2-2cm, and the thickness of the strip fiber filler is 5-10 mm. The porous modified fiber filler 16 has good biocompatibility, is easy to form a film, and can effectively remove pollutants such as nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matters and the like in a water body.
The specific preparation method of the porous modified fiber filler 16 comprises the following steps:
cutting dried plant straws (such as straws rich in cellulose, giant reed and the like) into small sections of 5-10cm, rinsing, and then feeding into a digester to obtain fibers by adopting an alkaline pulping process: the ratio of the weight (kg) of the oven-dried raw material of the plant straw to the total volume (L) of the cooking liquor is 1:5, the cooking liquor is added into the cooker, and the total alkali content in the cooking liquor is 16-18% of Na2SO3And NaOH, wherein the NaOH is in Na2SO3The ratio of the total weight of the sodium hydroxide and the NaOH is 0.2-0.7 (Na)2SO3The mass of the NaOH and the mass of the NaOH are both Na2Calculated as O), adding formaldehyde accounting for 2.0 percent of the weight of the absolutely dry plant straw raw materials and anthraquinone accounting for 0.04-0.06 percent of the weight of the absolutely dry plant straw raw materials, raising the temperature for 2 hours from 80 ℃ to 150 ℃, then preserving the heat for 1-2 hours at the temperature of 150-160 ℃, entering a mesh rinsing zone, rinsing with clear water, and drying for later use.
Secondly, crushing the fiber obtained in the step I into cellulose with the length of 1-3mm, adding the crushed fiber with the mass fraction of 8-10% into a chlorinated 1-propenyl-3-methylimidazole solvent (the mass ratio of the fiber to the solution is 8-10%), adding filamentous polyhexamethylene adipate with the length of 1.0-3.0cm and absorbent cotton with the length of 0.2-1cm as a filler framework (the mass ratio of the polyhexamethylene adipate, the absorbent cotton and the cellulose is 1: 2: 8-10), vacuumizing by adopting a closed container at the temperature of 80 ℃, stirring at the rotating speed of 50 r/min to dissolve the fiber, adding a pore-forming agent anhydrous sodium sulfate (the mass ratio of the pore-forming agent to the fiber solution is 4-7: 1) preheated at the temperature of 80 ℃, injecting into a mold for molding after uniform stirring, washing and curing for 1-2 days in warm water at the temperature of 40-50 ℃, dissolving out the fiber solvent and the pore-forming agent to form micropores, and freeze-drying to obtain the porous modified fiber filler.
After the modification is finished, the void ratio and the specific surface area of the fiber filler are increased, the hydrophilicity of the fiber surface is increased, and the film formation and the growth of microorganisms are facilitated. The pore size of the micropores of the generated porous cellulose carrier can be controlled by changing the length of the reinforced skeleton fibers, the addition amount of the pore-forming agent and the stirring strength.
Microorganism attachment area of porous fillerAt 500-2.m-2The fiber layer is mainly distributed with large and small apertures which are respectively suitable for the growth of autotrophic microorganisms and heterotrophic microorganisms, the size of the large aperture is 100-400 mu m, and the size of the small aperture is 5-50 mu m. Considering that the carbon source in the river is firstly utilized by the heterotrophic bacteria and gradually reduced towards the inner side in the diffusion process from the outside to the inner side, the inner layer is more suitable for the self-culture bacteria life which can grow under the condition of a low carbon source, the large-aperture filler layer is mainly placed in the partition wall filler bag close to the bottom mud stacking area on the inner side of the isolation area, and the small-aperture filler is mainly placed in the partition wall filler bag close to the river on the outer side of the isolation area.
The volume proportion of the large-aperture filler and the small-aperture filler inside and outside the partition wall can be adjusted according to the water quality condition of the river channel. For seasonal river water with reclaimed water as water source, ammonia nitrogen and COD thereofcrThe concentration is 1-8mg/L and 10-50mg/L respectively, the carbon source is relatively lacked, and the volume ratio of the large-aperture filler inside the isolation region to the small-aperture filler outside the isolation region can be set to be 2-3: 1, increasing the volume and the surface area of a large-aperture filler suitable for the growth of autotrophic microorganisms, and mainly utilizing the autotrophic microorganisms to carry out anaerobic ammonia oxidation under the condition of a poor carbon source to complete the removal of ammonia nitrogen; while for the river channels into which the point sources are not completely cut off or the dispersed non-point source domestic sewage is discharged, the water quality pollution is relatively heavy, and ammonia nitrogen and COD (chemical oxygen demand) are generatedcrThe concentration is respectively above 8mg/L and 100mg/L, and the volume ratio of the large-aperture filler inside the isolation region to the small-aperture filler outside the isolation region can be set as 1: 2-3, the film forming area and area of heterotrophic microorganisms are increased, and carbon source pollution is favorably removed. In addition, the dissolved oxygen formed by the microbial film gradually decreases from outside to inside, and a microenvironment from aerobic to anoxic and then to anaerobic of the biological film is also formed, so that the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water body is enhanced while organic matters in the water body are removed. In addition, under the condition of good water transparency, a large amount of algae can grow near the outer side of the filler wall 0-0.6 m below the water surface, and the algae utilizes nutrient substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the water body and performs photosynthesis to generate oxygen, thereby being beneficial to the growth of heterotrophic microorganisms in the filler with small pore diameter at the outer side and strengthening the removal of organic matters.
The main filler of the surface layer isolation bag (c) is natural rock block 14, the grain diameter of the rock block is 10-15cm, which accounts for about 70% -80% of the space in the bag, the gaps of the natural rock block are filled with natural zeolite 17, and the grain diameter of the natural zeolite is 4-8 mm. The natural zeolite has the characteristics of large specific surface area and high porosity, can attach a large number of aerobic microorganisms to the surface of the zeolite, contains various macroelements and microelements necessary for the growth and development of the microorganisms, can promote the growth of the aerobic microorganisms, forms an aerobic biomembrane on the surface of the zeolite, and grows a large number of algae on the surface of the zeolite close to river water. The layer has high dissolved oxygen content and good illumination condition, aerobic microorganisms and algae grow vigorously, the aerobic microorganisms can oxidize organic matters and remove nitrogen and phosphorus in the water body; algae synthesize their own organisms by using soluble nitrogen and phosphorus under photosynthesis, and release oxygen for aerobic microorganisms. If the water depth of the river channel is more than 0.8-1 meter, the surface isolation bags are piled up from 20cm above the normal water level to 30cm below the normal water level.
Aiming at a shallow river channel with the water depth of 0.8-1.0 m, a first layer of isolation bag is paved upwards 40cm from a first covering layer paved on a substrate after dredging of polluted bottom mud of the river channel, and then a surface layer isolation bag is directly paved on the first layer of covering layer to be 20cm above the normal water level.
The bottom isolation bag (a), the middle isolation bag (b) and the surface isolation bag (c) form an organically combined bacteria-algae symbiotic system in a purification system of polluted water, and the water purification effect is good.
Secondly, a bottom mud stacking area 2 is constructed
As shown in figure 1, the bottom mud piling zone 2 is arranged on the bank side of the river channel, long strip-shaped bottom mud piling zones are continuously or alternately arranged along the length of the river bank, the width of the bottom mud piling zone is 0.5-3m, the depth of the bottom mud piling zone is from the bottom of the river, and the length of the bottom mud piling zone is 2-5 m when the bottom mud piling zone is arranged at intervals.
And (3) paving isolation blankets 4 at the bottom and around the bottom mud stacking area 2 for anti-seepage treatment to prevent heavy metals and other harmful substances in the bottom mud from permeating and diffusing into underground water and river water.
The region 2 is stacked near river bank one side at the bed mud, and along river course length direction stack region 2 and river bank receive between the rain district to set up drainage channel 1, will collect along the rainwater that bank slope flows down to leading-in river course prevents that the rainwater that bank slope converges from stacking the district pollution bed mud with mud and rushing into the river course when the precipitation is too big, causes secondary pollution. The specification of the drainage channel 1 is designed according to the slope of the revetment and the local precipitation, the width is 20-60cm, and the height is 20-40 cm.
Thirdly, an isolation region 5 is constructed
Set up isolation region 5 between district 2 and the normal position overlay area are stacked to the bed mud, prevent that the bed mud of stacking in the district 2 is collapsed and is fallen into the river course, plays the effect of the back wall behind the district is stacked to the bed mud. The isolation zone 5 is mainly composed of a plurality of isolation walls arranged in parallel along the longitudinal section of the river, as shown in fig. 4, the isolation walls 5 are stacked by isolation bags 18 wrapped by plastic steel geogrids 19. Biofilm growing on the surfaces of the filler at different depths in the isolation bag 18 improves the self-cleaning capability of the river water body. The bottom of the isolation zone 5 is laid with a first covering layer 6 to prevent heavy metals in the substrate sludge from being released upwards.
When the partition wall is built, a bottom layer isolation bag, a middle layer isolation bag and a surface layer isolation bag are sequentially adopted from the river bottom to the top, and refer to (a), (b) and (c) in fig. 3. The first covering layer 6 can be covered on the substrate dredged by the polluted bottom sediment of the river channel to prevent the heavy metals in the bottom sediment of the substrate from being released upwards, a bottom isolation bag (a) is adopted from the first covering layer 6 upwards to about 1/3 parts of the depth of water, the bottom isolation bag mainly plays a role of a back wall of a bottom sediment stacking area, the ceramsite is used as a carrier of an anaerobic microbial membrane, because the layer is positioned at the bottom of the river channel, the dissolved oxygen content is low, anaerobic microorganisms such as phosphorus-accumulating bacteria and the like and denitrifying facultative anoxic microorganisms mainly grow on the surface of the carrier, the organic carbon source in the river water can be utilized to strengthen the release of phosphorus and the denitrification of the phosphorus-accumulating bacteria, therefore, organic carbon source pollutants and nitrogen in the water body are removed, and soluble phosphorus released by phosphorus-accumulating bacteria is easily utilized by algae growing on the surface of the filler on the near water side in the middle layer isolation bag (b) and the surface layer isolation bag (c) of the isolation wall as nutrient substances to be removed from river water. And (5) piling the middle isolation bag from the bottom isolation bag to a position 30cm below the normal water level. And (3) piling the surface isolation bags from 20cm above the normal water level to 30cm below the normal water level.
The isolation wall is formed by piling up isolation bags on a first covering layer laid on a substrate after polluted bottom mud is dredged in the middle of a river channel according to the piling mode of '37 walls' or '24 walls' of building walls. From one side close to the bottom mud stacking area 2 to the center of the river channel, stacking the bottom isolation bags in a 37-wall mode at a position which is about 1/3 of the water depth; when the building is continuously built upwards, the middle isolation bags are adopted to contract 1 isolation bag width towards the sediment stacking area, and the building is built to the position of the depth 2/3 below the water surface in a 24-wall mode; and when the river course is piled upwards, the surface isolation bags are contracted to the bottom mud piling area to form an isolation bag width, and the river course is piled to be 20cm above the normal water level of the river course according to the single-width isolation bag tiling mode.
As shown in fig. 4, during the stacking process, a single isolation bag or a certain stacking length of the isolation bag can be fixed by using the steel-plastic geogrid 19. The meshes of the geogrid are rhombic or hexagonal, and the aperture is mainly the natural rock block filler which is not leaked and is arranged in the geogrid.
Dredging bottom mud
The bottom mud dug by the earth-working machine such as an excavator is roughly screened, if large and medium stones with the grain diameter larger than 5cm are used for filling the isolation bag or used as a covering material of the third covering layer 8 of the in-situ covering area, the polluted bottom mud after the rough screening is dehydrated and solidified and is piled in a bottom mud piling area paved with a heavy metal isolation blanket.
And stirring and mixing the bottom mud after coarse screening and the heavy metal curing agent, and piling the mixture in the bottom mud piling area 2 for stabilization for 30-45 days. The curing agent accounts for 3-5% of the volume of the bottom mud. The curing agent is a mixture of hydroxyapatite and diatomite, and the mass ratio of the hydroxyapatite to the diatomite is 1-1.5: 2.
And (3) planting heavy metal-enriched plants on the solidified bottom mud. According to local natural conditions and pollution conditions, suitable super-enriched aquatic plants can be selected, such as reed, calamus, cattail, lotus, water lily, mint and the like. And (3) absorbing nutrient substances such as nitrogen and phosphorus in the water body and enriching heavy metals in the bottom sludge of the isolation area in the growth process of the aquatic plants, harvesting the aquatic plants in the mature period of the plants, and removing the heavy metals in the bottom sludge by means of incineration and the like. Aquatic plants are planted along the isolation areas of the waterfront on the two sides of the riverway, and meanwhile, the landscape function of the riverway along the bank is improved.
Fifthly, constructing the in-situ coverage area
The heavy metal concentration of the river polluted sediment is generally gradually reduced along the depth of the sediment, and in order to reduce the dredging engineering quantity, the sediment is usually dredged to a certain depth, namely, the sediment is dredged to a sediment layer with light heavy metal pollution, and the dredged sediment is piled up to an anti-seepage sediment piling area 2 arranged on the bank side. Aiming at the sediment which is not dredged and has light pollution or the polluted sediment which is difficult to thoroughly dredge, the remediation treatment mode of in-situ covering is adopted to prevent heavy metals and harmful substances in the sediment from entering the water body.
An in-situ covering area is constructed between the two bank isolation areas 5 at the bottom of the dredged river channel, and the in-situ covering area is a first covering layer 6, a second covering layer 7 and a third covering layer 8 from bottom to top, as shown in fig. 1. The filler of the first coating 6 is clay mixture, the second coating 7 is sand, and the third coating 8 is pebbles and natural zeolite.
The thickness of the first covering layer 6 is 5-10cm, and the covering material is clay and curing agent. The volume ratio of the curing agent to the clay is 1-2: 10. The curing agent is hydroxyapatite and diatomite with the mass ratio of 1-1.5: 2.
The thickness of the second cover layer 7 is 10-20cm, and the cover material is sand. The grain size of the sand grains is 0.5-2 mm.
The thickness of the third covering layer 8 is 5-10cm, and the covering material is pebbles and natural zeolite. The particle diameter of the pebbles is 5-100 mm. The particle size of the natural zeolite is 4-8 mm.
Claims (7)
1. A river polluted bottom mud ecological restoration method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
arranging a bottom mud stacking area at the bank side of the river channel, performing anti-seepage treatment on the bottom and the periphery of the bottom mud stacking area, adding a curing agent into bottom mud which is dug out of the river channel and polluted by heavy metal, and stacking and filling the bottom mud in the bottom mud stacking area; an isolation area is arranged between the bottom mud stacking area and the river channel water flow channel, and at least one isolation wall is arranged in the isolation area; arranging an in-situ covering area in a dredged river channel, paving first covering layers at the bottom of an isolation area and the bottom of the in-situ covering area, and arranging a second covering layer and a third covering layer on the first covering layer of the in-situ covering area, wherein the first covering layer is filled with a mixture of clay and a curing agent, the second covering layer is sand, and the third covering layer is pebbles and natural zeolite;
the anti-seepage treatment of the polluted bottom mud is to lay a layer of isolation blanket at the bottom and around the bottom mud stacking area, wherein the isolation blanket sequentially comprises a bottom layer, a lower layer, an upper layer and a surface layer from bottom to top, the bottom layer is a non-woven geotextile, the lower layer is a heavy metal curing filler layer, the upper layer is a modified bentonite layer, and the surface layer is a woven geotextile; the filler in the heavy metal curing filler layer is a mixture of bentonite, sepiolite and limestone in a mass ratio of 1-1.5:1-1.5: 2; the thickness of the heavy metal curing filler layer is 0.5-1cm, and the thickness of the modified bentonite layer is 0.1-0.5 cm;
the modified bentonite is prepared by the following method:
(1) humic acid is mixed according to the mass ratio of 1: 3-5, dissolving in NaOH solution with concentration of 0.1mol/L, fully stirring, filtering, and filtering to remove insoluble impurities to prepare humic acid solution;
(2) adjusting the pH value of the humic acid solution to 1.0-3.0, and heating at 50-60 ℃ for 1-3 hours;
(3) centrifugally separating the humic acid precipitated in the heating process to finish the primary humic acid purification process;
(4) repeating the step (1), the step (2) and the step (3) until purified humic acid with the purity of more than 95 percent is obtained;
(5) drying the purified humic acid at 40-50 ℃ for 8-12 hours;
(6) drying and crushing natural sodium bentonite raw ore, and sieving with a 50-150 mesh sieve to obtain natural sodium bentonite powder;
(7) and (3) mixing the purified humic acid according to a mass ratio of 1: 5-10, dissolving in NaOH solution with the concentration of 0.1mol/L to prepare purified humic acid solution, adding natural sodium bentonite powder into the purified humic acid solution, wherein the mass ratio of the natural sodium bentonite powder to the purified humic acid solution is 1: 3-5, preparing a mixed solution; adjusting the pH value of the mixed solution to 5.0-6.0, and then oscillating the mixed solution for 12-18 hours;
(8) and drying the oscillated mixture at 60-70 ℃, and sieving the dried mixture by a 50-100-mesh sieve to obtain particles, namely the humic acid modified natural sodium bentonite.
2. The ecological restoration method of the river polluted bottom mud as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the maximum void in the non-woven geotextile and the woven geotextile is less than 0.2 mm.
3. The ecological restoration method of the river polluted bottom mud as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the adding of the curing agent into the polluted bottom mud is to add the curing agent accounting for 3-5% of the volume of the bottom mud into the polluted bottom mud, stir and mix the mixture, and pile the mixture in a bottom mud piling area for stabilization for 30-45 days; the curing agent is a mixture of hydroxyapatite and diatomite in a mass ratio of 1-1.5: 2.
4. The ecological restoration method of the river polluted bottom mud as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the bottom mud piling zone is close to one side of the river bank, and a drainage channel is arranged between the bottom mud piling zone and the rain receiving zone of the river bank along the length direction of the river channel.
5. The ecological restoration method of the river polluted bottom mud as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the isolation wall is built by isolation bags, wherein the isolation bags are made of non-woven geotextile and filled with natural rock blocks, sand grains and biofilm fillers;
the isolation bags are divided into a bottom isolation bag, a middle isolation bag and a surface isolation bag; the filler in the bottom isolation bag is natural rock block with the grain diameter of 15-20cm and ceramsite with the grain diameter of 1-3cm, and accounts for 70% of the inner space of the isolation bag; the filler in the middle isolation bag is natural stone blocks with the particle size of 10-15cm and porous modified fiber filler, and the natural stone blocks account for 70% -80% of the space in the bag; the filling materials in the surface layer isolation bag are natural block stones with the grain diameter of 10-15cm and natural zeolite with the grain diameter of 4-8mm, and the natural block stones account for 70-80% of the space in the bag; the bottom isolation bag, the middle isolation bag and the surface isolation bag are distributed on the longitudinal section of the river channel: aiming at a deep water river channel with the water depth of more than 1.0 meter, a bottom isolation bag is adopted from a first covering layer laid on a substrate after dredging of polluted bottom mud of the river channel to the water depth of 1/3, a middle isolation bag is adopted from the bottom isolation bag to the position 30cm below the normal water level, and a surface isolation bag is adopted from the position 20cm above the normal water level to the position 30cm below the normal water level; secondly, aiming at a shallow river channel with the water depth within 1.0 meter, a first bottom layer isolation bag is paved upwards 40cm from a first covering layer paved on the substrate after dredging the polluted bottom mud of the river channel, and then a surface layer isolation bag is directly paved on the first bottom layer isolation bag to be 20cm above the normal water level.
6. The ecological restoration method of the river polluted bottom mud as claimed in claim 5, which is characterized in that: the specific preparation method of the porous modified fiber filler comprises the following steps:
(1) cutting dried plant straw into 5-10cm segments, rinsing the plant straw, adding cooking liquor, wherein the ratio of the absolute dry mass of the plant straw to the volume of the cooking liquor is 1kg:5L, the mass of total alkali in the cooking liquor is 16-18%, and the total alkali is Na2SO3And NaOH, wherein the NaOH accounts for 0.2-0.7 of the total alkali mass, Na2SO3The mass of the NaOH and the mass of the NaOH are both Na2Adding formaldehyde accounting for O, wherein the absolute dry mass of the plant straws is 2.0 percent, and anthraquinone accounting for 0.04-0.06 percent; heating the cooking liquor from 80 ℃ to 150 ℃ for 2 hours, then preserving the heat at 150-160 ℃ for 1-2 hours, rinsing with clear water and drying to prepare fibers;
(2) crushing the fiber obtained in the step (1) into cellulose with the length of 1-3mm, adding 8-10% of the cellulose by mass into a chlorinated 1-propenyl-3 methylimidazole solvent, adding 1.0-3.0cm long filamentous polyhexamethylene adipamide and 0.2-1cm long absorbent cotton as filler skeletons, wherein the mass ratio of the polyhexamethylene adipamide to the absorbent cotton to the cellulose is 1: 2: 8-10; vacuumizing by adopting a closed container at the temperature of 80 ℃, and stirring at the rotating speed of 50 revolutions per minute to dissolve fibers to prepare a fiber solution; and then adding a pore-forming agent preheated at 80 ℃, wherein the mass ratio of the pore-forming agent to the fiber solution is 4-7: 1, after stirring uniformly, injecting into a mold for molding; after the fiber is formed, the fiber is washed and solidified in warm water at the temperature of 40-50 ℃ for 1-2 days, so that a fiber solvent and a pore-forming agent are dissolved out to form micropores, and the microporous modified fiber filler is prepared by freeze drying.
7. The ecological restoration method of the river polluted bottom mud as claimed in claim 1, which is characterized in that: the volume ratio of the curing agent to the clay in the first covering layer is 1-2:10, and the curing agent is a mixture of hydroxyapatite and diatomite in a mass ratio of 1-1.5: 2; the grain size of the sand grains in the second covering layer is 1-2.5 mm; the particle size of pebbles in the third covering layer is 5-100mm, and the particle size of natural zeolite is 4-8 mm.
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