CN106995735A - 一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统 - Google Patents

一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统 Download PDF

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CN106995735A
CN106995735A CN201710304680.XA CN201710304680A CN106995735A CN 106995735 A CN106995735 A CN 106995735A CN 201710304680 A CN201710304680 A CN 201710304680A CN 106995735 A CN106995735 A CN 106995735A
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methane
producing hydrogen
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陈丽
刘兰英
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Jiangsu Tianying Environmental Protection Energy Equipment Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统，包括依次相连的压缩机、脱硫塔、冻干机和变压吸附装置，变压吸附装置的底部出口通过真空罐和真空泵与甲烷合成装置的入口相连，制氢装置的氢气出口与甲烷合成装置的入口相连，甲烷合成装置的出口与甲烷储罐相连，变压吸附装置的顶部出口与甲烷储罐相连，制氢装置的氧气出口与氧气储罐相连，水储罐与制氢装置的入口相连，甲烷合成装置底部的出口与制氢装置的入口相连；该处置系统还包括太阳能收集装置，其分别与甲烷合成装置和制氢装置相连。该系统操作简单，节能环保，无需H2和O2分离设备，甲烷选择率100％，无副产物产生，太阳能转化率高达50％。只需投入少量水和电，可以产出甲烷和氧气。

Description

一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统。
背景技术
填埋气和沼气的主要成分为CH4和CO2，CH4含量分别为35％～65％和53％～70％，CO2含量分别为15％～50％和30％～47％。由于CO2会极大地降低填埋气和沼气的热值，一般将填埋气和沼气作为一种能源使用前，先分离CH4和CO2，分离出的CO2直接排放，不仅造成温室效应，还是大大的浪费。
利用太阳能将CO2转化为燃料已经成为了一个巨大的能源挑战。它可以在全球范围内关闭人为的碳循环，使能源再生。与其它醇类或碳氢化合物的反应相比较，CO2甲烷化的反应速度非常快，在反应热力学方面具有明显的优势。
CO2甲烷化反应所需的氢一般利用多余的风电、光电通过电解获得。光电法应用中，光子能量必须大于半导体禁带宽度，方可产生电子-空穴对，电子-空穴对大部分，即仅可利用一个波段的太阳能，太阳能利用率低。目前报道的太阳能驱动电化学和光化学过程中，太阳能利用率最高为6.5％(光伏电解槽)、2％(太阳能光化学电池)、＜1％(光化学电池)。
CO2甲烷化反应所用CO2通常是从空气中捕捉或来自生物质源，需要耗费一定的成本。
另外，CO2甲烷化过程中可能发生如下反应：
反应存在副反应(2)。反应(1)放热，反应(2)吸热，从热力学分析，通常情况下是有利于甲烷生成的，但随着温度的升高(>500℃)，平衡会逐渐向生成CO的方向移动。从而，反应所得气体中混杂CO和未反应完全的CO2，需要后续投入大量资金进行分离纯化。
发明内容
本发明的目的是解决现有技术的不足，提供一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统，将填埋气/沼气分离提纯后的副产物CO2回收利用制甲烷，在杜绝温室气体排放的问题的同时，将太阳能转化为化学能。
本发明的目的是这样实现的：
一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统，包括压缩机、脱硫塔、冻干机、变压吸附装置、甲烷合成装置、制氢装置、甲烷储罐、水储罐和氧气储罐，压缩机、脱硫塔、冻干机和变压吸附装置依次相连，变压吸附装置的底部出口通过真空罐和真空泵与甲烷合成装置的入口相连，制氢装置的氢气出口与甲烷合成装置的入口相连，甲烷合成装置的出口与甲烷储罐相连，变压吸附装置的顶部出口与甲烷储罐相连，制氢装置的氧气出口与氧气储罐相连，水储罐与制氢装置的入口相连，甲烷合成装置底部的出口与制氢装置的入口相连；所述填埋气/沼气处置系统还包括太阳能收集装置，其分别与甲烷合成装置和制氢装置相连。
进一步，甲烷合成装置中，催化剂为含质量分数为3％Ru的Rh/γ-Al2O3，反应过程控制温度135～200℃，，保证甲烷的转化率为100％。
进一步，所述制氢装置中，催化剂为SnO2。首先控制反应温度为1500～1600℃，发生反应：SnO2→SnO+0.5O2，之后控制反应温度500～600℃，发生反应：SnO+H2O→SnO2+H2，通过不断变换反应温度，控制产物，从而分别制取H2和O2。由于该过程利用的是太阳能全部波段的能量，太阳能利用率高，理论利用率可达68％，实际利用率为50％左右，远远超过将太阳能转化为电能，再电解产生氢气的方式(6.5％)。
使用时，填埋气/沼气首先经过压缩机压缩，进入脱硫塔脱硫，脱硫后进入冷干机脱水，脱水后进入变压吸附装置(PSA)分离二氧化碳和甲烷。分离出的甲烷进入甲烷储罐作为产品气输出系统，分离出的二氧化碳进入甲烷合成装置合成甲烷，进入甲烷储罐作为产品气输出系统。甲烷合成装置中发生Sabatier反应：4H2+CO2＝CH4+2H2O(ΔH273K＝-164kJ/mol CO2)，该反应为放热反应，所需少量外部热量由太阳能收集装置供给。甲烷合成装置中采用Rh的质量分数为3％的Rh/γ-Al2O3作为催化剂，反应过程控制为大气压、135℃～200℃，保证甲烷的转化率为100％。反应副产物水进入制氢装置，作为原料补给，反应原料氢气由制氢装置供给。
本发明的有益效果是：填埋气和沼气进入该系统，投入少量水和电，可以产出甲烷和氧气，无其他副产物排出，保护环境。系统中采用太阳能收集装置收集太阳能，利用其产生的热量为制氢装置和催化合成甲烷装置供热，节能环保。系统流程简单，无需H2和O2分离设备，甲烷选择率100％，无副产物CO产生，太阳能转化率高达50％左右。
附图说明
图1为本发明填埋气或沼气的处置系统的结构示意图。
图中，1-压缩机；2-脱硫塔；3-冷干机；4-变压吸附装置；5-真空罐；6-真空泵；7-甲烷合成装置；8-制氢装置；9-太阳能收集装置；10-甲烷储罐；11-水储罐；12-氧气储罐。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
如图1，一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统，包括压缩机1、脱硫塔2、冻干机3、变压吸附装置4、甲烷合成装置7、制氢装置8、甲烷储罐10、水储罐11和氧气储罐12，压缩机1、脱硫塔2、冻干机3和变压吸附装置4依次相连，变压吸附装置4的底部出口通过真空罐5和真空泵6与甲烷合成装置7的入口相连，制氢装置8的氢气出口与甲烷合成装置7的入口相连，甲烷合成装置7的出口与甲烷储罐10相连，变压吸附装置4的顶部出口与甲烷储罐10相连，制氢装置8的氧气出口与氧气储罐12相连，水储罐11与制氢装置8的入口相连，甲烷合成装置7底部的出口与制氢装置8的入口相连；所述填埋气/沼气处置系统还包括太阳能收集装置9，其分别与甲烷合成装置7和制氢装置8相连。
使用时，填埋气或沼气首先进入压缩机1压缩，然后进入脱硫塔2脱硫，脱硫后进入冷干机3脱水，脱水后进入变压吸附装置4，变压吸附装置4中包含平行设置的几个反应柱，反应柱中填充分子筛、活性炭、沸石、硅胶和碳分子筛等气体吸附剂，反应柱分别用于升压、吸附、顺放、逆放和解吸过程，甲烷作为轻组分由变压吸附装置4塔顶排出，进入甲烷储罐10作为产品气收集输出，二氧化碳为吸附组分，解吸后由塔底排出，排出的二氧化碳进入甲烷合成装置7，控制反应条件，与氢气发生Sabatier反应：4H2+CO2＝CH4+2H2O(ΔH273K＝-164kJ/mol CO2)，生成甲烷和水。Sabatier反应所用催化剂为Rh的质量分数为3％的Rh/γ-Al2O3，Sabatier反应过程控制为大气压、135℃～200℃，选择性100％，无副产物CO产生。反应启动时间短，为放热过程，所需能量输入量低。甲烷合成装置7中制得的甲烷进入甲烷储罐10作为产品气收集输出，水作为副产品供给制氢装置8，反应过程中所需的热量由太阳能收集装置9供给。甲烷合成装置7中的氢气从制氢装置8中输出，制氢装置8中，催化剂为SnO2，控制反应温度为1500～1600℃，发生反应：SnO2→SnO+0.5O2，之后控制反应温度500～600℃，发生反应：SnO+H2O→SnO2+H2，通过不断变换反应温度，控制产物，从而分别制取H2和O2。所生成的氧气进入氧气储罐12作为产品气输出系统，所制得的氢气进入甲烷合成装置7作为反应原料。
该填埋气/沼气处置系统，操作简单，节能环保，只需投入少量水和电，可以产出甲烷和氧气，无其他副产物排出，系统中采用太阳能收集装置收集太阳能，利用其产生的热量为制氢装置和催化合成甲烷装置供热，节能环保。系统流程简单，无需H2和O2分离设备，甲烷选择率100％，无副产物CO产生，太阳能转化率高达50％左右。

Claims (3)

1.一种填埋气或沼气的处置系统，其特征在于，包括压缩机、脱硫塔、冻干机、变压吸附装置、甲烷合成装置、制氢装置、甲烷储罐、水储罐和氧气储罐，压缩机、脱硫塔、冻干机和变压吸附装置依次相连，变压吸附装置的底部出口通过真空罐和真空泵与甲烷合成装置的入口相连，制氢装置的氢气出口与甲烷合成装置的入口相连，甲烷合成装置的出口与甲烷储罐相连，变压吸附装置的顶部出口与甲烷储罐相连，制氢装置的氧气出口与氧气储罐相连，水储罐与制氢装置的入口相连，甲烷合成装置底部的出口与制氢装置的入口相连；所述填埋气/沼气处置系统还包括太阳能收集装置，其分别与甲烷合成装置和制氢装置相连。
2.如权利要求1所述的填埋气或沼气的处置系统，其特征在于，甲烷合成装置中，催化剂为含质量分数为3％Ru的Rh/γ-Al2O3，反应过程控制温度135℃～200℃。
3.如权利要求1所述的填埋气或沼气的处置系统，其特征在于，所述制氢装置中，催化剂为SnO2。
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