CN106808613A - 由基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物组成的废旧组分的连续材料使用的方法 - Google Patents

由基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物组成的废旧组分的连续材料使用的方法 Download PDF

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CN106808613A
CN106808613A CN201611094844.2A CN201611094844A CN106808613A CN 106808613 A CN106808613 A CN 106808613A CN 201611094844 A CN201611094844 A CN 201611094844A CN 106808613 A CN106808613 A CN 106808613A
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components
consumer compositions
extrusion
extrusion device
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托尔斯滕·韦伯
蒂姆·波尔
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Reifenhaeuser GmbH and Co KG Maschinenenfabrik
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种由基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物构成的废旧组分的连续的材料使用的方法，其中沿挤出方向(E)观察首先往挤出装置(1)加入由纤维和织物构成的废旧组分并且随后加入由热塑性聚合物和添加剂组成的其他组分，加入的废旧组分和其他组分在挤出装置(1)中相互混合、脱气以及共同通过形成挤出物(6)从挤出装置(1)挤出，在该挤出物中废旧组分在至少组分获得纤维结构的条件下嵌入其他组分的热塑性聚合物中，其中废旧组分和其他组分的混合、脱气和挤出在这样的温度下进行，该温度位于废旧组分的至少一种热塑性塑料的软化温度以下。

Description

由基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物组成的废旧组分的连续材料 使用的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种由基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物构成的废旧组分的连续的材料使用的方法，该废旧组分例如在废旧车辆的塑料回收过程中产生。
背景技术
工业上力求材料再利用例如来自废旧车辆的纤维和织物构成的经材料分离的碎片组分。该废旧组分包括基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物，对此已知的是，此类废旧组分在挤出方法中输入单螺杆挤出机或双螺杆挤出机，并且借助挤出机使废旧组分熔融和均质化以及随后加工成挤出物。如果该废旧组分由不同的聚合物组成，则连同添加剂和/或额外的聚合物进行加工，从而达到所获得的挤出物的形状稳定的复合。
在构成废旧组分的热塑性塑料的充分熔融和挤出方面的问题在于，废旧组分通过之前的分类过程具有高的湿气含量，该湿气含量阻碍了稳定的挤出过程。另外由此妨碍挤出过程，即，废旧组分无法始终以恒定的输送量加入挤出机并且废旧组分还通常包含由尘土、纸张、弹性体等构成的杂质，这些杂质进一步妨碍高品质的构件制造。
基于这些困难，废旧组分的材料使用与其能量使用相竞争并且材料使用通常处于劣势。此外，在已知的挤出方法中，纤维和织物具有的有利的机械性能丢失并且仅能够产生劣等的产品。
发明内容
因此本发明的目的在于，提出一种由基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物构成的废旧组分的连续的材料使用的方法，该方法实现了有效且经济地再利用纤维和织物而获得高品质的产品，其中获得的构件性能所带来的增值可有利地免去与热利用的经济性的比较。
该目的根据本发明通过权利要求1的特征所述的方法实现。
本发明的有利的设计和扩展方案是从属权利要求的主体。
根据本发明的建议方案基于，沿挤出方向观察在挤出装置中首先加入由纤维和织物构成的废旧组分并且随后加入由热塑性聚合物和添加剂构成的其他组分，加入的废旧组分和其他组分于是在挤出装置中相互混合、脱气并且共同在形成挤出物的条件下从挤出装置挤出，在该挤出物中废旧组分在至少部分获得纤维结构的条件下嵌入其他组分的热塑性聚合物中。这由此造成，即，废旧组分和其他组分的混合、脱气和挤出在这样的温度下进行，该温度位于废旧组分的至少一种热塑性塑料的软化温度以下。
通过使用根据本发明的方法相应地获得一种挤出物，在该挤出物中其他组分的热塑性聚合物作为基质材料存在并且通过嵌入的、但是在结构中大量获得的纤维和织物部分而增强，从而获得具有特别好的机械特性的挤出物，该挤出物适用于在机械强度和类似方面具有相应高要求的高品质用途。
根据本发明，因此在一个共同的挤出装置中实施由纤维和织物构成的废旧组分与其他组分的挤出，其中根据废旧组分中的热塑性塑料在挤出装置中进行相应的温度引导以及相应地选择原材料、特别是其他组分的聚合物，使得在挤出装置内部的温度在任何情况下都保持在废旧组分的至少一种热塑性塑料的软化温度以下，从而保持获得纤维结构。这造成了，特别是将这种聚合物作为其他组分的热塑性聚合物，即，其熔融点位于在废旧组分的范围中进行加工的热塑性塑料的软化温度以下。
根据本发明的一种设置，在其他组分加入挤出装置之前或之后将废旧组分加热到95至105度、优选大约100度的温度，并且废旧组分或者在挤出装置中已经与其他组分混合的废旧组分进行大气中的脱气和/或通过生成低压而强制脱气。在此，去除在废旧组分的表面上挥发性的杂质并且至少这样去除废旧组分的湿气含量，即，调节出不会阻碍挤出过程的剩余湿气，因为废旧组分的气体临界温度与剩余湿气相关。通过调节废旧组分的湿气含量能够确保，加入的其他组分的热塑性聚合物和添加剂的加工在废旧组分的至少一种热塑性塑料的软化温度以下进行。
根据本发明，其他组分由热塑性聚合物和添加剂构成，这些热塑性聚合物和添加剂例如能够在未熔融的状态下加入挤出装置并且随后与废旧组分一起加工成挤出物。
根据本发明的另一种设置，替换性地使其他组分在加入挤出装置之前在一个单独的塑化挤出机、例如单螺杆挤出机中塑化并且在经塑化的状态下从该单独的塑化挤出机输送至挤出装置，在挤出装置中随后该废旧组分与已经塑化的其他组分一起脱气。通过在已经塑化的状态下加入其他组分，此外在加工过程中在挤出装置内部较低强度地加热废旧组分，从而可以将温度可靠地保持在废旧组分的至少一种热塑性塑料的软化温度以下。另外，已经熔融的聚合物可以更容易地引入挤出装置内部的废旧组分中必然存在的空隙中，因为这些空隙由塑性状态下的第二组分填充。
已经在塑化状态下加入挤出装置的其他组份原则上可以加入到挤出装置的任意适合的位置，然而对此设置成，沿挤出方向观察始终在加入废旧塑料之后加入其他组分。但是在此不是必须保持较大间距，而是也可以使已经熔融的其他组分紧接在废旧组分之后加入挤出装置，从而提前预加热废旧组分。
此外，其他组份在塑化挤出机中塑化之后也可以分成例如两个分流，其中将分流在沿挤出方向观察挤出装置的相继的位置上加入挤出装置。例如挤出装置的第一个分流可以尽可能紧接在加入废旧组分之后加入，而另一个分流在沿挤出方向观察更下游的位置上加入挤出装置。
根据本发明的方法造成，在挤出物中获得的纤维结构中具有废旧组分中的纤维和织物，这些纤维和织物由于使用的热塑性塑料而具有高的热成型稳定性。基于聚酰胺或聚酯的纤维和织物例如就是这种情况。
根据本发明的另一个设置，废旧组分以所获挤出物的至少50％的含量加入挤出装置并且例如加工成管、型材、线或膜或片，加工成多层复合物、例如共挤出复合物的核心材料，或者加工成熔融条。也可能的是，通过在压模或挤压工具中挤出而制造三维的构件，从而随后制造模制件；或者由挤出物形成颗粒，该颗粒后续例如在注塑工艺中进一步加工。
附图说明
接下来根据多个实施例说明本发明的其他细节。其中：
图1示出了根据本发明的第一个实施方式的挤出装置的示意图，
图2示出了根据本发明的第二个实施方式的挤出装置，
图3示出了根据本发明的第三个实施方式的挤出装置。
具体实施方式
图中看出挤出装置的不同设计，该挤出装置用附图标记1表示并且用于前述的方法实施。该挤出装置可以选择性地涉及已知构造类型的单螺杆挤出机或双螺杆挤出机，这由专业人员根据应用情况进行选择。
在根据图1的实施例中，沿挤出方向E观察该挤出装置1首先包括基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物的废旧组分的供料装置10，这些废旧组分例如通过废旧车辆的回收过程而以碎片-绒毛或纤维-织物组分的形式存在。在沿挤出方向E观察的下游通过计量台11将热塑性聚合物以及通过另一个计量台12将适当的添加剂一同输送给挤出装置1并且在挤出装置1中与已加入的废旧组分混合、脱气以及通过形成挤出物6一起从挤出装置1挤出之前，该废旧组分首先在挤出装置中压缩和均质化。在此在挤出装置1内部进行温度引导，使得废旧组分和其他组分的混合、脱气和挤出在这样的温度下进行，该温度位于废旧组分的至少一种热塑性塑料的软化温度以下，从而在挤出物6中废旧组分在组分获得纤维结构的条件下嵌入其他组分的热塑性聚合物中，该热塑性聚合物因此形成用于接收纤维或织物残留的基质材料。
典型的配方可以例如按照下述构成：
40-80％废旧组分(纤维、织物等)
20-50％热塑性聚合物(例如HDPE、MDPE、PP、EVA或回收碎片品)
5-50％添加剂(增附剂、染料、润滑剂等)
为了脱气，在挤出装置1中需要优选100℃或更高的温度，而对于均质化和成形来说则设置大约120℃至160℃的温度。
与之相对，由图2看出一种改变的构造，其中与图1中的设计类似地通过相应的计量装置10、12进行废旧组分和添加剂的进料，但是与添加剂共同构成其他组分的聚合物首先单独地在塑化挤出机4中通过计量台40添加以及塑化并且通过相应的输送管路43以已经塑化的状态输送给挤出装置1。
由根据图3的实施例看出一种相对地再次改变的构造，其中热塑性聚合物从塑化挤出机4分出两个分流41、42，其中第一分流41紧接在添加废旧组分之后输送给挤出装置1，而另一个分流42在沿挤出方向E观察的下游的位置连同由计量台12计量加入的添加剂一起输送到挤出装置1中。
在前面描述的所有设计中获得的挤出物6可以例如加工成管、型材、线、膜、片，或者加工成多层复合物、例如共挤出复合物的核心材料；或者构成熔体条，该熔体条后续例如压制成三维构件；或者也可以成型为颗粒，该颗粒后续例如可以在注塑法中进一步加工成构件。
获得的挤出物6的特征在于，由于在作用为基质材料的聚合物中获得的纤维结构而造成高质量的机械特性，从而最终获得由废旧组分和其他组分构成的纤维增强的聚合物。

Claims (9)

1.一种由基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物构成的废旧组分的连续的材料使用的方法，其中沿挤出方向(E)观察首先往挤出装置(1)加入由纤维和织物构成的废旧组分并且随后加入由热塑性聚合物和添加剂组成的其他组分，加入的所述废旧组分和其他组分在所述挤出装置(1)中相互混合、脱气以及共同通过形成挤出物(6)从所述挤出装置(1)挤出，在所述挤出物中所述废旧组分在至少组分获得纤维结构的条件下嵌入所述其他组分的热塑性聚合物中，其中所述废旧组分和其他组分的混合、脱气和挤出在这样的温度下进行，所述温度位于所述废旧组分的至少一种热塑性塑料的软化温度以下。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，所述废旧组分在其他组分加入所述挤出装置(1)之前或之后加热至100℃至160℃的温度并且在大气中脱气或借助低压脱气。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，其他组分在加入所述挤出装置(1)之前在一个单独的塑化挤出机(4)中塑化并且在已塑化的状态下从所述塑化挤出机输送至所述挤出装置(1)，以及随后所述废旧组分与其他组分一起脱气。
4.根据权利要求3所述的方法，其特征在于，其他组份在所述塑化挤出机(4)中塑化之后分成两个分流并且所述分流在沿挤出方向(E)观察所述挤出装置(1)的相继的位置上加入所述挤出装置。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，其他组份的热塑性聚合物和添加剂一起加入所述挤出装置(1)，或者在沿挤出方向(E)观察相继的位置上加入所述挤出装置(1)。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述废旧组分的纤维和织物基于聚酰胺或聚酯构成。
7.根据权利要求1至6中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述废旧组分至少以所述挤出物(6)的50％的含量加入所述挤出装置(1)。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，调节所述废旧组分的湿气含量。
9.根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，所述挤出物(6)形成为管、型材、线、膜、片、多层复合物的核心材料、熔融条或颗粒。
CN201611094844.2A 2015-12-02 2016-11-30 由基于热塑性塑料的纤维和织物组成的废旧组分的连续材料使用的方法 Pending CN106808613A (zh)

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