CN106977520B - 一种含吲哚并咔唑有机半导体材料及其有机发光器件应用 - Google Patents
一种含吲哚并咔唑有机半导体材料及其有机发光器件应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106977520B CN106977520B CN201710256025.1A CN201710256025A CN106977520B CN 106977520 B CN106977520 B CN 106977520B CN 201710256025 A CN201710256025 A CN 201710256025A CN 106977520 B CN106977520 B CN 106977520B
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- organic semiconductor
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
- C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
- C07D487/06—Peri-condensed systems
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic Table
- C07F7/02—Silicon compounds
- C07F7/08—Compounds having one or more C—Si linkages
- C07F7/0803—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages
- C07F7/081—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te
- C07F7/0812—Compounds with Si-C or Si-Si linkages comprising at least one atom selected from the elements N, O, halogen, S, Se or Te comprising a heterocyclic ring
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
- C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/06—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing organic luminescent materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/10—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED]
- H10K50/11—OLEDs or polymer light-emitting diodes [PLED] characterised by the electroluminescent [EL] layers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/622—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing four rings, e.g. pyrene
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/623—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing five rings, e.g. pentacene
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/624—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing six or more rings
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
- H10K85/633—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/631—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine
- H10K85/636—Amine compounds having at least two aryl rest on at least one amine-nitrogen atom, e.g. triphenylamine comprising heteroaromatic hydrocarbons as substituents on the nitrogen atom
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/654—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising only nitrogen as heteroatom
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Abstract
一种有机半导体材料,其特征是由吲哚并咔唑芳杂环构造成高耐热性、高电荷传输性以及良好加工性。应用于有机发光二极管具有高效、低电压和长工作寿命的特点。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及一种有机半导体化合物及其制备的有机电致发光器件应用。采用一种吲哚并咔唑为构造元与发达的有机供电性或受电性单元获得一系列非对称结构有机半导体化合物及带有交联基团的有机半导体化合物,可应用于有机发光 OLED器件,改善发光材料的电荷注入和溶解性、加工性,有利于OLED显示器件的规模化生产。
背景技术:
有机半导体材料属新型光电材料,其大规模研究起源于1977年由白川英树,A.Heeger及A.McDiamid共同发现了导电率可达铜水平的掺杂聚乙炔。随后, 1987年Kodak公司的C.Tang等发明有机小分子发光二极管(OLED),和1990 年剑桥大学R.Friend及A.Holmes发明了聚合物发光二极管P-OLED,以及1998 年S.Forrest与M.Thomson发明效率更高的有机磷光发光二极管PHOLED。由于有机半导体材料具有结构易调可获得品种多样,能带可调,甚至如塑料薄膜加工一样的低成本好处,加上有机半导体在导电薄膜,静电复印,光伏太阳能电池应用,有机薄膜晶体管逻辑电路,和有机发光OLED平板显示与照明等众多应用,白川-Heeger-McDiamid三位科学家于2000年获得诺贝尔化学奖。
作为下一代平板显示应用的有机电致发光二极管,有机光电半导体材料要求有:1.高发光效率;2.优良的电子与空穴稳定性;3.合适的发光颜色;4.优良的成膜加工性。原则上,大部分共轭性有机分子(包含星射体),共轭性聚合物,和含有共轭性发色团配体的有机重金属络合物都有具备电激发光性能,应用在各类发光二极管,如有机小分子发光二极管(OLED),聚合物有机发光二极管 (POLED),有机磷光发光二极管(PHOLED),有机热激活延迟荧光TADF OLED。磷光PHOLED兼用了单线激发态(荧光)和三线激发态(磷光)的发光机理,显然比小分子OLED及高分子POLED高得多的发光效率。PHOLED制造技术和出色的PHOLED材料都是实现低功耗OLED显示和照明所必不可少的。有机热激活延迟荧光材料能使处于三重态的电子可以高效的通过逆系间跨越回到单重态,并从单重态跃迁回基态并发出荧光。PHOLED与TADF OLED的量子效率和发光效率是一般荧光OLED材料的3~4倍,因此也减少了产生的热量,增多了OLED显示板的竞争力。这一点提供了使得总体上OLED显示或照明超越LCD显示以及传统光源的可能。
磷光OLED材料是由含有一定共轭性的有机发光团作为二齿螯合配体,与金属元素形成环金属-配合体络合物,在高能光照下(如紫外光至激发)或电荷注入(电至激发)条件下,由于环金属-配体电荷转移(MLCT)成为激子,然后回复到基态而导致发光。在一般有机半导体材料中,根据洪特定则,三重态的能量会低于单重态,能带差(△Est)通常是0.5eV或以上,使得处于三重态的电子基本不可能回到单重态。而在TADF材料中,通过分子设计使得分子轨道中的最高占据轨道(HOMO)和最低未占轨道(LUMO)的重叠减少,制备出三线态和单线态能级差只有0.1eV或以下的荧光材料,而且分子的HOMO与LUMO 重叠越少,△E越小,使电子可以从三线态逆系跨越到单线态而获得类似于磷光发光一样达到100%的电至发光效率。已报道的材料例子是发绿光的2,6-二氰基-1,3,4,5-三咔唑苯。
在OLED器件中电荷的注入是通过在阳极施加正电压后,从阳极注入空穴,阴极施加负电压后注入电子,分别经过电子传输层与空穴转输层,同时进入发射层的本体材料或主体材料中,电子最终进入发光掺杂剂中的最低末占分子轨道 (LUMO),空穴进入发光掺杂剂中的最高占有分子轨道(HOMO)而形成激发态发光掺杂剂分子(激子态)。激子态回复到基态后伴随着发射光能,其发射光能波长正对应着发光分子掺杂剂的能隙(HOMO-LUMO能级差)。
已有不少报道的重金属有机配合体络合物,受重金属的影响而增强了自旋轨道作用,使得本应较弱的磷光变得很强而呈现优良磷光发射。例如发绿光的三(苯基吡啶)铱(Ⅲ)配合络合物,简称为Ir(PPY)3,和其衍生物Ir(MePPY)3具有结构式为:
Ir(ppy)3 Ir(Me-PPY)3
发射蓝光的FirPic具有如下结构式:
FirPic
其中的主配体4,6-二氟代苯基吡啶主宰着发光颜色。发射红光的三(辛烷基喹啉)铱(Ⅲ)配合络合物,具有优异的高效发射性能(Adv.Mater.2007,19, 739)其结构式为:
Ir(piq-hex)3
发射黄光的化合物如:
Ir(tptpy)2(acac)
具有PL=560nm(Chem.Mater.2004,16,2480-2488)。
为获得高效的有机OLED,通常需在发光层与阳极之间添加电子注入及电子传输层,在发光层与阴极之间添加空穴注入及空穴传输层,从而达到在发光层中平衡的电子与空穴。值得注意的是,有机半导体中,电子传输迁移率通常低于空穴传输迁移率。作为电子传输层材料通常是具有较低的LUMO--最低未占据轨道能级,如含有吸电性芳杂环化合物或组合物,金属喹啉化合物,如三-(8-羟基) 铝(Alq3),噁二唑或三唑类。作为空穴传输层材料通常是具有较低的HOMO-- 最高占据轨道能级,如文献(Appl.Phys.Lett.,2007,90,183503等)报道了由联苯与芳胺构成的空穴传输材料。
发光层一般是由少量的发光材料作为客体掺杂剂掺入一具有更高能级的半导体主体材料(或本体材料Host material)中组成。近年来研究表明,对于同一种发光材料或一种颜色发光器件,主体材料的不同会导致不同的器件发光效率与工作寿命。因此,开发新型主体材料或使用适当主体材料搭配使用一直是影响有机发光二极管实际应用的重要课题。为便于空穴、电子的注入,理想的主体材料应具备不仅强而且平衡的空穴与电子注入和传输能力。为达到此目的,有不少改进的主体材料及电荷传输材料见报。K.Y.Hwang(US 2014/0225088)披露了由吲哚喹喔啉、苯基和N-苯基咔唑所构成的本体材料。C.Adachi(WO 2012/114745) 披露了采用吡啶与三亚苯连接的双极性主体材料。A.Dyatkin(US 2012/0256169)披露了由苯并噻吩、苯基和吲哚吡啶所构成的双极性主体材料。
在有机半导体材料中,9-芳基咔唑已广泛应用于各种OLED材料构造中,但存在不足是C-N键经常是产生耐热欠稳定根源。为改进其耐热与电荷注入性,最近Eeiji等披露了对称性共轭吲哚并咔唑有机半导体(US20100051928),采用吲哚并咔唑方式应用于有机分子半导体的设计,作为有机磷光发光主体材料应用:
文件JP2014-214148披露了使用吲哚并咔唑与蓖连接获得改善蓝光掺杂材料报道。文件KR201501147披露了使用吲哚并咔唑作为核连接简单咔唑或芳胺获得主体材料。文件US20150333273披露使用吲哚并咔唑连接咔唑3或6位构成主体材料。文档US20150179956披露空穴传输芳胺类结构材料:
文档DE102016201672披露了使用7位取代吲哚并咔唑获得主体材料,但所获得材料性能提升有限,产率低。显然,为满足工业生产不断提升的性能提升要求,持续探索并获得改善性能的高效、长寿命的有机OLED显示及照明产品,开发更好、效率更高与易于制造的有机半导体材料势在必行。
发明内容
本发明针对现有技术的上述不足,提供一种使用吲哚并咔唑构成非对称分子半导体,应用于有机发光器件OLED。我们发现吲哚并咔唑兼具高度共轭性而有利于增加电荷注入性能;另一方面,3D分子模拟表明(图1),吲哚并咔唑类的稠和3环具有非共面伞型立体结构,从而使其应用在发达的有机化合物半导体分子设计有利于一方面增加发达的共轭分子,另一方面又带来易于溶解、易于溶液成膜优点。此外,在发达的共轭性有机半导体分子中引入可交联功能团后,一方面增加了材料的溶解性便于溶液制成大面积薄膜,在加热或紫外光光辐照下成为不溶不熔,易于实现规模化OLED器件生产。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案为:运用伞型构象吲哚并咔唑作为主构单元,结合供电性或受电性发达的稠和芳杂环,使得原有供电性或受电性发达的稠和芳杂环兼具良好的光电子性能,同时又具备优良的溶解性和易升华加工性,和优异改善的光电子性能。本发明尤其设计并制备一种非对称的有机半导体材料,该材料的特征是所述的化合物独立地具有如下表1所列非对称性结构:
表1:非对称的有机半导体材料
或含有具有如下结构通式有机半导体化合物:
其中L1-L3独立地为:一化学键,一C5-C60芳基,一C5-C60芳杂环;
其中Ar1-3为苯基,取代苯基,萘基,取代萘基,蒽基,取代蒽基,吡啶基,取代吡啶基,噻吩基,取代噻吩基,苯并噻吩基,取代苯并噻吩基,苯并呋喃基,取代苯并呋喃基,咔唑基,取代咔唑基,呋喃并咔唑基,取代呋喃并咔唑基,噻吩并咔唑基,取代噻吩并咔唑基,吲哚并咔唑基,取代吲哚并咔唑基,芳胺基-N(Ar1Ar2);其中Ar1-3上独立地连有至少2个交联基团形成交联大分子。
根据本发明范畴,为了更加适用溶液制成OLED器件,一方面要获得容易溶解,另一方面成膜后又可经过化学交联获得不溶、不熔,便于持续使用溶液制成多层OLED结构。因此,本发明还提供一种带交联功能团的有机半导体化合物。有许多化学基团都具备交联功能,其中典型的包含在加热或紫外光照耀下的交联基团,例如连接在苯环上的如下包含乙烯基(A)、丙烯基(B)、及三氟乙烯基(C):
根据通式(1)定义,有许许多多的结构都可以满足本发明所需要,其中包含但不限于如下可交联结构通式:
其中L1-L2独立地为:一化学键,一C5-C60芳基,一C5-C60芳杂环;其中Ar1-2为苯基,取代苯基,萘基,取代萘基,蒽基,取代蒽基,吡啶基,取代吡啶基,噻吩基,取代噻吩基,苯并噻吩基,取代苯并噻吩基,苯并呋喃基,取代苯并呋喃基,咔唑基,取代咔唑基,呋喃并咔唑基,取代呋喃并咔唑基,噻吩并咔唑基,取代噻吩并咔唑基,吲哚并咔唑基,取代吲哚并咔唑基,芳胺基-N (Ar1Ar2)。
上述可交联化合物在加热温度>160℃或高能光辐射条件下,形成不溶性交联网络结构。如一种情况下含三氟乙烯基交联功能团的化合物发生如下交联反应:
根据通式(2-4)定义,有许许多多的结构都可以满足本发明所需要,其中包含但不限于如下可交联结构化合物表2:
采用非对称吲哚并咔唑与发达多稠合有机光电活性单元有机结合结构,一方面增加了有机半导体化合物的双极性,兼具易溶易熔加工性;另一方面赋予有机分子非结晶性,有利于获得更加稳定形貌的薄膜,防止因易于结晶而带来薄膜器件OLED不稳定问题。表1、2中各有机半导体化合物原则上可以由多种路线合成,其中典型的制备方法如下反应式(1),先制备获得溴化物5,6,7:
化学反应式(1)
根据上述所获得的溴化物,通过偶联化学反应,如Suzuki偶联反应获得C -C键接的产物,或采用改进Ullmann反应获得C-N偶联键接产物。如下反应式(2)提供获得单、双及三取代物:
化学反应式(2)
如要获得不同取代产物,可采用先后溴代、先后偶联反应步骤:
化学反应式(3)
本发明所属有机半导体材料原则上可用于多种有机半导体器件,如有机光伏太阳能电池,有机晶体管和有机发光二极管OLED。在OLED应用方面,一个OLED发光器件总体上包括:一个基体材料,如玻璃,金属箔,或聚合物薄膜;一个阳极,如透明导电氧化铟锡;一个阴极,如导电性铝或其它金属;一层或多层有机半导体,例如发光层与阴极之间的电子注入层、发光层与阳极之间的空穴注入层,其中的发射层含有发光掺杂剂与主体材料混合形成发光层。通常是使用1-45%的浓度(重量百分比)发光掺杂剂材料,掺杂到一个主体材料中。
本发明的有机半导体化合物应用在一电至发光器件OLED中时,由如下几部分组成:
(1)一个阴极,
(2)一个阳极,
(3)一个夹心于阴极和阳极之间的有机半导体发光层,该发光层包含至少一种主体材料和至少一种发光掺杂剂,
(4)一个夹心于发光层与电极之间的有机半导体电荷传输层,
其特征在于所述的发光层或电荷传输层中含有本发明所述的有机半导体化合物。
将本发明上述的有机半导体化合物应用于有机发光二极管中,通常采用一发光掺杂剂化合物、与一主体材料(Host)或多于一种主体材料混合形成发光层。发光掺杂剂化合物混合有利于增加发光分子的效率,减少不同电场下发光颜色改变,同时也可降低昂贵发光掺杂剂的用量。发光掺杂剂可以是一荧光发光化合物,或是一三线态磷光铱配合物,或是一热激化延迟发光化合物(TADF)。混合成膜可通过真空共蒸镀成膜,或是通过混合溶于溶液中旋涂、喷涂或溶液打印法。本发明还包括针对上述的发光层混合在有机发光器件(OLED有机发光二极管) 的应用。当用作发光层时,为提高发光效率,有必要尽量避免发光分子的聚集,使用非对称分子化合物主体材料或发光材料。通常是使用小于50%的浓度发光 (重量)材料,优选为1%至45%掺杂剂,掺到一个主体材料中。当然,主体材料也可以是多于一种材料的混合主体材料,此时量少者为辅助主体材料。图1 为所述OLED器件结构图,发光层为104标号。
根据本专利范围所述的有机发光二极管,本发明所属的化合物应用之一是作为发光层主体材料应用。本发明的发光器件的发光层中含有一种发光掺杂剂,与一主体材料或多种主体材料通过共蒸发或溶液共涂敷法形成发光层;发光层厚度为5-50纳米,主体材料其三线态能级为2.2-2.9eV,依据所发光的波长而定。如果是发蓝色电致磷光,主体材料的三线态能级应大于2.75eV;如果是发绿色电致磷光,主体材料的三线态能级应大于2.40eV;如果是发红色电致磷光,主体材料的三线态能级应大于2.15eV。本发明的主体材料可以应用于发光波长为 430-480nm的蓝光,发光波长为510-550nm的绿光,551-580nm的黄光,和581-630nm的红光OLED器件。
根据本专利所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管含有但不限于如下表3化合物作为主体材料:
表3 主体材料化合物
表3所列主体材料结合了空前的优异光电子性能以及易于溶解、提纯功能,适合于利用所发明材料易于溶解而可采用重结晶等方法提纯,和采用真空蒸镀制备OLED器件。另一方面,为提供采用溶液旋涂、喷墨打印等大面积、低成本制备OLED显示器件,本发明提供可交联有机半导体化合物,包含但不限于表4 所列化合物。
表4:可交联化合物
为获得高效的绿光和红光OLED,通常是使用三线态磷光OLED.其中的发射层含有磷光发光材料,如Ir(ppy)3为绿光,或Ir(Piq)3作为红光掺杂剂,用2至20%的浓度发光(重量)材料,掺杂到一个主体材料中。
Ir(ppy)3 Ir(Piq)3
根据本专利范围所述的有机发光二极管,有时为了获得更高性能发光二极管,发光层中还可以含有一增加电子或空穴注入能力的辅助主体材料,也即使用混合主体材料,其中辅助主体材料与主要主体材料的配比为2-49%。作为绿色及红色磷光OLED,任何三线态能级大于2.4eV的主体材料都可作为本发明的发光材料 OLED的应用。优选的辅助主体材料有供电性材料DBPP:
DBPP
辅助主体材料也可以是下列电负性材料MCBP:
MCBP
本发明的许多化合物具有蓝色荧光发光性能,根据结构不同有机组合也可能发TADF绿光或红光,包含但并不限于表5所列化合物:
表5 可用于发光的化合物结构:
或表6所列可交联发光化合物:
在传统的有机发光二极管芯片应用中,通常是采用透明导电玻璃,或镀有铟-锡氧化物ITO上蒸镀一层空穴注入层HIL,然后依次一层空穴传输层HTL、发光层EML、电子传输层ETL、电子注入层EIL,最后加一层金属,如铝金属层,作为阳极导电及密封层。(图1)当ITO接正电,铝连接负电到一定电场后,空穴从ITO经HIL注入和HTL传输至EML,而电子从铝连接的EIL注入后、经过ETL传输至EML。电子与空穴在EML中相遇、复合成激发子(Exciton),然后部分激发子以光辐射形式释放出能量回到基态。光辐射的波长由EML层中的发光掺杂剂的能隙决定。
主体材料常用的是含咔唑或芳胺结构类材料。一种常用的已知主体材料是 4,4’-N,N’-二咔唑-联苯(CBP):
CBP
为达到优良的发光器件性能,在阳极上,可任选一空穴注入层,如酞青兰 (CuPc)或其他含芳氨的化合物(Appl.Phys.Lett.,69,2160(1996),如m-TDATA。
m-TDATA
同样地,在空穴注入层与发射层EML之间,还可选择一空穴传输层,如使用4,4’-双[N-(1-萘基)-N-苯氨基]联苯(α-NPD)
根据本发明所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管含有本发明有机半导体化合物为空穴传输材料应用,获得性能改善的OLED器件。
含有的有机半导体化合物应用为空穴传输材料或空穴传输电子阻挡材料(或激子阻挡材料),主要含有芳胺类结构,包含但不限于如下化合物表7.
表7 空穴传输材料或空穴传输电子阻挡材料:
或表8所列可交联空穴传输电子阻挡材料:
为平衡电子与空穴的注入,提高发光效率,可任选一电子传输空穴阻挡 (ETHB)材料,例子是1,3,5-三(1-苯基-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯TPBi,其结构为:
TPBi
根据本发明所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管含有本发明有机半导体化合物所述应用为电子传输材料,获得性能改善的OLED器件。
在ETL与阴极之间,还通常使用电子注入层。电子注入层通常是功函较低的金属鋰,或其化合物如8-羟基喹啉鋰(Liq):
根据本发明所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管含有本发明有机半导体化合物应用为电子注入与传输材料,获得性能改善的OLED 器件,主要包含有电负性吡啶或含有氮原子芳杂环有机结合的化合物,包含如下表9:
或表10所列电子传输空穴阻挡材料:
因此,根据有机半导体化合物分子结构设计不同以及构造OLED器件工程需要,本发明所述的有机半导体化合物可应用为发光层发光材料,获得性能改善的OLED器件。同样地,所述的有机半导体化合物依据分子结构不同还可应用为空穴传输材料、激子阻挡材料,或电子传输材料,获得性能改善的OLED器件。
OLED发光器件是一复杂的多层结构,图2为一典型的构造,但不是唯一的应用结构。有机半导体层的总体厚度是50-250纳米,优选总厚度80-180纳米。
使用OLED发光器件,可用于平板屏显示,如手机屏,i-Pack屏,电视屏,电脑屏等;或作为照明发光器件。
本发明有益的技术效果在于由吲哚并咔唑及其衍生物芳杂环为其分子构造成兼具高耐热稳定和高、和高光电子性能,以及良好加工性能的非对称有机半导体材料。采用的方案是由伞形吲哚并咔唑单元与发达的兼具供电性或受电性与光学性能的非对称性稠合芳杂环体系构成新颖有机半导体化合物,不仅具有更低的升华温度,而且能够调节化合物的电子传输能力和轨道能级。使得吲哚并咔唑空穴类有机半导体兼具电子亲和功能,也即具备双极性空穴传输能力和电子传输能力相互平衡,以扩大激子在发光层中高效复合发光,提高器件性能,应用于制成有机发光二极管获得改善的高效、低电压和高温工作寿命。此外,通过使用可交联功能团的有机键接,获得可溶液加工成膜的材料,然后再经过交联成不溶不融薄膜材料,有利于获得大面积、低成本、高性能OLED产业化优势。
附图说明
图1为吲哚并咔唑类分子正面与3D侧面。
图2为有机发光二极管结构示意图。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的上述目的、特征和优点能够更加明显易懂,下面结合实施例子对本发明的具体实施方式做详细的说明。在下面的描述中阐述了很多具体细节以便于充分理解本发明。但是本发明能够以很多不同于在此描述的其它方式来实施,本领域技术人员可以在不违背本发明内涵的情况下做类似推广。因此本发明不受下面公开的具体实施例的限制。
实施例1:化合物7C主体材料的合成制备:
根据如下化学合成路线制备化合物7C,获得白色粉末材料,PL=415nm,分子结构经过质谱验证如表11。
实施例2:化合物18C空穴传输材料的合成制备:
根据如下化学合成路线制备化合物18C,获得白色粉末材料,PL=420nm,分子结构经过质谱验证如表11.
实施例3:化合物X-6电子传输材料的合成制备:
根据如下化学合成路线制备化合物X-6,获得白色粉末材料,PL=440nm,分子结构经过质谱验证如表9.
实施例4:其它化合物的合成制备:
类似地,根据以上合成化学原理,在不违背本发明范畴下,合成了如下各有机半导体材料化合物,具体所列出的化合物通过质谱验证了分子量及分子所具有的碎片,具体见下表11:
表11:化合物合成及表征
实施例5 OLED器件应用实例:
OLED器件制成:在一个本底真空达10-5帕的多源蒸发OLED制备设备中,采用如下的器件结构: 评估各材料应用于OLED 器件性能。
作为三线态磷光OLED主体材料应用:
采用OLED器件结构为 改变使用本发明的不同的主体材料Host与对比已知材料Ref.1与Ref.2。
表12:OLED器件制备采纳的对比主体材料结构:
表12升华温度表明类似结构对比表明,使用吲哚并咔唑的化合物具有比咔唑类比化合物具有更低的升华温度,有利于节能,稳定蒸镀生产制备性能改善的OLED器件。
表13:所获得的OLED器件性能(室温@1000nits)
从上表可看出,本发明材料作为主体材料应用于OLED器件,普遍具有减低工作电压,增加发光效率和延长工作寿命效果。如器件1-11与对比器件A -B具有提升电流效率提高10-20%,工作老化加速寿命延长16-28%效果。器件11、12发光层采用溶液旋涂后在氮气下热处理160℃/30min。表明可交联主体材料X-7比类比化合物Ref.3具有更好的性能。
作为OLED发光材料应用:
采用OLED器件结构为 改变使用本发明的不同的主体材料或发光材料与对比Ref 3材料。
表14:OLED器件制备采纳的对比材料结构
表15:所获得的OLED器件性能(室温@1000nits):
器件 | Dopant | Host | 电压比 | 电流效率比 | 发光颜色 | EQE外量子效率% |
A | 31C | Ref.4 | 1 | 1 | 蓝 | 1 |
B | 31C | 34C | 0.88 | 1.18 | 蓝 | 1.20 |
1 | 32C | 34C | 0.86 | 1.15 | 蓝 | 1.20 |
2 | 33C | 34C | 0.85 | 1.18 | 蓝 | 1.16 |
3 | 35C | 34C | 0.82 | 1.28 | 红 | 2.30 |
4 | 36C | 34C | 0.85 | 1.18 | 绿 | 2.28 |
从上表对比A、B器件可看出,本发明材料34C作为主体材料应用于荧光蓝光OLED器件,有减低工作电压12%效果。器件1-4结果表明,本发明化合物依据结构的调节,可获蓝光,绿光和红光OLED器件应用,其中35C、36C 为TADF发光高效OLED,外部量子效率比一般荧光发光材料31C高出一倍多。
作为三线态磷光OLED电荷传输材料应用:
采用OLED器件结构为 其中HT1使用NPB与X-10为溶液旋涂后在氮气下烘烤到160℃30分钟。改变使用本发明的不同的空穴传输电子阻挡 HT2(激子阻挡材料),或电子传输ET材料获得高性能的OLED绿光器件。
表16:电荷传输材料对比化合物结构
表17:绿光OLED器件性能(室温@1000nits)
器件 | HT1 | HT2 | ET | 电压比 | 电流效率比 | LT<sub>90%</sub>(hrs)(5000nits)比 |
A | NPB | Ref 4 | TPBi | 1 | 1 | 1 |
1 | X-10 | Ref 4 | TPBi | 0.94 | 1.10 | 1.10 |
2 | X-10 | X-16 | TPBi | 0.90 | 1.18 | 1.15 |
3 | X-10 | X-8 | TPBi | 0.92 | 1.15 | 1.20 |
4 | X-10 | X-8 | 27C | 1.0 | 1.02 | 1.25 |
5 | X-10 | X-8 | 36C | 1.0 | 1.02 | 1.28 |
6 | 18C | Ref 5 | TPBi | 0.90 | 1.02 | 1.10 |
从上表对比A、1器件和对比器件2、3可看出,本发明材料X-10作为空穴传输材料HT1相对对比材料NPB具有延长工作寿命10%效果。对比器件2、 3和对比器件1可看出,本发明材料X-8和X-16作为空穴传输电子阻挡材料(激子阻挡材料)普遍具有降低工作电压、提升电流发光效率和延长工作寿命效果。对比器件3、4、5结果表明,使用本发明电子传输材料27C与36C,比现有TPBi 材料具有提升加速老化寿命LT90%(hrs)效果。对比器件6与A表明,本发明材料18C具有提升器件加速老化寿命LT90%(hrs)效果。
以上所述,仅是本发明的较佳实施例而已,并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制。任何熟悉本领域的技术人员,在不脱离本发明技术方案范围情况下,都可利用上述揭示的技术内容对本发明技术方案做出许多可能的变动和修饰,或修改为等同变化的等效实施例。因此,凡是未脱离本发明技术方案的内容,依据本发明的技术实质对以上实施例所做的任何简单修改、等同变化及修饰,均仍属于本发明技术方案的保护范围内。
Claims (10)
1.一种有机半导体化合物,其特征是所述的化合物具有如下结构:
2.一种有机半导体化合物,其特征是所述的有机半导体化合物具有如下可交联结构通式:
其中L1-L2独立地为:一化学键,一C5-C60芳基,一C5-C60芳杂环;
其中Ar1,Ar2为苯基,萘基,蒽基,吡啶基,噻吩基,苯并噻吩基,苯并呋喃基,咔唑基,呋喃并咔唑基,噻吩并咔唑基,吲哚并咔唑基。
3.根据权利要求2所述的有机半导体化合物,其特征是所述的有机半导体化合物选自如下可交联结构化合物:
4.一种有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管由如下部分组成:
(a)一个阴极,
(b)一个阳极,
(c)一个夹心于阴极和阳极之间的有机半导体发光层,该发光层包含至少一种主体材料和至少一种发光掺杂剂,
(d)一个夹心于发光层与电极之间的有机半导体电荷传输层,
其特征在于所述的有机发光二极管中含有权利要求1-3所述的有机半导体化合物。
5.根据权利要求4所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管含有权利要求1-3所述的有机半导体化合物应用为发光层主体材料,选自于如下化合物:
或:
6.根据权利要求4所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管含有权利要求1-3所述的有机半导体化合物应用为发光层发光材料,选自于如下化合物:
或:
7.根据权利要求4所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管含有权利要求1-3所述的有机半导体化合物应用为空穴传输材料或空穴传输电子阻挡材料,选自于如下化合物:
或
8.根据权利要求4所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管含有权利要求1-3所述的有机半导体化合物应用为电子传输空穴阻挡材料,选自于如下化合物:
或:
9.根据权利要求4所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管的空穴传输层采用一种可交联有机半导体化合物材料,具有如下结构:
10.根据权利要求4所述的有机发光二极管,其特征是所述的有机发光二极管应用为有机发光显示屏、有机发光照明灯、有机发光显示标签。
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