CN107002823B - 波动齿轮装置的润滑方法 - Google Patents

波动齿轮装置的润滑方法 Download PDF

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CN107002823B
CN107002823B CN201480082493.6A CN201480082493A CN107002823B CN 107002823 B CN107002823 B CN 107002823B CN 201480082493 A CN201480082493 A CN 201480082493A CN 107002823 B CN107002823 B CN 107002823B
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小林优
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Abstract

波动齿轮装置(1)的外齿齿轮(3)和内齿齿轮(2)的除了齿部以外的润滑对象的接触部(B、C)分别通过具有层状结晶结构的无机系润滑性粉体进行润滑。润滑性粉体在波动齿轮装置(1)运转时在各接触部(B、C)的接触面之间被压碎,移动附着在接触面而形成薄薄的表面膜。另外,被薄薄地压延,并被进一步细分化而变为容易进入接触面内的形状。通过形状变化后的微粉末和表面膜来维持接触部的润滑。微粉末、表面膜均没有粘性。与使用润滑脂、机油作为润滑剂的情形相比,能够大幅提高在低负载区域、高速旋转区域的效率。

Description

波动齿轮装置的润滑方法
技术领域
本发明涉及波动齿轮装置,特别涉及一种使用了润滑性粉体的波动齿轮装置的润滑方法。
背景技术
波动齿轮装置大多数用机油及润滑脂进行润滑。专利文献1中公开的波动齿轮装置中,具备:从润滑脂积存盒向需要润滑的部分供给润滑脂的机构。在专利文献2记载的波动齿轮装置中,在杯形状的外齿齿轮的内部配置有与外齿齿轮一体旋转的机油箱,利用离心力,从机油箱向需要润滑的部分供给机油。在专利文献3公开的动力传递装置中,为了降低滑动部件间的摩擦、磨损,使滑动面为规定表面粗糙度的面,将该面用碳系被膜覆盖,此外,对由碳系被膜覆盖的滑动面之间进行润滑脂的润滑。
专利文献
专利文献1:日本特开2013-92217号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2011-64304号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2009-41747号公报
发明内容
波动齿轮装置通常用作减速器,波动发生器通过马达等而高速旋转。如果用机油或者润滑脂对波动发生器中的与外齿齿轮的接触部分及波动发生器内部的接触部分进行润滑,则因高速旋转的波动发生器而使粘性阻力损失增大。因此,波动齿轮装置在低负载区域、高速旋转区域的效率降低。
本发明的课题是提出一种与使用润滑脂或者机油作为润滑剂的情形相比能够大幅提高在低负载区域、高速旋转区域的效率的波动齿轮装置的润滑方法。
另外,本发明的课题是提供一种与使用润滑脂或者机油作为润滑剂的情形相比能够大幅提高在低负载区域及高速旋转区域的效率的波动齿轮装置。
为了解决上述的课题,本发明的波动齿轮装置的润滑方法的特征在于,使用具有层状结晶结构的规定粒径及规定硬度的无机系润滑性粉体,来对波动齿轮装置中的外齿齿轮及内齿齿轮的除了齿部以外的润滑对象的接触部分别进行润滑。
填充成覆盖波动发生器中的与其它部件的接触部及其内部的接触部的状态的润滑性粉体具备层状结晶结构,且是沿着各层面滑动的结构的固体润滑剂。润滑性粉体在波动齿轮装置运转时在各接触面之间被压碎,移动附着在形成接触部的双方的接触面从而形成薄薄的表面膜。另外,被薄薄地压延,并被进一步细分化而变为容易进入接触部的内部(接触面之间)的形状。
通过像这样形状变化后的微粉末和形成于双方的接触面上的薄薄的表面膜,来维持接触部的润滑。另外,由于移动附着在接触面的薄薄的表面膜以及被压延而被细分化得到的微粉末均没有粘性,所以能够实现波动齿轮装置在低负载区域及高速旋转区域的高效率。进而,像这样由运转条件所引起的效率变化变少,因此,波动齿轮装置的控制性也有所提高。
为了得到规定的润滑效果,实现波动发生器的顺畅旋转,优选使用平均粒径为15μm以下的微小粉体,作为润滑性粉体。另外,优选润滑性粉体为莫氏硬度为1.5以下的柔软的粉体。
特别是为了从波动齿轮装置的运转初期开始就发挥润滑效果,实现波动发生器的顺畅旋转,优选使用对润滑性粉体进行压延而破碎成鳞片状所得到的微粉末。
作为具有层状结晶结构的润滑性粉体,可以使用二硫化钼、二硫化钨、石墨、氮化硼中的任意一种。二硫化钼、石墨具有六方晶这样的层状结晶结构,氮化硼具有鳞片状结晶结构。另外,还可以将这些物质中的2种以上的润滑性粉体组合使用。
接下来,本发明的波动齿轮装置的特征在于,包括:刚性的内齿齿轮;柔性的外齿齿轮,该柔性的外齿齿轮同轴地配置于该内齿齿轮的内侧;以及波动发生器,该波动发生器同轴地安装于该外齿齿轮的内侧,并将该外齿齿轮弯曲变形成非圆形而使之与所述内齿齿轮啮合,使这两个齿轮的啮合位置在周向上移动,在所述外齿齿轮的内侧及所述波动发生器的内部填充有上述润滑性粉体。另外,在内齿齿轮和外齿齿轮的齿部涂敷或填充有机油润滑剂或者润滑脂润滑剂。
附图说明
图1是表示波动齿轮装置之一例的纵向剖视简图及主视简图。
图2是表示粉体润滑和润滑脂润滑时的减速器效率的比较结果的图表。
图3是表示在运转后成为微粉末状态的润滑性微小粉体的显微镜照片。
图4是表示进行压延而成为薄薄的鳞片形状的润滑性微小粉体的显微镜照片。
具体实施方式
以下,参照附图,对本发明的波动齿轮装置的润滑方法进行说明。
图1(a)、(b)是表示可应用本发明的波动齿轮装置之一例的纵向剖视简图及主视简图。波动齿轮装置1被称之为杯型,其包括:圆环状的刚性的内齿齿轮2、呈杯形状的柔性的外齿齿轮3、以及椭圆状轮廓的波动发生器4。外齿齿轮3同轴地配置于内齿齿轮2的内侧。波动发生器4安装于外齿齿轮3中的圆筒状的外齿形成部分3a的内侧。形成于外齿形成部分3a的外周的外齿在椭圆形状的长轴L的两端位置与内齿齿轮2的内齿啮合,其中,该外齿形成部分3a被波动发生器4弯曲变形成椭圆状。
将波动齿轮装置1用作减速器的情况下,波动发生器4通过未图示的马达等而高速旋转。例如,内齿齿轮2固定于未图示的外壳等,外齿齿轮3减速旋转。减速旋转被未图示的输出轴取出,其中该未图示的输出轴与形成于外齿齿轮3的刚性的凸台3b同轴地连结。
波动齿轮装置1的主要润滑部分为:内齿齿轮2与外齿齿轮3之间的接触部(齿部)A、外齿齿轮3的外齿形成部分3a的内周面与波动发生器4的外周面之间的接触部B、以及波动发生器4的内部的接触部C。波动发生器4的内部的接触部C为:波动插塞4a与波动轴承4b之间的接触部分、波动轴承4b的构成零部件之间的接触部分等。通常是对这些接触部分之中的接触部(齿部)A进行机油润滑或者润滑脂润滑。
与此相对,对接触部B及接触部C进行微小粉体润滑。即,使用具有层状结晶结构的柔软的无机系润滑性微小粉体进行润滑。根据本发明的发明人的实验,确认了:为了得到规定的润滑效果,实现波动发生器4的顺畅旋转,优选使用平均粒径为15μm以下的微小粉体作为润滑性微小粉体,并优选为莫氏硬度1.5以下的柔软的微小粉体。
作为具有层状结晶结构的润滑性微小粉体,可以使用二硫化钼、二硫化钨、石墨、氮化硼中的任意一种。还可以将这些物质中的2种以上润滑性粉体组合使用。
图2是表示:使用润滑脂对波动齿轮装置进行润滑的情形和使用润滑性微小粉体对波动齿轮装置的齿部以外的部分进行润滑的情形的减速器效率的比较结果之一例的图表。针对图1所示的波动齿轮装置1(A型)用润滑脂进行润滑的情形以及用润滑性微小粉体进行润滑的情形中的各旋转数的输出扭矩与效率的关系分别示于图2(a)及(b)。另外,针对形状与波动齿轮装置1不同的杯型波动齿轮装置(B型)用润滑脂进行润滑的情形及用润滑性微小粉体进行润滑的情形的关系分别示于图2(c)及(d)。
由这些图表可知:是微小粉体润滑的情况下,与润滑脂润滑相比,在低负载区域的效率有所提高,另外,几乎没有由输入旋转数所引起的效率差。此外,表示出了效率在大致整个运转区域中大约为90%(大致为接近于波动齿轮装置的齿轮啮合效率的值)。因此,由于通过使用本发明的微小粉体润滑而使得由运转条件所引起的效率变化变少,所以控制性得到提高。
接下来,本发明的发明人观察了波动齿轮装置运转后的润滑性微小粉体的状态,结果确认到如下动向。
即,所填充的润滑性微小粉体在波动齿轮装置运转时,在各接触部的接触面之间被压碎,移动附着在双方的接触面而形成薄薄的表面膜。另外,被薄薄地压延,并被进一步细分化而变为容易进入接触面内的微粉末。图3(a)是表示运转后在各接触部所生成的微粉末的显微镜照片(×100),图3(b)是表示其一部分的放大显微镜照片(×1000)。
通过像这样形状变化后的微粉末和形成于双方的接触面的薄薄的表面膜,来维持接触部的润滑,对降低各摩擦部的摩擦阻力也具有效果。另外,移动附着在接触面的薄薄的表面膜以及被压延而被细分化得到的微粉末均没有粘性,因此,不会有出现粘性阻力损失。
此外,还确认了:根据使用了具有层状结晶结构的润滑性微小粉体的润滑方法,得到如下效果。
(a)能够在低温(-75℃)至高温(250℃:即便是微粉末的氧化温度较低的二硫化钼也没有氧化的温度)的宽幅范围的使用温度下进行润滑。
(b)与利用机油、润滑脂进行润滑相比,利用润滑性微小粉体进行润滑时发热较少。例如,根据本发明的发明人的实验,确认到了:与润滑脂润滑时的波动齿轮装置的内部温度相比,利用润滑性微小粉体进行润滑的情形下,内部温度低约15~18℃。
(c)利用机油、润滑脂进行润滑的情形下,在静载荷时润滑剂会从接触面流出,但是,利用润滑性微小粉体进行润滑的情形下,润滑剂就不会因静载荷而从接触面流出。因此,停止期间较长,在低频率动作时也能够可靠地润滑接触部。
(d)利用润滑性微小粉体进行润滑还能够应对低速输入旋转的情形。
此处,确认到了:为了从波动齿轮装置的运转初期开始就实现充分的润滑效果、更顺畅的波动发生器旋转,进行在低负载下的磨合运转(老化)非常有效。
另外,确认到了:如果在波动齿轮装置组装前,在各接触部的每个接触面上,通过低面压下的滑动、滚动,使润滑性微小粉体移动附着在各接触面,则可以省略磨合运转。确认到了:通过对各接触面进行润滑性微小粉体的喷丸处理(shot peening),来进行移动附着,也非常有效。
此外,可以预先对填充在外齿齿轮的内侧及波动发生器的内部的润滑性微小粉体进行压延,使其成为薄薄的鳞片形状的微小粉体。图4(a)及(b)是表示被压延而成为薄薄的鳞片形状的微小粉体的显微镜照片(×100),图4(c)是表示其一部分的显微镜照片(×1000)。确认到了:如果填充像这样的鳞片形状的微小粉体,则特别是对实现运转初期的波动发生器的顺畅旋转非常效果。
如上所述,通过本发明的润滑性微小粉体对接触部进行润滑的波动齿轮装置中,波动发生器没有出现粘性阻力损失,能够实现在低负载区域、高速旋转区域的高效率。

Claims (4)

1.一种波动齿轮装置的润滑方法,其特征在于,
使用具有层状结晶结构的规定粒径及规定硬度的无机系润滑性粉体,来对波动齿轮装置中的外齿齿轮及内齿齿轮的除了齿部以外的润滑对象的接触部分别进行润滑,
所述润滑性粉体的莫氏硬度为1.5以下、平均粒径为15μm以下,
所述润滑性粉体为被压延而破碎成鳞片状所得到的鳞片状粉体,
填充于所述接触部的所述润滑性粉体在所述波动齿轮装置运转时在所述接触部的接触面之间被压碎,压碎后的所述润滑性粉体的一部分移动附着在所述接触面而形成表面膜,还有一部分被压延,与填充时的所述润滑性粉体相比被进一步细分化,变为容易进入所述接触面之间的微粉末,
由所述微粉末和形成于所述接触面的所述表面膜来维持所述接触部的润滑。
2.根据权利要求1所述的波动齿轮装置的润滑方法,其特征在于,
所述润滑性粉体为二硫化钼、二硫化钨和石墨中的至少任意一种。
3.一种波动齿轮装置,其特征在于,包括:
刚性的内齿齿轮;
柔性的外齿齿轮,该柔性的外齿齿轮同轴地配置于该内齿齿轮的内侧;以及
波动发生器,该波动发生器同轴地安装于该外齿齿轮的内侧,并将该外齿齿轮弯曲变形成非圆形而使之与所述内齿齿轮啮合,使这两个齿轮的啮合位置在周向上移动,
在所述外齿齿轮的内侧及所述波动发生器的内部以粉体的状态填充有具有层状结晶结构的无机系润滑性粉体而作为润滑剂,
所述润滑性粉体的莫氏硬度为1.5以下、平均粒径为15μm以下,
所述润滑性粉体为被压延而破碎成鳞片状状态的鳞片状粉体。
4.根据权利要求3所述的波动齿轮装置,其特征在于,
所述润滑性粉体为二硫化钼、二硫化钨和石墨中的至少任意一种。
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