CN106818546B - Breeding method of high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia - Google Patents
Breeding method of high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN106818546B CN106818546B CN201611100866.5A CN201611100866A CN106818546B CN 106818546 B CN106818546 B CN 106818546B CN 201611100866 A CN201611100866 A CN 201611100866A CN 106818546 B CN106818546 B CN 106818546B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- tilapia
- breeding
- hybrid
- niao
- male
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; CARE OF BIRDS, FISHES, INSECTS; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
- Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a breeding method for improving reproductive performance of hybrid mating line of Niao tilapia, which relates to the technical field of fine breed breeding in aquaculture field, and solves the problems by adopting methods of group hybridization screening, individual hybridization screening, breeding of mating line and continuous breeding aiming at the problem that the seedling yield of hybrid mating line of Niao tilapia in the prior art is generally lower, the invention directly develops breeding aiming at the hybrid breeding performance of father and mother parents in the hybrid mating line of Niao tilapia, selects individuals which are most easy to generate hybrid mating in the group to form parent group for breeding and continuous breeding, polymerizes beneficial genes related to the hybrid mating performance, obviously improves the hybrid seedling production performance of the mating line through a plurality of generations of breeding, breaks through the technical problem of breeding of high-reproduction type hybrid mating line of Niao tilapia, greatly simplifies the breeding method, reduces breeding cost, is beneficial to promoting the development of the large-scale cultivation of the Niao tilapia and improving the economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an improved variety breeding technology in the field of aquaculture, in particular to a breeding method of a high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia.
Background
The Niao tilapia is a first filial generation generated by hybridization of the female parent of the Nile tilapia and the male parent of the Oria tilapia, and has the characteristics of high male rate, strong cold resistance and disease resistance and the like. Under the background that the tilapia mossambica breeding industry suffers from freezing cold and streptococcicosis more and more seriously at present, the popularization and breeding advantages are more and more prominent, and the requirement of fingerlings is increased year by year. However, the existing hybrid mating loop system of the tilapia nilotica has lower seedling yield, and only 10% -30% of the seedling yield of the tilapia nilotica under the same conditions, so that the fry supply is seriously insufficient, the price is increased, the breeding cost of the tilapia nilotica is greatly increased, and the development of the industry is not facilitated. Therefore, the improvement of the production capacity of mating series offspring seeds of the tilapia nilotica becomes a technical problem to be solved urgently.
At present, the technical approaches for improving the fry yield of hybrid mating mantle lines of Niao tilapia mainly have 2 aspects: firstly, a large number of hybrid mating series parents of the Niao tilapia are propagated, and then a small number of individuals with excellent reproductive performance are selected from the hybrid mating series parents to serve as male parents and female parents for hybrid breeding production. The method not only greatly increases the production cost of the Niao tilapia fries, but also has higher difficulty in actual operation of manual selection, has unsatisfactory actual application effect and cannot fundamentally solve the problem of low seedling yield; and secondly, random hybridization tests are carried out on the nile tilapia and the oreochromis niloticus of a plurality of groups (families), and hybrid combinations with excellent production performance are selected from the random hybridization tests to form a hybrid mating series, and the hybrid mating series is produced and applied. Although the method adopts a scientific breeding method to improve the reproductive performance of the hybrid mating series of the Niao tilapia, the method has good effect and operability in practical application. However, the period for implementing the breeding method is long, the required field, manpower, material resources and the like are greatly consumed, and the breeding needs to be supported by great economic strength. In addition, the seedling production capability of different hybridization combinations is very easily influenced by parent conditions and external conditions, uncontrollable factors are more, and the data accuracy is difficult to guarantee.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a breeding method of a high-reproduction type hybrid mating loop system of tilapia nilotica, which is used for solving the problems that the fry yield of the hybrid mating loop system of tilapia nilotica in the prior art is generally low, and only 10% -30% of the fry yield of the tilapia nilotica under the same condition causes serious shortage and price rise of fry supply, greatly increases the breeding cost of the tilapia nilotica, and is not beneficial to industrial development.
The invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
a breeding method of a high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia comprises the following steps:
s1, population hybridization screening;
s2, individual hybridization screening;
s3, breeding and continuously breeding the matched line.
Preferably, the population hybridization screening of step S1 comprises: and hybridizing the nile tilapia female parent population and the Oria tilapia male parent population in a tilapia breeding pond with sediment, fishing all parents after 20 days, and manually selecting nile tilapia female individuals containing eggs or seedlings as selected individuals.
Preferably, the step S2 individual hybridization screening includes: and (2) taking the female nile tilapia selected in the step (1) as a female parent and taking the male oreochromis nile individual as a male parent, carrying out 1:1 pairing in a sediment bottom pool or a net cage, and selecting the male oreochromis nile individual in the produced seedling combination as an entry individual when the produced seedling combination appears.
Preferably, the breeding and continuous breeding of the step S3 matched line comprises: and (3) selecting the most elegant male individual from the tilapia nilotica and the female nilotica selected in the step (S1) for paired propagation to obtain a first filial generation, selecting the most elegant female individual from the tilapia nilotica and the male tilapia nilotica selected in the step (S2) for paired propagation to obtain the first filial generation, and breeding and artificially selecting the first filial generation, and then continuing to perform breeding of the next generation according to the step (S1) and the step (S2).
Preferably, the number of the nile tilapia mossambica mother population is more than 5000; the number of male parent groups of the Oreochromis aureus is more than 2000.
Preferably, the number of female nile tilapia with eggs or seedlings manually selected is more than 50.
Preferably, the number of male individuals of oreochromis aureus in the selected nursery combination is more than 20.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the breeding is directly developed aiming at the hybridization breeding performance of the male parent and the female parent in the hybrid mating series of the Niao tilapia, the individual which is most easy to generate the hybrid mating in the population is selected to form a parent group for propagation and continuous breeding, favorable genes related to the hybrid mating performance are aggregated, the hybrid seedling production of the series is remarkably improved through breeding of a plurality of generations, the technical problem of breeding of the high-reproduction type hybrid mating series of the Niao tilapia is solved, the breeding method is greatly simplified, the breeding cost is reduced, the development of large-scale breeding of the Niao tilapia is facilitated, and the economic benefit is improved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow chart of the implementation of the technical solution of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a bar chart showing the variation of the seedling yield of hybrid mating series of Niao tilapia mossambica after the technical scheme of the invention is applied, wherein the seedling yield per month (tail/month, tail) of an individual represents the average seedling yield per female parent in one month in the hybrid combination, and P represents the average seedling yield per female parent in one month1~P4For the hybrid mating line P before the improvement by the technology of the invention1~P4Individual monthly seedling yield of generations, P5、P6P is improved for the hybridization mating line by adopting the technology of the invention5、P6The generation hybrid individuals yield seedlings per month.
Detailed Description
The technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of an implementation process of the technical scheme of the invention, and as shown in fig. 1, a breeding method of a high-reproduction type nilo tilapia hybrid mating series comprises the following steps:
step S1, population hybridization screening:
selecting 800-1200 female individuals with strong individuals and mature gonads from nile tilapia populations with the population number of more than 5000 as female parents, selecting 300-600 male individuals with strong individuals and mature gonads from oreria tilapia populations with the population number of more than 2000 as male parents, carrying out hybridization pairing in a tilapia breeding pond with sediment substrate, fishing all parents after 20 days, manually selecting more than 50 nile tilapia female individuals with eggs or seedlings as selected individuals, and carrying out special pond breeding for later hybridization tests.
Step S2, individual hybridization screening:
and (2) taking the female nile tilapia selected in the step (1) as a female parent and the male oreochromis nile as a male parent, carrying out 1:1 pairing (the pairing number is more than 100 groups) in a sediment bottom pool or a net cage, normally feeding, selecting the male oreochromis nile in a produced seedling combination as an entry individual when more than 20 produced seedling combinations appear, and breeding in a special pool.
Step S3, breeding and continuous breeding of the complete set of lines:
selecting the most elegant male individuals from the nile tilapia and carrying out pairing propagation on the nile tilapia female selected from the nile tilapia 1 to obtain a first filial generation; selecting the most excellent female individuals from the Oreochromis aureus and the Oreochromis aureus male selected from the Oreochromis aureus 2 to carry out pairing propagation to obtain a first filial generation; after cultivation and artificial selection, breeding of the next generation is continued according to the step 1 and the step 2.
The specific experimental cases are as follows:
from 3 months to 2016 months in 2014 to 10 months, the technical scheme of the invention is adopted to carry out the breeding of 2 generations (P4 and P5 generations) of the nilo tilapia hybridization held in a certain improved variety south breeding base, and the main processes and the effects are as follows:
1、P4and (3) colony hybridization screening of the hybrid mating set line of the Tilapia nilotica:
3/20/2014 from P4Selecting a female parent 1280 tail of Nile tilapia and a male parent 714 tail of Oreochromis niloticus from a hybridization matching line of the Tilapia nilotica, and selecting 1 mouth of tilapia from the female parent 1280 tail and the male parent 714 tail of the Oreochromis niloticaAnd (3) carrying out hybridization pairing screening in a seedling breeding pond (1.8 mu). And 4, 11 days in 4 months in 2014, catching the parent fish, selecting 78 tails of the parent fish containing eggs and 21 tails of the parent fish containing seedlings from the female parent of nile tilapia, and selecting to keep 60 tails of the female parent of the nile tilapia preferentially.
2、 P4Individual hybridization screening of the hybrid mating set line of the tilapia nilotica:
5/18/2014 from P460 male parent Oreochromis niloticus parents are selected from the mating system for the hybridization of the Tilapia niloticus, 1:1 hybridization pairing is carried out on the 60 female parent Oreochromis niloticus obtained in the group hybridization screening, 22 total or combined seedlings are produced by 6 months and 17 days in 2014, and 22 male parent Oreochromis niloticus parents are selected and optimized.
3、P5Breeding a hybrid mating set of the tilapia nilotica:
screening P from 6 months 20 days to 7 months 15 days in 20144The hybrid mating set system of the Tilapia nilotica is preferably subjected to individual propagation. Wherein, mating the male parent 20 tails and the female parent 60 tails of the nile tilapia to obtain 2.71 ten thousand parent seeds; and pairing 20 male parent tails and 52 female parent tails of Oreochromis aureus, and obtaining 2.07 ten thousand parent offspring seeds. Co-cultivating for obtaining P2 months in 2015 year5The hybrid mating series 10633 tails of the Tilapia nilotica are provided, wherein the tail of the Nile Tilapia nilotica 6731 (male parent 3100, female parent 3631) and the tail of the Oria tilapia 3902 (male parent 1854, female parent 2048).
4、P5And (3) colony hybridization screening of the hybrid mating set line of the Tilapia nilotica:
3/5/2015, from P5Selecting 2150 tails of female parents of nile tilapia and 866 tails of male parents of oreochromis niloticus from a hybridization matching line of the nile tilapia, and carrying out hybridization pairing screening in a 1-mouth tilapia fingerling breeding pond (2.2 mu). And 3, 25 days in 2015, catching parent fish, selecting 122 tails of egg-containing parent fish and 45 tails of seedling-containing parent fish from female parent nile tilapia from oral cavity, and selecting to keep preferred 76 tails of female parent nile tilapia.
5、P5Individual hybridization screening of the hybrid mating set line of the tilapia nilotica:
year 2015, 4, 17 months, from P5Selecting 76 male parent Oreochromis niloticus from the mating hybridization system of the Nieochromis niloticus, carrying out 1:1 hybridization pairing with 76 female parent Oreochromis niloticus obtained in the group hybridization screening, and selecting and optimizing 31 male parents of the Oreochromis niloticus after 31 combined seedlings are produced in 5 months and 22 days in 2015.
6、P6Breeding a hybrid mating set of the tilapia nilotica:
for P screened in 2015 from 25/5 to 23/65The hybrid mating set system of the Tilapia nilotica is preferably subjected to individual propagation. Wherein, 3.41 ten thousand parents of fingerlings are obtained by pairing 43 male parents and 76 female parents of the nile tilapia; and pairing 25 male parent tails and 60 female parent tails of Oreochromis aureus, and obtaining 2.46 ten thousand parent offspring seeds. Co-cultivating for 2 months in 2016 to obtain P6The hybrid mating series 17400 tails of the Nile tilapia, wherein the 10080 tails of the Nile tilapia (a male parent 3460 and a female parent 6620) and the 7320 tails of the Oria tilapia (a male parent 4730 and a female parent 2590).
7. And (3) comparing the seedling yield of each generation of the hybrid mating series:
as shown in figure 2, the hybrid mating set P of the Niao tilapia is adopted1~P6Statistical analysis is carried out on the production data of the offspring seeds, and the result shows that: p1~P6The generation hybrid seedling yield (tail/month. tail) is 333.690, 281.639, 396.486, 369.543, 694.889 and 897.428 respectively, and it can be seen that P not bred by the method of the invention1~P4The average value of the seedling yield of the mating line is only 345.3399 tails/month-tail, and P bred by the method of the invention5、P6Average seedling yield of hybrid mating set line of 796.1585 tails/month-tail, ratio P1~P4The average value of the seedling yield of the hybrid mating set system is 130.54 percent, and a good breeding effect is obtained.
The invention directly develops breeding aiming at the hybridization breeding performance of the male parent and the female parent in the hybrid mating series of the Niao tilapia, selects the individuals which are most easy to generate the hybrid mating in the population to form a parent group for breeding and continuous breeding, polymerizes favorable genes related to the hybrid mating performance, remarkably improves the hybrid seedling production performance of the hybrid mating series through breeding of a plurality of generations, breaks through the technical problem of breeding of the high-reproduction type hybrid mating series of the Niao tilapia, greatly simplifies the breeding method, reduces the breeding cost, is beneficial to promoting the development of large-scale breeding of the Niao tilapia, and improves the economic benefit.
The above description is only for the specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A breeding method of a high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, population hybridization screening: hybridizing a nile tilapia female parent population and an Oria tilapia male parent population in a tilapia breeding pond with sediment, fishing all parents after 20 days, and manually selecting a nile tilapia female individual containing eggs or seedlings as a selected individual;
s2, individual hybridization screening: taking the female nile tilapia selected in the step 1 as a female parent and the male oreochromis nile tilapia as a male parent, carrying out 1:1 pairing in a sediment bottom pool or a net cage, and selecting the male oreochromis nile tilapia in a produced seedling combination as an entry individual when the produced seedling combination appears;
s3, breeding and continuous breeding of the complete set of lines: and (3) selecting the most elegant male individual from the tilapia nilotica and the female nilotica selected in the step (S1) for paired propagation to obtain a first filial generation, selecting the most elegant female individual from the tilapia nilotica and the male tilapia nilotica selected in the step (S2) for paired propagation to obtain the first filial generation, and breeding and artificially selecting the first filial generation, and then continuing to perform breeding of the next generation according to the step (S1) and the step (S2).
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the population of nile tilapia maternity is above 5000 tails; the number of male parent groups of the Oreochromis aureus is more than 2000.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of female nile tilapia with eggs or seedlings manually selected is more than 50.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the number of male oreochromis aureus individuals in the selected combinations is more than 20.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611100866.5A CN106818546B (en) | 2016-12-05 | 2016-12-05 | Breeding method of high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611100866.5A CN106818546B (en) | 2016-12-05 | 2016-12-05 | Breeding method of high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN106818546A CN106818546A (en) | 2017-06-13 |
| CN106818546B true CN106818546B (en) | 2020-04-17 |
Family
ID=59146240
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201611100866.5A Active CN106818546B (en) | 2016-12-05 | 2016-12-05 | Breeding method of high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN106818546B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN108377939B (en) * | 2018-03-13 | 2021-08-06 | 广西壮族自治区水产科学研究院 | Method for producing hybrid Oreochromis aureus |
| CN109122415B (en) * | 2018-08-01 | 2020-12-29 | 广西壮族自治区水产科学研究院 | Breeding method of high-reproduction type tilapia mossambica mating line male parent |
| CN109034392A (en) * | 2018-09-29 | 2018-12-18 | 广西壮族自治区水产科学研究院 | The selection and system of a kind of Tilapia mossambica corss combination system |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101461336A (en) * | 2008-12-10 | 2009-06-24 | 湖南洞庭水殖股份有限公司 | Method for establishing and breeding multiresistance fish population, variety (strain) and family |
| CN101889561A (en) * | 2010-07-23 | 2010-11-24 | 广西壮族自治区水产研究所 | Selection method of new cold-resistant species of tilapia |
| CN102696520A (en) * | 2012-07-02 | 2012-10-03 | 广西壮族自治区水产研究所 | Method for producing seeds of new Nero-Aurea tilapia |
| CN105165684A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2015-12-23 | 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 | Method for establishing oreochromisco aureus male pure line |
-
2016
- 2016-12-05 CN CN201611100866.5A patent/CN106818546B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101461336A (en) * | 2008-12-10 | 2009-06-24 | 湖南洞庭水殖股份有限公司 | Method for establishing and breeding multiresistance fish population, variety (strain) and family |
| CN101889561A (en) * | 2010-07-23 | 2010-11-24 | 广西壮族自治区水产研究所 | Selection method of new cold-resistant species of tilapia |
| CN102696520A (en) * | 2012-07-02 | 2012-10-03 | 广西壮族自治区水产研究所 | Method for producing seeds of new Nero-Aurea tilapia |
| CN105165684A (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2015-12-23 | 中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心 | Method for establishing oreochromisco aureus male pure line |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 《以色列红罗非鱼与其他罗非鱼群体杂交子一代在海水中生长性能分析》;张天时等;《渔业科学进展》;20150630;第36卷(第3期);57 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN106818546A (en) | 2017-06-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN105145419B (en) | A kind of breeding method for obtaining strain line hippocampus heterosis, hybrid vigor | |
| WO2016141640A1 (en) | Breeding method for rapid growth strain of hippocampus kelloggi | |
| Gjerde et al. | Growth and survival in two complete diallele crosses with five stocks of Rohu carp (Labeo rohita) | |
| CN106818546B (en) | Breeding method of high-reproduction type hybrid mating mantle line of Niao tilapia | |
| CN102823528B (en) | Multi-character selection breeding method of fish and shrimp | |
| CN102349462A (en) | Breeding method for improved variety of fishes | |
| CN102696520A (en) | Method for producing seeds of new Nero-Aurea tilapia | |
| CN104430084A (en) | Family breeding method for pearl white strain red tilapia | |
| CN102405883A (en) | Method for building pedigree of marsupenaeus japonicus and breeding | |
| CN105360031A (en) | Method for quickly establishing cross-bred XY holandric pelteobagrus fulvidraco | |
| CN101965815B (en) | Fine breeding method for large yellow croaker | |
| CN101361467B (en) | Common intertidal shellfish hybridization method | |
| CN105409857B (en) | A kind of producing method for seed for being sheerly the big squama Barb of yellow | |
| CN101897307B (en) | Carp family selective breeding method utilizing net cage | |
| CN102487860B (en) | Method for screening megalobrama amblycephala group combinations with hybrid vigor | |
| CN101461336B (en) | Method for establishing and breeding multiresistance fish population, variety (strain) and family | |
| Hallerman | Toward Coordination and Funding of Long‐Term Genetic Improvement Programs for Striped and Hybrid Bass Morone sp. | |
| CN105165684B (en) | The method for establishing Oreochromis aureus male pure lines | |
| CN114403068B (en) | Breeding method of low-salt-tolerance palaemon carinicauda strain | |
| CN104872036A (en) | Method for culturing procambarus clarkia in same pond in three seasons in one year | |
| CN113678768A (en) | Breeding method of fast-growing stress-resistant Chinese prawn complete set line | |
| CN111226839B (en) | Method for breeding hypoxia-resistant hybrid pelteobagrus fulvidraco | |
| CN105145438A (en) | Method for establishing nile tilapia merit female pure line | |
| CN109122415B (en) | Breeding method of high-reproduction type tilapia mossambica mating line male parent | |
| CN113854202A (en) | Molecular marker assisted breeding method for rapid-growth new variety of egg-shaped pompano |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |