CN107097768A - 电动汽车的制动装置 - Google Patents

电动汽车的制动装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107097768A
CN107097768A CN201710066842.0A CN201710066842A CN107097768A CN 107097768 A CN107097768 A CN 107097768A CN 201710066842 A CN201710066842 A CN 201710066842A CN 107097768 A CN107097768 A CN 107097768A
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brake
wheel
fluid pressure
electric automobile
master cylinder
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柏井干雄
井野光泰
神原将郎
并木良博
川口敦司
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
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Honda Motor Co Ltd
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/18—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to vehicle weight or load, e.g. load distribution
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/26—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force characterised by producing differential braking between front and rear wheels
    • B60T8/266—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force characterised by producing differential braking between front and rear wheels using valves or actuators with external control means
    • B60T8/268—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force characterised by producing differential braking between front and rear wheels using valves or actuators with external control means using the valves of an ABS, ASR or ESP system
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T1/00—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles
    • B60T1/02—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels
    • B60T1/10—Arrangements of braking elements, i.e. of those parts where braking effect occurs specially for vehicles acting by retarding wheels by utilising wheel movement for accumulating energy, e.g. driving air compressors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
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    • B60L7/26—Controlling the braking effect
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
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    • B60T13/12—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release the fluid being liquid
    • B60T13/14—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release the fluid being liquid using accumulators or reservoirs fed by pumps
    • B60T13/142—Systems with master cylinder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
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    • B60T13/142—Systems with master cylinder
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    • B60T13/146—Part of the system directly actuated by booster pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/66—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/68—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems by electrically-controlled valves
    • B60T13/686—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems by electrically-controlled valves in hydraulic systems or parts thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/02—Arrangements of pumps or compressors, or control devices therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T7/00—Brake-action initiating means
    • B60T7/02—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation
    • B60T7/04—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated
    • B60T7/042—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated by electrical means, e.g. using travel or force sensors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/18—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to vehicle weight or load, e.g. load distribution
    • B60T8/1812—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to vehicle weight or load, e.g. load distribution characterised by the means for pressure reduction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/26—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force characterised by producing differential braking between front and rear wheels
    • B60T8/266—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force characterised by producing differential braking between front and rear wheels using valves or actuators with external control means
    • B60T8/267—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force characterised by producing differential braking between front and rear wheels using valves or actuators with external control means for hybrid systems with different kind of brakes on different axles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T8/00—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force
    • B60T8/32—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration
    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
    • B60T8/44—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition co-operating with a power-assist booster means associated with a master cylinder for controlling the release and reapplication of brake pressure through an interaction with the power assist device, i.e. open systems
    • B60T8/441—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition co-operating with a power-assist booster means associated with a master cylinder for controlling the release and reapplication of brake pressure through an interaction with the power assist device, i.e. open systems using hydraulic boosters
    • B60T8/442—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition co-operating with a power-assist booster means associated with a master cylinder for controlling the release and reapplication of brake pressure through an interaction with the power assist device, i.e. open systems using hydraulic boosters the booster being a fluid return pump, e.g. in combination with a brake pedal force booster
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
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    • B60T8/34—Arrangements for adjusting wheel-braking force to meet varying vehicular or ground-surface conditions, e.g. limiting or varying distribution of braking force responsive to a speed condition, e.g. acceleration or deceleration having a fluid pressure regulator responsive to a speed condition
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    • B60T8/4863—Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems in hydraulic brake systems closed systems
    • B60T8/4872—Traction control, stability control, using both the wheel brakes and other automatic braking systems in hydraulic brake systems closed systems pump-back systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
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    • B60T2220/00—Monitoring, detecting driver behaviour; Signalling thereof; Counteracting thereof
    • B60T2220/04—Pedal travel sensor, stroke sensor; Sensing brake request

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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  • Transportation (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
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  • Regulating Braking Force (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
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Abstract

提供电动汽车的制动装置，利用简单的结构对电动汽车的前轮和后轮分配适当的制动力。在利用搭载于车体后部的电动机(M)驱动后轮(Wd、Wb)进行行驶的电动汽车中，对后轮(Wd、Wb)分配的载荷比对前轮(Wa、Wc)分配的载荷大电动机(M)的重量的量，因此，优选使向后轮(Wd、Wb)分配的制动力的量大于向前轮(Wa、Wc)分配的制动力的量。不设置用于变更向前轮(Wa、Wc)和后轮(Wd、Wb)分配的制动力的量的比率的比例减压阀，而是利用主缸(Cm)对前轮制动钳(Ca、Cc)和后轮制动钳(Cd、Cb)供应相同的制动液压，对后轮(Wd、Wb)进行再生制动，由此能够使向后轮(Wd、Wb)分配的制动力的量大于向前轮(Wa、Wc)分配的制动力的量，能够利用结构的简单化来降低成本。

Description

电动汽车的制动装置
技术领域
本发明涉及利用搭载于车体后部的电动机驱动后轮进行行驶的电动汽车的制动装置。
背景技术
由下述专利文献1公知有下述技术内容：在利用搭载于车体中央部的电动机驱动后轮进行行驶的电动汽车中，同时使用由主缸产生的制动液压实现的前后轮的液压制动和后轮的再生制动。
关于该电动汽车中的液压制动力和再生制动力的分配，在第1实施方式中，液压制动力和再生制动力响应于踏板踏力的增大而以相同的比率增大，此外，在第2实施方式中，到踏板踏力达到规定的值为止，仅再生制动力与踏板踏力相应地增大，当踏板踏力达到规定的值时，在使再生制动力保持固定值的状态下使液压制动力与踏板踏力相应地增大。
在先技术文献
专利文献1：日本实开平5-2502号公报
汽车的液压制动装置一般是通过负压增力装置那样的助力装置对由驾驶员施加的踏板踏力进行助力而使主缸动作，从而以较小的踏板踏力来产生足够的制动液压以减轻驾驶员的操作负担。此外，优选根据施加给前轮和后轮的车体重量来分配前轮和后轮的液压制动力，因此，现有的汽车的液压制动装置对载荷较大侧的车轮的制动钳直接供应主缸产生的制动液压，而对载荷较小侧的车轮的制动钳，则利用比例减压阀将主缸产生的制动液压减压后再进行供应。
然而，在简单的结构的小型电动汽车中，优选在废除主缸的助力装置以及比例减压阀这样的部件的情况下对前轮和后轮分配适当的制动力以削减部件数量、重量和成本。
发明内容
本发明是鉴于上述情况而完成的，其目的在于利用简单的结构对电动汽车的前轮和后轮分配适当的制动力。
为了实现上述目的，根据技术方案1所述的发明，提出一种电动汽车的制动装置，该电动汽车利用搭载于车体后部的电动机驱动后轮而进行行驶，所述电动汽车的制动装置的特征在于，所述电动汽车的制动装置具有对前轮制动钳和后轮制动钳供应相同的制动液压的主缸，利用所述后轮进行再生制动。
此外，根据技术方案2所述的发明，在技术方案1的结构的基础之上提出一种电动汽车的制动装置，所述电动汽车的制动装置的特征在于，驾驶员的踏板踏力以不被进行助力的方式传递至所述主缸，所述电动汽车的制动装置具有液压调节器，该液压调节器能够利用电动油泵产生的制动液压来单独地控制所述前轮制动钳和所述后轮制动钳的制动液压，所述液压调节器利用所述电动油泵产生的制动液压对所述主缸产生的制动液压进行增压。
此外，根据技术方案3所述的发明，在技术方案2的结构的基础之上提出一种电动汽车的制动装置，所述电动汽车的制动装置的特征在于具有控制单元，该控制单元使由所述主缸产生的制动液压实现的制动力、由所述液压调节器产生的制动液压实现的制动力以及由所述再生制动实现的制动力之间的分配比率发生变化。
此外，根据技术方案4所述的发明，在技术方案1至技术方案3中的任一项的结构的基础之上提出一种电动汽车的制动装置，所述电动汽车的制动装置的特征在于，在搭乘有乘客的状态下，向所述后轮分配的载荷大于向前轮分配的载荷。
另外，实施方式的电子控制单元U与本发明的控制单元对应。
根据技术方案1的结构，在利用搭载于车体后部的电动机驱动后轮而进行行驶的电动汽车中，分配给后轮的载荷比分配给前轮的载荷大电动机的重量的量，因此，优选使向后轮分配的制动力的量大于向前轮分配的制动力的量，但是，通过从主缸对前轮制动钳和后轮制动钳供应相同的制动液压，利用后轮进行再生制动，从而使得无需用于变更向前轮和后轮分配的制动力的量的比率的比例减压阀，就能够使向后轮分配的制动力的量大于向前轮分配的制动力的量，能够利用结构的简单化来降低成本。
此外，根据技术方案2的结构，驾驶员的踏板踏力以不被进行助力的方式传递至主缸，由液压调节器利用电动油泵产生的制动液压对主缸产生的制动液压进行增压，因此，能够废除对驾驶员的踏板踏力进行助力并传递至主缸的负压增力装置那样的助力装置，降低了成本，并能够利用原有的液压调节器获得足够的制动液压，能够降低驾驶员所要求的踏板踏力，其中，所述液压调节器能够利用电动油泵产生的制动液压来对前轮制动钳和后轮制动钳的制动液压单独地进行控制。
此外，根据技术方案3的结构，具有控制单元，所述控制单元使由主缸产生的制动液压实现的制动力、由液压调节器产生的制动液压实现的制动力以及由再生制动实现的制动力之间的分配比率发生变化，因此，能够与汽车的运转状态对应地使三种制动力的分配比率发生变化来降低振动和噪音，并能够最大限度地增加再生制动力的分配比率以提高能量回收效率。
此外，根据技术方案4的结构，在搭乘有乘客的状态下，向后轮分配的载荷大于向前轮分配的载荷，因此，即使被进行再生制动的后轮的制动力大于未被进行再生制动的前轮的制动力，后轮也难以被锁定。
附图说明
图1是示出具有制动装置的电动汽车的整体结构的图。
图2是制动装置的液压回路图。
图3是与图2对应的作用说明图。
图4是液压调节器的支援功能的说明图。
图5是示出制动器踏板的踏力与制动力之间的关系的曲线图。
图6是示出制动时的车速与制动力之间的关系的曲线图。
标号说明
Ca：前轮制动钳；
Cb：后轮制动钳；
Cc：前轮制动钳；
Cd：后轮制动钳；
Cm：主缸；
H：液压调节器；
M：电动机；
Wa：前轮；
Wb：后轮；
Wc：前轮；
Wd：后轮；
U：电子控制单元(控制单元)；
19A：电动油泵；
19B：电动油泵
具体实施方式
以下，根据图1～图6对本发明的实施方式进行说明。
如图1所示，本实施方式的车辆具有作为从动轮的左右的前轮Wa、Wc以及作为驱动轮的左右的后轮Wd、Wb，左右的后轮Wd、Wb由作为驱动源的电动机M通过减速器R进行驱动。重量较大的电动机M和减速器R配置于车体后部，至少在搭乘有乘客的状态下，左右的后轮Wd、Wb的载荷大于左右的前轮Wa、Wc的载荷。利用制动器踏板P2动作而产生制动液压的主缸Cm通过内置有电动油泵的液压调节器H而与左右的前轮制动钳Ca、Cc和左右的后轮制动钳Cd、Cb连接。主缸Cm不具有作为助力装置的负压增力装置，仅借助被输入到制动器踏板P2的驾驶员的踏力来进行动作。此外，在主缸Cm与制动钳Ca～Cd之间未设有比例减压阀，该比例减压阀以使被供应至前轮制动钳Ca、Cc的制动液压与被供应至后轮制动钳Cd、Cb的制动液压成为规定的比率的方式进行控制。
液压调节器H对主缸Cm产生的制动液压进行任意地增压或减压后供应至左右的前轮制动钳Ca、Cc和左右的后轮制动钳Cd、Cb，能够对四轮的制动力单独地进行控制，进行以下控制：抑制制动时的车轮锁定的防抱死控制、抑制加速时的车轮打滑的牵引控制、抑制转弯时的侧滑的防侧滑控制、对主缸Cm产生的制动液压进行增压以减轻制动器踏板P2的踏力的支援控制等。
用于控制液压调节器H输出的制动液压和电动机M的再生扭矩的电子控制单元U与以下单元连接：油门开度检测单元S1，其检测油门踏板P1的操作量；制动器操作量检测单元S2，其根据制动器踏板P2的踏力检测主缸Cm产生的制动液压；车轮速检测单元Sa、Sc，它们检测左右的前轮Wa、Wc的车轮速；以及车轮速检测单元Sd、Sb，它们检测左右的后轮Wd、Wb的车轮速。
如图2所示，主缸Cm具有输出与制动器踏板P2的操作相应的相同的制动液压的第1输出口11A和第2输出口11B，第1输出口11A和第2输出口11B通过液压调节器H而与左右的前轮制动钳Ca、Cc和左右的后轮制动钳Cd、Cb连接。
液压调节器H具有：能够与第1输出口11A连接的第1主缸侧液压通道12A；能够与第2输出口11B连接的第2主缸侧液压通道12B；第1、第2调节阀13A、13B，它们分别介于第1、第2输出口11A、11B与第1、第2主缸侧液压通道12A、12B之间；常开型的输入阀15a，其介于与左前轮制动钳Ca连接的车轮侧液压通道14a与第1主缸侧液压通道12A之间；常开型的输入阀15b，其介于与右后轮制动钳Cb连接的车轮制动器侧液压通道14b与第1主缸侧液压通道12A之间；常开型的输入阀15c，其介于与右前轮制动钳Cc连接的车轮制动器侧液压通道14c与第2主缸侧液压通道12B之间；常开型的输入阀15d，其介于与左后轮制动钳Cd连接的车轮制动器侧液压通道14d与第2主缸侧液压通道12B之间；第1、第2油箱16A、16B，它们单独地与第1、第2输出口11A、11B对应；常闭型的输出阀17a、17b，它们介于第1油箱16A与车轮制动器侧液压通道14a、14b之间；常闭型的输出阀17c、17d，它们介于第2油箱16B与车轮制动器侧液压通道14c、14d之间；第1、第2电动油泵19A、19B，它们由共用的电动马达18进行驱动并且泵出侧与第1、第2主缸侧液压通道12A、12B连接；第1、第2吸入阀20A、20B，它们介于第1、第2输出口11A，11B与第1、第2电动油泵19A，19B的吸入侧之间；止回阀21A、21B，它们与第1、第2调节阀13A、13B并联连接；止回阀22a～22d，它们与各输入阀15a～15d并联连接；以及止回阀23A、23B，它们介于第1、第2油箱16A、16B与第1、第2电动油泵19A、19B的吸入侧之间。
第1、第2调节阀13A、13B是常开型的线性电磁阀，能够对第1、第2输出口11A、11B与第1、第2主缸侧液压通道12A、12B之间的连通/切断进行切换，还能够以对第1、第2主缸侧液压通道12A、12B的液压进行调压的方式动作。
接下来，对液压调节器H的功能进行说明。由于主缸Cm的第1输出口11A侧的液压回路的功能与主缸Cm的第2输出口11B侧的液压回路的功能实质上相同，因此，对第1输出口11A侧的液压回路的功能进行说明。
如图3所示，驾驶员踩下制动器踏板P2而使得主缸Cm产生的制动液压从第1输出口11A通过第1调节阀13A被传递至第1主缸侧液压通道12A，从那里通过输入阀15a和车轮侧液压通道14a被传递至左前轮制动钳Ca，并从第1主缸侧液压通道12A通过输入阀15b和车轮侧液压通道14b被传递至右后轮制动钳Cb，左前轮Wa和右后轮Wb由相同的制动力进行制动(参照实线箭头)。
此时，当在对第1吸入阀20A进行励磁/开阀的状态下驱动第1电动油泵19A时，如以虚线箭头所示，从主缸Cm通过第1吸入阀20A被吸入的制动液由第1电动油泵19A进行加压后被供应至第1主缸侧液压通道12A，因此，第1主缸侧液压通道12A的制动液压相比于主缸Cm产生的制动液压增大。此时，通过调节第1调节阀13A的开度使第1主缸侧液压通道12A的制动液压释放至第1电动油泵19A的吸入侧，从而能够将第1主缸侧液压通道12A的制动液压控制成任意的大小。此外，如果对输出阀17a、17b进行励磁/开阀，则第1主缸侧液压通道12A的制动液压会如点划线箭头所示的那样被释放至第1油箱16A，因此，还能够使第1主缸侧液压通道12A的制动液压相比于主缸Cm产生的制动液压减小。
这样，液压调节器H是用于对主缸Cm产生的制动液压任意地进行增压或减压的部件，通过利用其增压功能，从而使得即使将作为助力装置的负压增力装置从主缸Cm废除，也能够确保必要的制动力，而不会增加驾驶员对制动器踏板P2的操作负担。
图4是对上述液压调节器H的支援功能进行说明的图，示出车体减速度相对于制动器踏板P2的踏力的关系。单点划线是主缸Cm具有负压增力装置的比较例，利用其助力功能使得减速度相对于踏力的增加而以较大的比率增加。虚线是负压增力装置失效的情况，可知由于丧失助力功能而导致减速度仅能够相对于踏力的增加以较小的比率增加，从而使得制动力不足。实线是液压调节器H发挥支援功能的本实施方式，利用其支援功能使减速度相对于踏力的增加而以足够大的比率增加，即使废除负压增力装置，也能够得到必要的制动力，而不会增加驾驶员对制动器踏板P2的操作负担。
而且，液压调节器H能够通过对规定的输入阀15a～15d进行消磁/开阀而对规定的输出阀17a～17d进行消磁/闭阀来增加规定的车轮的制动力，并且，能够通过对规定的输入阀15a～15d进行励磁/闭阀而对规定的输出阀17a～17d进行励磁/开阀来减少规定的车轮的制动力。由此，能够根据由车轮速检测单元Sa、Sc、Sd、Sb检测出的左右的前轮Wa、Wc的车轮速和左右的后轮Wd、Wb的车轮速来检测各车轮的锁定状态或打滑状态，能够进行减少处于锁定倾向的车轮的制动力而抑制锁定的防抱死控制、增加处于打滑倾向的车轮的制动力而抑制打滑的牵引控制、使转弯的内轮和转弯的外轮的制动力产生差而抑制转弯时的侧滑的防侧滑控制。
以电动机M作为行驶用的驱动源的车辆在减速时要对电动机M进行再生制动，将车体的动能作为电能进行回收，因此，需要将所需的制动力分配成由液压制动实现的制动力和由再生制动实现的制动力，此时，通过尽可能地增大由再生制动实现的制动力的比率来提高能量的回收效率。
由再生制动实现的制动力的上限值由电动机M利用电容进行限制，此外，如果蓄电池成为接近完全充电的状态，则对由再生制动实现的制动力的上限值进行限制以使蓄电池无法进一步充电。此外，由于车体的动能与车速的降低相应地减少，因此，在低车速时，能够产生的再生制动力减少。电子控制单元U计算与车辆的运转状态相应地进行变化的、能够产生的再生制动力，进行协调再生制动控制，在该协调再生制动控制中，先利用能够产生的再生制动力来提供驾驶员所要求的制动力，再利用液压制动来提供其不足的量。
图5示出在车辆的行驶中使制动器踏板P2的踏力逐渐增加的情况下的协调再生制动控制，当在踩下制动器踏板P2之间放开油门踏板P1时，产生一定的油门断开再生制动力，接着踩下制动器踏板P2时，产生一定的制动器接通再生制动力。从那以后，协调再生制动力与制动器踏板P2的踏力的增加相应地增加，当其到达极限时，通过使液压制动力与制动器踏板P2的踏力的增加相应地增加，能够产生驾驶员所要求的制动力。
图6示出在车辆的行驶中踩下制动器踏板P2而使得车速逐渐降低的情况下的协调再生制动控制，当在踩下制动器踏板P2之间放开油门踏板P1时，产生一定的油门断开再生制动力，接着踩下制动器踏板P2时，产生一定的制动器接通再生制动力，同时协调再生制动力开始增加。并且，在制动力缺少再生制动力的量的情况下，以补偿制动力的不足的量的方式产生液压制动力，由此能够产生驾驶员所要求的制动力。当车速降低、车辆马上快要停止时，再生制动力的比率急剧减少，液压制动力的比率增高，在车辆已停止的状下，制动力全部由液压制动力来提供。
如上所述，本实施方式的车辆由于在车体后部搭载有电动机M，因此，至少在搭乘有乘客的状态下，对后轮Wd、Wb分配的载荷大于对前轮Wa、Wc分配的载荷，然而，通过从主缸Cm对前轮制动钳Ca、Cc和后轮制动钳Cd、Cb供应相同的制动液压并利用后轮Wd、Wb进行再生制动，从而能够在无需用于变更向前轮Wa、Wc和后轮Wd、Wb分配的制动力的量的比率的比例减压阀的情况下，使得向后轮Wd、Wb分配的制动力的量大于向前轮Wa、Wc分配的制动力的量，能够利用结构的简单化来降低成本。
此外，虽然主缸Cm不具有负压增力装置那样的助力装置，但是，液压调节器H利用第1、第2电动油泵19A、19B产生的制动液压对主缸Cm产生的制动液压进行增压，因此，能够废除助力装置而实现成本的降低，并能够利用原有的液压调节器H获得足够的制动液压，能够降低驾驶员所要求的踏板踏力。
此外，电子控制单元U使由主缸Cm产生的制动液压实现的制动力、由液压调节器H产生的制动液压实现的制动力以及由再生制动实现的制动力之间的分配比率发生变化，因此，通过与车辆的运转状态相应地使三种制动力的分配比率发生变化，能够将由液压调节器H的动作造成的振动和噪音抑制在最小限度，并且最大限度地增加再生制动力的分配比率，从而提高能量回收效率。
以上，对本发明的实施例进行了说明，但本发明能够在不脱离其宗旨的范围内进行各种设计变更。
例如，液压调节器H的液压回路不限于实施方式。

Claims (4)

1.一种电动汽车的制动装置，该电动汽车利用搭载于车体后部的电动机(M)驱动后轮(Wd、Wb)而进行行驶，所述电动汽车的制动装置的特征在于，
所述电动汽车的制动装置具有对前轮制动钳(Ca、Cc)和后轮制动钳(Cd、Cb)供应相同的制动液压的主缸(Cm)，利用所述后轮(Wd、Wb)进行再生制动。
2.根据权利要求1所述的电动汽车的制动装置，其特征在于，
驾驶员的踏板踏力以不被进行助力的方式传递至所述主缸(Cm)，所述电动汽车的制动装置具有液压调节器(H)，该液压调节器(H)能够利用电动油泵(19A、19B)产生的制动液压来单独地控制所述前轮制动钳(Ca、Cc)和所述后轮制动钳(Cd、Cb)的制动液压，所述液压调节器(H)利用所述电动油泵(19A、19B)产生的制动液压对所述主缸(Cm)产生的制动液压进行增压。
3.根据权利要求2所述的电动汽车的制动装置，其特征在于，
所述电动汽车的制动装置具有控制单元(U)，该控制单元(U)使由所述主缸(Cm)产生的制动液压实现的制动力、由所述液压调节器(H)产生的制动液压实现的制动力以及由所述再生制动实现的制动力之间的分配比率发生变化。
4.根据权利要求1至权利要求3中的任一项所述的电动汽车的制动装置，其特征在于，
在搭乘有乘客的状态下，向所述后轮(Wd、Wb)分配的载荷大于向前轮(Wa、Wc)分配的载荷。
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