CN1070212C - 用作安全气囊壳的含嵌段共聚物的组合物及由此制得的安全气囊壳 - Google Patents
用作安全气囊壳的含嵌段共聚物的组合物及由此制得的安全气囊壳 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
含嵌段共聚物的安全气囊壳组合物,包括(a)100重量份选择性加氢的嵌段共聚物,两个末端嵌段和至少一个中间嵌段:前者以单乙烯基芳族单体为主,后者以共轭二烯为主,该聚共轭二烯为主的嵌段已选择性加氢,其剩余烯属不饱和度达到原烯属不饱和度的20%或稍小,而其芳族不饱和度仍保持其原值的至少95%,其单乙烯基芳族化合物含量在5-50%之间(b)50-250重量份聚烯烃树脂,(c)0-100份填料,其平均粒度最大50μ,(d)0.25-2.5份添加剂。
Description
本发明涉及一种用作安全气囊壳的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物并涉及由此制得的安全气囊壳。
更具体地说,本发明涉及一种含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,该组合物包括一种选择性加氢的嵌段共聚物,该共聚物含有至少两个末端聚(单乙烯基芳族)嵌段和至少一个中间聚(共轭二烯)嵌段,以及一种聚烯烃树脂和一种或多种添加剂。
这种组合物可见于例如英国专利申请号2250295,该专利发表了用于安全气囊壳的嵌段共聚物组合物,该壳体是一种由注射成型法制得的模塑壳体,所述组合物包括下列各成分:
(a)30重量份到55重量份加氢的苯乙烯和共轭二烯的一种嵌段共聚物,其制法是把一种由至少两个聚合物嵌段(含苯乙烯单元为其主成分),和至少一个聚合物嵌段(含共轭二烯单元为其主成分)组成的嵌段共聚物经加氢制得,共聚物中的苯乙烯含量为20%(重量)-40%(重量),共聚物的数均分子量为105或更大;
(b)用于橡胶的增塑剂,25重量份-50重量份:
(c)烯烃树脂,15重量份-30重量份;
(d)添加剂5重量份或稍少;
其中(a)+(b)+(c)=100重量份。
更可取的是,共轭二烯是丁二烯,增塑剂是石蜡油,而烯烃树脂是聚丙烯。提到的添加剂可以是一种抗氧化剂、热和/或光稳定剂。
按照日本工业标准JISK6301A类,这种组合物的硬度在60与85之间。当安全气囊膨胀时气囊壳须有一部分具有容易碎裂的脆性结构。
尤其是由于乘客安全气囊作为标准部件的规定装置以及要求把气囊模制件并入新型汽车的仪表板成一整体,先前适用于汽车仪表板的填充聚丙烯共混物(增加劲度使之超过未填充的聚丙烯)就变得不适用了,这是因为在气囊模制件爆炸试验条件(-40℃)下当膨胀时它的脆性破坏。
另一种可供选择的在气囊壳领域已知的材料(如某些聚醚酯)显示的弯曲模量最高只不过400MPa,这就使这种材料用作气囊模制件的仪表板整体壳成为十分困难,或在没有应用复杂的模塑设计的情况下几乎是不可能的。
可以理解,用现在使用的组合物来满足上述英国专利申请号2250295的第4页和第5页中提到的六个必要的条件,还必须进一步改进,尤其是保有的机械性能(脆性的防止以及在-40℃~+90℃的广泛温度范围内气囊壳膨胀的可靠性)以及降低气囊壳的制造成本,后者对于大量生产制造的汽车用气囊装置来说是特别重要的。
气囊壳领域中新近的成果已发表在例如日本专利申请号6116474、6116475、6100755以及6100754中,这些专利发表了用来作气囊壳的弹性体组合物。
更具体地说,日本专利申请号6116474发表了一种弹性体组合物,该组合物包括下列各成分:
(a)100重量份改性(酸接枝)的选择性加氢嵌段共聚物或它与未改性的加氢嵌段共聚物的共混物;
(b)10-300重量份石蜡油;
(c)5-250重量份热变形温度高于90℃的非晶烯烃树脂或者是它与结晶烯烃树脂的共混物,共混比为25∶75或更高(重量比);
(d)5-100重量份玻璃化温度低于-30℃的乙烯-α烯烃共聚物橡胶和/或乙烯-α-烯烃-非共轭二烯共聚物橡胶;以及
(e)10-150重量份脆化温度低于-50℃的热塑性弹性体,该弹性体由动态硫化的乙烯-α-烯烃-非共轭二烯共聚物橡胶和聚烯烃树脂的共混物组成。
日本专利申请号6116475公开了一种弹性体组合物,该组合物包括下列各成分:
(a)100重量份改性(酸接枝)的选择性加氢嵌段共聚物或它与加氢嵌段共聚物的共混物;
(b)10-300重量份石蜡油;
(c)5-100重量份热变形温度高于90℃的非晶烯烃树脂和/或结晶烯烃树脂;
(d)5-100重量份选自聚酰胺树脂和饱和聚酯树脂的热塑性树脂;
(e)10-150重量份热塑性弹性体,该弹性体由动态硫化的乙烯-α-烯烃-非共轭二烯(EPDM)共聚物橡胶和聚烯烃树脂的共混物组成。
日本专利申请号06100754发表了一种组合物,该组合物包括下列各成分:
(a)100重量份加氢的嵌段共聚物,该共聚物包括(a1)至少两个末端嵌段和(a2)一个中间嵌段组成:前者为聚(芳族乙烯系化合物);后者以共轭二烯为主,其弹簧硬度小于99(日本工业标准JISK6301);
(b)10-300重量份石蜡油;
(c)5-100重量份非晶烯烃树脂和/或结晶烯烃树脂,其热变形温度高于90℃;
(d)5-100重量份聚苯乙烯树脂;
(e)5-50重量份聚苯醚树脂(均聚物或共聚物),其比浓粘度为0.15-0.70(0.5克/分升,氯仿溶液,30℃);以及
(f)10-150重量份热塑性弹性体,该弹性体由动态硫化的乙烯-α-烯烃的非共轭二烯共聚物和聚烯烃树脂组成,其脆点低于-5℃。
日本专利申请号06100755发表了一种弹性体组合物,该组合物是由下列各成分组成的:
(a)100重量份一种嵌段共聚物,该共聚物由至少两个末端嵌段和至少一个中间嵌段组成;前者为聚芳族乙烯系化合物;后者以共轭二烯为主组分,其弹簧硬度小于99(日本工业标准JISK6301);
(b)10-300重量份石蜡油;
(c)5-100重量份非晶烯烃树脂和/或结晶烯烃树脂,其热变形温度高于90℃;
(d)5-100重量份聚苯乙烯树脂;
(e)5-50重量份聚苯醚树脂(均聚物或共聚物),其比浓粘度为0.15-0.70(0.5克/分升,氯仿溶液,30℃);以及
(f)10-100重量份橡胶,该橡胶由乙烯-α-烯烃共聚物和/或乙烯-α-烯烃和非共轭二烯共聚物和聚烯烃树脂组成。
从上述各日本专利申请可以理解,新近的研究成果已经指向用几种组合物来进行可能达到的进一步改进。而这些组合物是由品种较多的不同聚合物组分组成,从制造成本观点和有效回收利用可能性的观点来看,这是没有吸引力的。
本发明的一个目的是提供一种构成汽车仪表板的整体部分的安全气囊壳,该壳体能够以低成本生产并显示目前所要求的-35℃-+85℃下的膨胀性能,而且重量尽可能轻。本发明的另一个目的是提供一种组合物,该组合物可使上述安全气囊壳的制造成为可能,而且各成分的种数和类型应尽量简单。
由于广泛的研究与实验的结果,现在已经意想不到地找到这种指望成功的组合物。
因此,本发明涉及一种用来作安全气囊壳的含有嵌段聚合物的组合物,该组合物包括下列各成分:
(a)100重量份选择性加氢的嵌段共聚物,该共聚物包括至少两个末端嵌段和至少一个中间嵌段:前者以单乙烯基芳族单体为主;后者以共轭二烯为主,聚共轭二烯嵌段经过选择性加氢,其剩余烯属不饱和度达到原烯属不饱和度的20%或稍低,而其芳族不饱和度仍保持其原值的至少95%,共聚物中单乙烯基芳族化合物含量在5-50%之间,最好在10-35%范围内;
(b)50-250重量份聚烯烃树脂;
(c)0-100重量份填料,其平均粒度最大不过50μ,最好是1-15μ;
(d)0.25-2.5重量份添加剂。
业已发现,上述规定的组合物兼有高劲度、完全令人满意的膨胀性能以及邵氏硬度。这里的高劲度是指弯曲模量能达到400-750,最好是450-700MPa;膨胀性能是指气囊模制件在-35℃-+85℃范围内的膨胀性能。
比较起来,供同一目的用的先有技术组合物的弯曲模量据报道至高不过400MPa。此外,可以认为从一组简单的成分开始,用一次注塑法能有效地制成结构简单的安全气囊壳。
对在整个本说明书中使用的“聚单乙烯基芳族单体为主和共轭二烯为主以及聚共轭二烯为主的各嵌段”这一用语来说,涉及那些来自基本上纯净的单体或来自某种单体混合物的嵌段,其嵌段包含的主要部分为规定的单体,少部分为(10%(重量)以下)结构相近的共聚单体或结构不同的共聚单体,尤其是用在其它类型嵌段的共聚单体。
在以聚单乙烯基芳族为主的嵌段中作为主成分和必要时在其它型各嵌段中作为次成分的单乙烯基芳族单体,可选自苯乙烯、α-甲基苯乙烯、邻甲基苯乙烯、对乙基苯乙烯、对叔丁基苯乙烯、1,3-二甲基苯乙烯或它们的混合物。苯乙烯是更优选的单体,且最好被用作基本上纯净的单体。
在以聚共轭二烯为主的嵌段中作为主成分的共轭二烯是1,3-丁二烯和/或2-甲基-1,3-丁二烯(异戊二烯),其中可混有少量2,3-二甲基-1,3-丁二烯、1,3-戊二烯、1,3-己二烯或它们的混合物。
单乙烯基芳族主单体也可混有少量一种或多种上面规定的共轭二烯,而该共轭二烯主单体也可混有一种或多种上面规定的单乙烯基芳族单体。
优选的嵌段共聚物是ABA型或(AB)nX型,其中A代表以聚单乙烯基芳族为主的嵌段,B代表以聚共轭二烯为主的嵌段。
嵌段A最好来自基本上纯净的苯乙烯而嵌段B最好来自基本上纯净的丁二烯或异戊二烯。
就聚丁二烯嵌段来说,1,2聚合的1,3-丁二烯的含量在20-65%,最好在30-45%范围内。
各个以聚(单乙烯基芳族)为主的嵌段的表观分子量在5,000-50,000范围内,较好在7,000-35,000,最好在10,000-20,000范围内。
以聚共轭二烯为主的嵌段的分子量可以在30,000-150,000,较好在40,000-120,000,最好在50,000-90,000范围内。
这类嵌段共聚物合用的例子是KRATON G1651和KRATONG1654(KRATON是商标)。
用作成分(b)的聚烯烃树脂可选自两种或多种α-烯烃制成的无规共聚物和/或嵌段共聚物,该α-烯烃有2-10个碳原子,最好有2-6个碳原子。上述α-烯烃中必要时可含有其它共聚单体,这类共聚物的熔体流动速率(230℃,2.16kg下)在1.0-10.0g/10min范围内。
适用作成分(b)的丙烯、乙烯、和/或丁烯的无规共聚物,其熔体流动速率(230℃,2.16kg下)在1.0-6.0,最好在1.3-1.7g/10min范围内。
这类共聚物的例子是HMA6100以及CATALLOY系列的共聚物。意想不到地发现,包含同样成分(c)的各品级工业纯聚丙烯的共混物却不能成功地应用于上述目的。
用作成分(c)的填料可选自滑石粉诸如EMTAL41、TAL-CLUZENAC OOS,碳酸钙诸如DURAMITE,粘土诸如Mc-NAMEECLAY,硅酸钙诸如WALLOSTONITE,二氧化硅诸如IMSIL A-10或GOLD BOND R,硅酸铝钠钾诸如MINEX-7,三氢氧化铝,二氧化钛诸如TR900,炭黑诸如RAVEN H20或由飘尘加工制成的热解微球体诸如ORBALOID。
此类填料中滑石粉和碳酸钙是优选的,其中滑石粉是最优选的。这些优选填料的用量较好是每100重量份嵌段共聚物为20-80重量份,最好是每100重量份嵌段共聚物为25-75重量份。EM-TAL、TALCLUZEN AC、McN AMEE CLAY、DURAMITE、IM-SIL、GOLD BOND R、MINEX、TR900、RAVEN H20和/或BALOID都是商标。
用作成分(d)的添加剂可主要是抗氧化剂/紫外线稳定剂,其用量每100重量份嵌段共聚物为0.25-2.5重量份。
这类稳定剂的例子选自IRGANOX和/或SUMILIZER和/或TINUVIN系列,诸如IRGANOX1010和TINUVIN327(IRGANOX、SUMILIZER和TINUVIN都是商标)。
添加剂的优选用量每100重量份嵌段共聚物为0.6-0.8重量份。更优选的是兼用按2∶1重量比的IRGANOX1010和TINU-VIN327。
按本来已知的方法,诸如全部成分的干混及随后的配混,使用一台双螺杆同向旋转挤出机能够制成本发明的组合物。所得的挤出物可在冷水浴中冷却并随后造粒。粒料可注塑成型。
可以理解,最终共混物的性能将不取决于共混物制备期间各成分的加入顺序。
一般地说,尽管在多层安全气囊壳所用的共混物中使用填料诸如玻璃纤维、滑石粉、碳酸钙、二氧化硅、云母、粘土、硅酸铝、磨细的长石、二氧化钛、三氢氧化铝、炭黑,在例如法国专利2655908和美国专利5,158,322、5,248,532以及5,110,647中有这类参考资料,而在这些文件中对本行业的人如何使该聚合物组合物获得有吸引力的性能以及获得按照本发明的比较简单结构的安全气囊壳,却完全没有任何说明。
可以理解,所有上述四份专利公开实际上都涉及一种气囊壳双层结构,该结构是由一软面层和一硬心层组成的:前者含有加氢的苯乙烯丁二烯嵌段共聚物(含共混物);后者含有一种或多种聚烯烃树脂且有一部分在安全气囊一旦启动使用就使壳体不费力地破裂。
本发明将用下列各实施例进一步予以说明,但没有把本发明的范围局限于这几个具体的实施方案范围内。
实施例
用表Ⅰ中所列的各成分来制备共混物,先干混全部成分,随后使用Werner and Pflerderer 25K双螺杆同向旋转挤出机进行配混。
挤出机的实际温度设定沿注塑流径从170℃到215℃,并从215℃到170℃,在250转/分钟下,约60%转矩以及9.9kg/hr进料速度。挤出物在水浴中冷却,随后造粒。用一台DEMAG D150注塑机把全部配混料注塑到150×150×2mm测试板中。注塑条件的设定已列于表Ⅱ中。
乘客一方的安全气囊壳体是由一步法注塑而成。模具设计在正面三个边缘包含着很细的撕开线,最后的一边可用于固定铰链。该壳体“箱”的各边都留有一组孔眼,用来把该壳体铆装到模制件上。
表Ⅲ中列出了所有测试数据以及测试方法。三种含KRATONG的组合物的物理性质和膨胀性能与一种标准的滑石粉填充聚丙烯(均聚物)进行对照。该聚丙烯早先试用作为工业规模安全气囊壳制造的起始共混物,但是在-35℃下显露出脆性破坏,这被认为是对于这一用途不合格。
把实际的安全气囊壳安装到模制件上,按照通常的标准膨胀测试方法在三个不同温度-35℃、+23℃和+85℃下起动。当膨胀时,记下模制件内的压力及破裂行为的种类(韧性、或飞片脆性)和铰接性能。
表Ⅰ
配混料配方
参考号数配方(phr) | A | B | C |
KRATON G-1654PP(HMA 6100,MI1.5)滑石粉(LUZENAC OOS)IRGANOX1010TINUVIN327 | 10075500.250.5 | 100125500.250.5 | 100200500.250.5 |
表Ⅱ
DEMAG D150注塑条件
配方号数 | A | B | C |
温度 ℃进料区料筒加热区1料筒加热区2料筒加热区3注咀加热熔体模具注射时间 s注射压力 bar保压时间 s保压压力 bar返压 bar注射速度 % | 35170200225225225551.51504.0902595 | 35180210225230230551.61354.0902580 | 35180210220230230552.01254.0902580 |
表Ⅲ
机械性能和膨胀特性
配方号数实测性质 | 所用方法 | A | B | C | PP(20%滑石) |
密度邵氏D硬度弯曲模量,MPa | 计算值ASTM D2240ISO178 | 1.07447440 | 1.03953640 | 1.00756710 | 1600 |
拉伸强度,MPa断裂伸长,%拉伸模量100%,MPa撕裂强度,kN/m | ASTM D412 | nd pmd21 32480 58011.5 9.0100 100 | md Dmd24 33470 59015.0 12.5120 115 | md Dmd21 30460 59016.0 14.0135 125 | >50 |
悬臂梁式冲击,室温,kJ/m2悬臂梁式冲击,-35℃,kJ/m2 | ISO180 | N.B.N.B. | N.B.N.B. | N.B.27.5(P) | N.B |
膨胀性能:+85℃+23℃-35℃ | PASSPASSPASS | PASSPASSPASS | PASSPASSPASS | PASSPASSFAIL |
md 模具方向
pmd 与模具方向垂直
N.B. 不破裂,如ASTM D256所述
P. 部分破裂,如ASTM D256所述
PASS 箱盖良好的打开和铰合性能
FAIL 箱盖脆性破裂,有试片破碎
Claims (13)
1.适用作安全气囊壳的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,包括:
(a)100重量份选择性加氢的嵌段共聚物,该共聚物包括至少两个末端嵌段和至少一个中间嵌段:前者以单乙烯基芳族单体为主;后者以共轭二烯单体为主,该中间嵌段其中业已选择性加氢,其剩余烯属不饱和度达到原烯属不饱和度的20%或稍低,而其芳族族不饱和度仍保持其原值的至少95%,共聚物中单乙烯基芳族化合物含量在5-50%之间;
(b)50-250重量份聚烯烃树脂;
(c)20-80重量份用量的填料,其平均粒度最大50μ;
(d)0.25-2.5重量份抗氧化剂和/或紫外线稳定剂;
所述聚烯烃树脂选自下列含有两种或多种有2-10个碳原子的α-烯烃的无规共聚物和/或嵌段共聚物,并可含或不含其它共聚单体,其熔体流运速率(230℃及2.16kg下)在1.0-10.0g/10min范围内。
2.按照权利要求1的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于其弯曲模量在400-750MPa范围内。
3.按照权利要求1或2的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于共聚物中单乙烯基芳族化合物含量在10-35%范围内。
4.按照权利要求1或2的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于嵌段共聚物组分(a)包含基本上纯净的聚苯乙烯嵌段以及基本上纯净的聚丁二烯或聚异戊二烯嵌段。
5.按照权利要求3的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于聚丁二烯嵌段中1,2聚合的1,3-丁二烯的含量在30-45%范围内。
6.按照权利要求1或2的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于各个以聚(单乙烯基芳族)为主的嵌段的表观分子量在5,000-50,000之间。
7.按照权利要求6的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于各个以聚(单乙烯基芳族)为主的嵌段的表观分子量在10,000-20,000范围内。
8.按照权利要求1或2的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于以聚共轭二烯为主的嵌段的分子量在40,000-120,000之间。
9.按照权利要求8的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于以共轭二烯为主的嵌段的分子量在50,000-90,000。范围内。
10.按照权利要求1或2的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于该聚烯烃树脂选自丙烯、乙烯和/或丁烯的共聚物,其熔体流动速率(230℃及2.16kg下)在1.3-1.7g/10min范围内。
11.按照权利要求1或2的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于该填料可选自滑石粉、碳酸钙、粘土、硅酸钙、二氧化硅、硅酸铝钠钾、三氢氧化铝、二氧化钛、炭黑或由飘尘加工的热解微球体。
12.按照权利要求11的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物,其特征在于滑石粉的含量为每100重量份的嵌段共聚物在25-75重量份范围内。
13.按照权利要求1-12任一项的含有嵌段共聚物的组合物制成的安全气囊壳。
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US (1) | US5776566A (zh) |
EP (1) | EP0710703B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP3549962B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR100409153B1 (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1070212C (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9505037A (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69512345T2 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2136242T3 (zh) |
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EP0857123B1 (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 2003-07-09 | Textron Automotive Company Inc. | Air bag tear seam and method of manufacture |
CN1109070C (zh) * | 1996-07-03 | 2003-05-21 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 高1,2-含量的热塑性弹性体/油/聚烯烃组合物 |
US6444594B1 (en) * | 1999-11-10 | 2002-09-03 | Milliken & Company | Airbag coatings providing improved thermal resistance |
EP1122134B1 (en) * | 2000-02-01 | 2005-02-16 | Delphi Automotive Systems Sungwoo Co., Ltd. | Side airbag system and method for manufacturing the same |
JP4943843B2 (ja) | 2004-10-15 | 2012-05-30 | 株式会社プライムポリマー | エアバッグカバー付きシームレスインストルメントパネル用樹脂組成物及び該組成物を用いてなるエアバッグカバー付きシームレスインストルメントパネル |
EP1847557A1 (en) * | 2006-04-21 | 2007-10-24 | Kraton Polymers Research B.V. | High molecular weight coupled block copolymer compositions |
DE102008038522A1 (de) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-02-25 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Kunststoffverbundformteil im Drei-Schicht-Aufbau |
WO2011092071A1 (en) * | 2010-01-29 | 2011-08-04 | So.F.Ter.Spa | Thermofusible composition for slush moulding |
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US5158322A (en) * | 1990-10-26 | 1992-10-27 | Mayco Plastics, Inc. | Closure for vehicle trim |
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US4588630A (en) * | 1984-06-13 | 1986-05-13 | Chicopee | Apertured fusible fabrics |
JPS6416474A (en) * | 1987-07-08 | 1989-01-19 | Kubota Ltd | Steering gear for crawler vehicle |
JPH0667741B2 (ja) * | 1987-07-10 | 1994-08-31 | 株式会社クボタ | 装軌車両の操向装置 |
US5110647A (en) | 1988-12-26 | 1992-05-05 | Takata Corporation | Cover for a vehicle air bag |
JP2961780B2 (ja) | 1989-12-18 | 1999-10-12 | タカタ株式会社 | エアーバッグ収納用カバー |
US5248532A (en) | 1989-12-18 | 1993-09-28 | Takata Corporation | Air bag-containing cover |
CA2056206C (en) * | 1990-11-29 | 1996-02-06 | Norio Onofusa | Cover for accomodating air bag in air bag system |
JPH05286399A (ja) * | 1992-04-08 | 1993-11-02 | Toyoda Gosei Co Ltd | エアバッグ装置用パッド |
JPH06100755A (ja) * | 1992-09-22 | 1994-04-12 | Sumitomo Bakelite Co Ltd | 水添ブロック共重合体エラストマー組成物 |
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- 1995-11-01 JP JP28518295A patent/JP3549962B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-11-01 BR BR9505037A patent/BR9505037A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-11-01 CN CN95118148A patent/CN1070212C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-11-02 TR TR95/01352A patent/TR199501352A2/xx unknown
- 1995-11-02 EP EP95202953A patent/EP0710703B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-11-02 DE DE69512345T patent/DE69512345T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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- 1995-11-03 KR KR1019950039580A patent/KR100409153B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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US4479989A (en) * | 1982-12-02 | 1984-10-30 | Cutter Laboratories, Inc. | Flexible container material |
US5158322A (en) * | 1990-10-26 | 1992-10-27 | Mayco Plastics, Inc. | Closure for vehicle trim |
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JP3549962B2 (ja) | 2004-08-04 |
KR100409153B1 (ko) | 2004-04-17 |
TW339348B (en) | 1998-09-01 |
BR9505037A (pt) | 1997-10-21 |
DE69512345T2 (de) | 2000-04-13 |
EP0710703B1 (en) | 1999-09-22 |
JPH08208896A (ja) | 1996-08-13 |
CN1131688A (zh) | 1996-09-25 |
KR960017770A (ko) | 1996-06-17 |
EP0710703A1 (en) | 1996-05-08 |
ES2136242T3 (es) | 1999-11-16 |
US5776566A (en) | 1998-07-07 |
TR199501352A2 (tr) | 1996-06-21 |
DE69512345D1 (de) | 1999-10-28 |
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