CN106804175B - Fertilizing method for reducing incidence of apple rot and improving apple quality - Google Patents
Fertilizing method for reducing incidence of apple rot and improving apple quality Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention provides a fertilizing method for reducing the incidence rate of apple rot, which comprises the following steps: s1: applying seaweed organic fertilizer, soil conditioner and double-seaweed water flush fertilizer after picking fruits; s2: applying a double-alga eutrophication soil-regulating organic fertilizer and a full-micro biological agent in the germination stage; s3: applying calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7), algae-beneficial soil-regulating organic fertilizer and leaf surface zinc fertilizer in young fruit period; s4: applying a calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and a macroelement water-soluble fertilizer in the fruit expansion period; s5: applying a water-soluble fertilizer containing humic acid and a leaf surface calcium fertilizer to the double algae in the fruit color transition period. The invention has the following beneficial effects: the fertilization method adopted by the invention is an accurate fertilization method, the root fertilization and the foliar fertilization are used in a matching way, the fertilization time meets the nutritional requirement of the apples, and the fertilizer utilization rate is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a fertilizing method for reducing the incidence rate of apple rot and improving apple quality, and belongs to the technical field of apple disease prevention planting.
Background
Apples are one of the fruit tree varieties with the widest cultivation area and the highest yield in China, are cold-resistant tree species and are mainly distributed in the vast areas north of Yangtze river in China. The optimum cultivation temperature is 9-14 ℃ per year on average, the average temperature of the coldest month is-10 ℃, the average temperature is required to be within 10-20 ℃ during the growth period of 4-10 months, and the cultivation can be carried out at the average temperature of 6-17 ℃.
Apple trees are perennial woody plants, have deep root system in soil and long service life. In the whole growth and development process, the apples have a life cycle besides a growth cycle, and in the growth process, the nutrient requirements are regulated to a certain extent. The soil has the advantages of flat terrain, deep soil layer, good drainage and higher soil organic matter content.
At present, apple rot is relatively serious in each large apple producing area, and apple tree rot is commonly called stinking skin disease, rotten skin disease and cross skin disease, and is one of the diseases with serious harm to the apple producing area in China. The apple rot pathogen is a weak parasitic bacterium, and all factors which can cause the tree vigor to weaken can induce the apple rot. The rot disease is high, and the fruit growers have the following production problems in practical operation:
1. the application of the base fertilizer is not considered. The base fertilizer is applied in autumn, so that the frost resistance of the fruit trees can be enhanced in winter, the tree vigor of the fruit trees in the next spring can be effectively improved, the flower quality and the fruit setting rate can be effectively improved, and the base fertilizer can powerfully play a role in inhibiting the occurrence of diseases. However, most fruit growers are not willing to apply organic fertilizer in the current situation of planting in each production area, and only depend on top application before the fruit trees sprout.
2. The fertilization is single. In recent years, due to the high price of potassium fertilizer, fruit growers generally adopt a method of applying nitrogen fertilizer partially in order to reduce the input cost. The partial application of a single component inevitably causes the lack of other mineral elements in the fruit tree body, and the partial application of the nitrogen fertilizer often causes the overgrowth of the new tissues of the plants, thereby further reducing the content of phosphorus and potassium in the fruit tree body.
3. The nitrogen and phosphorus chemical fertilizers in the intensive orchard are generally higher in dosage, and medium and trace elements such as calcium, magnesium and boron are lack.
4. The phenomenon of soil acidification in orchards is common and iron, zinc and boron are deficient. The direct consequence of the problems is that apple trees are weak, the incidence rate of orchard rot is high, and besides the rot, bitter pox, ring spot, alternaria leaf spot and the like also tend to be aggravated.
Patent document with publication number CN 105557165 a provides a fertilizing method for increasing the fruiting rate of apples, the fertilizer proportion is unreasonable, especially when the base fertilizer is used, no major elements such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are added, which is not beneficial to the rapid recovery of tree vigor after fruit picking, and can not meet the requirement of root system on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium when the root system grows rapidly; and the fertilizer is not reasonable in later fertilization period and is single in nutrition ratio. Particularly, potassium fertilizer adopts potassium sulfate, sulfate ions in the fertilizer are main substances causing soil acidification, numerous physiological problems of apple trees can be caused, the morbidity of fruit trees is improved, and the use of the fertilizer is avoided as much as possible. The patent document with the publication number of CN 102763515A provides a fertilizing method for promoting yield increase and quality improvement of perennial apples, and the method has the defects that the requirement of the apples on fertilizer cannot be met by adopting leaf surface topdressing in all topdressing, root systems are main organs for providing moisture and nutrition for trees, the leaf surface topdressing is greatly influenced by climate and temperature, and the overdry climate conditions easily cause leaf fertilizer damage and aggravate the occurrence of diseases; the foliage dressing can not meet the requirement of the apple root system on fertilizer in the spring growth peak. The patent with the publication number of CN 102282949A discloses a bagging apple fertilizing method, the fertilizing period is unreasonable, the urgent need of the apples for nutrients after being picked is especially ignored, and the root growth and the flower bud differentiation in the next year can be seriously affected by the lack of fertilizer, so that the tree vigor is weakened, and the disease is high.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems and technical problems in actual operation, the invention provides the fertilizing method for reducing the incidence rate of apple rot and improving the quality of apples.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention provides a fertilizing method for reducing the incidence rate of apple rot, which comprises the following steps:
s1: applying seaweed organic fertilizer, soil conditioner and double-seaweed water flush fertilizer after picking fruits;
the seaweed fertilizer contains abundant seaweed polysaccharide and seaweed active substances, is comprehensive in nutrition, has multiple effects of rooting, strengthening seedlings, chelating, enhancing efficiency, resisting diseases and stress and the like, contains nutrient components such as betaine, mannitol, polysaccharide and the like, and can effectively improve stress resistance of crops such as drought resistance, waterlogging resistance, cold resistance and the like.
After the fruits are picked, applying fertilizers and applying seaweed organic fertilizers and soil conditioners to roots of the plants in a hole mode; particularly, organic fertilizer and soil conditioner are dug and buried in the tree tray. The seaweed irrigation fertilizer is dripped into the soil at the root of the tree disk along with the drip irrigation facility.
The base fertilizer is applied in autumn, the soil temperature is high, the fertilizer is decomposed quickly, the positive root system is absorbed and utilized by the root system at the second growth peak, the frost resistance of the fruit tree can be enhanced in winter, the tree vigor of the fruit tree in the spring of the second year can be effectively improved, the flower quality and the fruit setting rate can be effectively improved, and the effect of inhibiting the occurrence of diseases can be powerfully exerted.
S2: applying a double-alga eutrophication soil-regulating organic fertilizer and a full-micro biological agent in the germination stage;
high-content active bacteria, double-algae active substances and medium-trace elements, and can effectively prevent and reduce the symptoms of deficiency of elements such as bitter pox, fruit cracking, navel rot, soft fruit and the like. The dual-algae soil-regulating organic fertilizer and the all-slightly microbial inoculum are dripped into the root soil of the tree tray along with the drip irrigation facility.
S3: applying calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7), algae-beneficial soil-regulating organic fertilizer and leaf surface zinc fertilizer in young fruit period;
the calcium magnesium fertilizer and the dual-algae soil-regulating organic fertilizer are dripped into the soil at the root of the tree tray along with the drip irrigation facility, and the foliar zinc fertilizer is sprayed on the surfaces of leaves.
S4: applying a calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and a macroelement water-soluble fertilizer in the fruit expansion period;
the calcium-magnesium fertilizer is dripped into the soil at the root of the tree disc along with a drip irrigation facility, and the foliage is sprayed after the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer is diluted by 400 times and 800 times.
S5: applying a diatom humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer and a leaf surface calcium fertilizer in the fruit color transition period,
the color-changing period of the puffed fruit is mainly the increase of the cell volume of the apple, and the demand for inorganic nutrition is characterized by larger demand amount and higher demand intensity of potassium, calcium, magnesium and related certain microelements. The nutrients such as amino acid, polysaccharide and the like contained in the algae extract fertilizer can improve the sugar content of fruits and the content of vitamin B, C, improve the freshness and storage resistance of fruits and vegetables, prolong the harvesting period of the fruits and vegetables and can mature 7-10 days in advance.
Wherein the calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) is a fertilizer containing 15% of calcium element, 7% of magnesium element and 15% of nitrogen element.
Preferably, the seaweed organic fertilizer in the step S1 is a fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide in a total content of not less than 6% and organic matter in a content of not less than 45%, the soil conditioner is a conditioner containing calcium oxide in a content of not less than 35.0%, organic matter in a content of not less than 10.0%, magnesium oxide in a content of not less than 5.0% and pH of 9.0-11.0, and the seaweed water flush fertilizer is a fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in a total content of not less than 200g/L and humic acid in a content of not less than 30 g/L.
Preferably, the application amount of the seaweed organic fertilizer is 150-300 kg/mu, the application amount of the soil conditioner is 20-60 kg/mu, and the application amount of the double-seaweed water flush fertilizer is 10-40 kg/mu.
Preferably, the microalgae cultivation and soil conditioning organic fertilizer in the step S2 is a fertilizer with an organic matter content of not less than 120g/L and a total content of phosphorus and potassium of not less than 80g/L, pH-7.0-9.0; the total picomicrobial inoculum is characterized in that the number of beneficial bacteria is not less than 5 x 108Per gram, organic matter content not less than 20%, calcium, magnesium,The total content of zinc, boron, iron, copper and manganese elements is not less than 12.11 percent, and the content of silicon element is not less than 10 percent.
According to a preferable scheme, the application amount of the diatom eutrophic soil-regulating organic fertilizer is 10-30 kg/mu, and the application amount of the all-slightly microbial agent is 5-30 kg/mu.
Preferably, the application amounts of the calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) the diatom eutrophic soil-regulating organic fertilizer and the foliar zinc fertilizer in the step S3 are respectively 10-40 kg/mu, 10-30 kg/mu and 200-600 mL/mu.
Preferably, the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer in the step S4 is a fertilizer with nitrogen content not lower than 60g/L, phosphorus content not lower than 240g/L, potassium content not lower than 250g/L and algal polysaccharide content not lower than 1000 ppm.
Preferably, the application amounts of the calcium-magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer are respectively 10-40 kg/mu and 200-800 mL/mu.
Preferably, the humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer for diatoms described in step S5 is a fertilizer with a total content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of no less than 20.0% and a content of humic acid of no less than 3.0%; the foliar calcium fertilizer is a fertilizer with the calcium element content not less than 130 g/L.
Preferably, the application amount of the humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer and the leaf surface calcium fertilizer for the diatom is 8-30 kg/mu and 200-500 mL/mu respectively.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
the fertilization method adopted by the invention is an accurate fertilization method, the root fertilization and the foliar fertilization are used in a matching way, the fertilization time meets the nutritional requirement of the apples, and the fertilizer utilization rate is improved; the fertilizer has reasonable formula proportion, combines organic nutrition and inorganic nutrition, is particularly added with fertilizers taking seaweed as raw materials, such as seaweed organic fertilizers, seaweed soil conditioners and seaweed humic acid-containing fertilizers, fully plays roles of conditioning soil, enhancing tree vigor and increasing fruit quality by utilizing active substances such as betaine, mannitol, polysaccharide, humic acid, amino acid, phytohormone and the like in the seaweed extracts, effectively reduces the incidence of apple canker, ring rot, alternaria leaf spot and other diseases and simultaneously reduces the incidence of the apple canker; most of the fertilizer used by the invention adopts drip irrigation fertilization, thereby saving labor force, improving working efficiency and improving the utilization rate of water and fertilizer.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail with reference to specific examples. The following examples will assist those skilled in the art in further understanding the invention, but are not intended to limit the invention in any way. It should be noted that variations and modifications can be made by persons skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention. All falling within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
The embodiment provides a fertilizing method for reducing the incidence rate of apple rot and improving the quality of apples, which comprises the following steps:
1. the fertilizer used after the fruits are picked and the using amount thereof comprise: 200 kg/mu of seaweed organic fertilizer, 40 kg/mu of soil conditioner and 20 kg/mu of double-seaweed water flush fertilizer;
2. the fertilizer used in the germination stage comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 15 kg/mu of diatom beneficial-culture soil-regulating organic fertilizer and 10 kg/mu of total micro biological agent;
3. the variety and the using amount of the fertilizer used in the young fruit period comprise: 15 kg/mu of calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and 20 kg/mu of diatom earth-benefiting and soil-adjusting organic fertilizer; 400 mL/mu of leaf surface zinc fertilizer;
4. the fertilizer for the fruit expanding period and the using amount thereof comprise: 15 kg/mu of calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and 400 mL/mu of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer;
5. the fertilizer used in the color conversion period of the puffed fruits comprises the following fertilizer types in the dosage: the diatom contains 15 kg/mu of humic acid water-soluble fertilizer and 300 mL/mu of leaf surface calcium fertilizer.
Example 2
1. The fertilizer used after the fruits are picked and the using amount thereof comprise: 250 kg/mu of seaweed organic fertilizer, 40 kg/mu of soil conditioner and 20 kg/mu of double-seaweed water flush fertilizer;
2. the fertilizer used in the germination stage comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 20 kg/mu of diatom benefiting and soil regulating organic fertilizer and 10 kg/mu of total micro biological agent;
3. the variety and the using amount of the fertilizer used in the young fruit period comprise: 15 kg/mu of calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and 15 kg/mu of diatom earth-benefiting and soil-adjusting organic fertilizer; 400 mL/mu of leaf surface zinc fertilizer;
4. the fertilizer for the fruit expanding period and the using amount thereof comprise: 15 kg/mu of calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and 400 mL/mu of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer;
5. the fertilizer used in the color conversion period of the puffed fruits comprises the following fertilizer types in the dosage: the diatom contains 15 kg/mu of humic acid water-soluble fertilizer and 300 mL/mu of leaf surface calcium fertilizer.
Example 3
1. The fertilizer used after the fruits are picked and the using amount thereof comprise: the seaweed organic fertilizer is 150 kg/mu, the soil conditioner is 40 kg/mu, and the double-seaweed water flush fertilizer is 20 kg/mu;
2. the fertilizer used in the germination stage comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 15 kg/mu of diatom beneficial-culture soil-regulating organic fertilizer and 10 kg/mu of total micro biological agent;
3. the variety and the using amount of the fertilizer used in the young fruit period comprise: 10 kg/mu of calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and 20 kg/mu of diatom earth-benefiting and soil-adjusting organic fertilizer; 400 mL/mu of leaf surface zinc fertilizer;
4. the fertilizer for the fruit expanding period and the using amount thereof comprise: 15 kg/mu of calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and 400 mL/mu of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer;
5. the fertilizer used in the color conversion period of the puffed fruits comprises the following fertilizer types in the dosage: the diatom contains 20 kg/mu of humic acid water-soluble fertilizer and 300 mL/mu of leaf surface calcium fertilizer.
Comparative example 1
Comparative example 1 is a comparative example to example 1, only in that comparative example 1 did not use fertilizer after the apples were picked.
Comparative example 2
The comparison example is the comparison example of example 1, and the comparison is only that the conventional fertilization method is adopted in the present team proportion, and nitrogen fertilizer is applied in a biased way. After picking fruits, applying 2000 kg/mu of organic fertilizer, 50 kg/mu of urea and 20 kg/mu of potassium sulfate per mu; applying 25kg of urea and 25kg of ternary compound fertilizer (15-15-15) per mu in the germination period; applying 30kg of urea and 25kg of calcium superphosphate per mu in the young fruit period; applying 25kg of urea and 10kg of monopotassium phosphate per mu in the fruit expanding period; 10kg of monopotassium phosphate is applied to each mu of the fruit in the swelling and color-changing period.
The statistical data are shown in the following table:
TABLE 1
By adopting the method, the organic matter content of the soil is obviously increased, the plant yield is improved, the yield is greatly increased, the sugar-acid ratio reaches more than 20, the fruits are sweet and sour, and the quality is obviously improved. The fruit calcium concentration is increased, the incidence rate of rot disease is reduced to 3.2%, and the incidence rate of pockmark disease is reduced to 4.4%, so that the fertilizing method can obviously enhance tree vigor, increase the resistance of tree bodies to diseases, improve yield and obviously improve fruit quality.
Comparative examples 3 to 4
Comparative examples 3-4 are comparative examples to example 1, as follows:
comparative example 3: 50 Kg/mu of calcium-magnesium fertilizer at the young fruit stage of the apples and 20 Kg/mu of double-algae soil-adjusting type organic fertilizer; 400 mL/mu of foliar zinc fertilizer. Meanwhile, 5 kg/mu of calcium magnesium fertilizer (15-0-0-15-7) and 150 ml/mu of macroelement water-soluble fertilizer are applied in the fruit expanding period.
Comparative example 4: the fertilizer used in the color conversion period of the puffed fruits comprises the following fertilizer types in the dosage: the diatom contains 5 kg/mu of humic acid water-soluble fertilizer and 300 ml/mu of leaf surface calcium fertilizer. Meanwhile, 5Kg of calcium magnesium fertilizer is applied to the young apple period.
The final results are shown in table 2 below:
TABLE 2
The foregoing description of specific embodiments of the present invention has been presented. It is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, and that various changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention.
Claims (1)
1. A fertilizing method for reducing the incidence rate of apple rot is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1: applying seaweed organic fertilizer, soil conditioner and double-seaweed water flush fertilizer after picking fruits;
s2: applying a double-alga eutrophication soil-regulating organic fertilizer and a full-micro biological agent in the germination stage;
s3: applying 15-0-0-15-7 parts of calcium-magnesium fertilizer, double-algae soil-conditioning organic fertilizer and leaf surface zinc fertilizer in the young fruit period;
s4: applying 15-0-0-15-7 of calcium magnesium fertilizer and macroelement water soluble fertilizer in the fruit expansion period;
s5: applying a diatom humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer and a leaf surface calcium fertilizer in the fruit color transition period,
wherein, the calcium magnesium fertilizer 15-0-0-15-7 refers to a fertilizer containing 15% of calcium element, 7% of magnesium element and 15% of nitrogen element;
the seaweed organic fertilizer in the step S1 is a fertilizer with the total content of nitrogen elements, phosphorus pentoxide and potassium oxide being not less than 6% and the content of organic matters being not less than 45%, the soil conditioner is a conditioner with the content of calcium oxide being not less than 35.0%, the content of organic matters being not less than 10.0%, the content of magnesium oxide being not less than 5.0% and the pH being = 9.0-11.0, the seaweed water flush fertilizer is a fertilizer with the total content of nitrogen elements, phosphorus elements and potassium elements being not less than 200g/L and the content of humic acid being not less than 30 g/L;
the microalgae nutrition-benefiting soil-regulating organic fertilizer in the step S2 is a fertilizer with the organic matter content of not less than 120g/L and the total content of phosphorus and potassium of not less than 80g/L, pH = 7.0-9.0; the total picomicrobial inoculum is characterized in that the number of beneficial bacteria is not less than 5 x 108Per gram, the organic matter content is not less than 20%, the total content of calcium, magnesium, zinc, boron, iron, copper and manganese elements is not less than 12.11%, and the content of silicon element is not less than 10%;
the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer in the step S4 is a fertilizer with nitrogen content not lower than 60g/L, phosphorus content not lower than 240g/L, potassium content not lower than 250g/L and algal polysaccharide content not lower than 1000 ppm;
the humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer for the diatoms in the step S5 is a fertilizer with the total content of nitrogen elements, phosphorus elements and potassium elements not less than 20.0% and the content of humic acid not less than 3.0%; the foliar calcium fertilizer is a fertilizer with the calcium element content not lower than 130 g/L;
the application amount of the seaweed organic fertilizer is 150-300 kg/mu, the application amount of the soil conditioner is 20-60 kg/mu, and the application amount of the double-seaweed water flush fertilizer is 10-40 kg/mu;
the application amount of the diatom eutrophic soil-regulating organic fertilizer is 10-30 kg/mu, and the application amount of the all-slightly microbial agent is 5-30 kg/mu;
the application amounts of the 15-0-0-15-7 diatom earth-benefiting and soil-regulating organic fertilizer and the foliar zinc fertilizer in the step S3 are respectively 10-40 kg/mu, 10-30 kg/mu and 200-600 mL/mu;
the application amounts of the calcium magnesium fertilizer 15-0-0-15-7 and the macroelement water-soluble fertilizer are respectively 10-40 kg/mu and 200-800 mL/mu;
the application amount of the humic acid-containing water-soluble fertilizer and the leaf surface calcium fertilizer for the double algae is 8-30 kg/mu and 200-500 mL/mu respectively.
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| CN108484296A (en) * | 2018-06-14 | 2018-09-04 | 河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所 | A kind of apple tree ring spot prevention composite fertilizer and its application |
| CN110357692A (en) * | 2019-07-25 | 2019-10-22 | 中国农业科学院果树研究所 | A kind of water soluble fertilizer set meal suitable for the apple fertigation of Bohai Rim producing region |
| CN111316832A (en) * | 2020-03-26 | 2020-06-23 | 南宁市天利农资有限公司 | Crop metabolic balance conversion method |
| CN114532034A (en) * | 2022-03-03 | 2022-05-27 | 世多乐(青岛)农业科技有限公司 | Apple planting and fertilizing method |
| CN114956894A (en) * | 2022-06-06 | 2022-08-30 | 金正大生态工程集团股份有限公司 | Special foliage-spraying package fertilizer for apples and preparation method and application thereof |
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