CN106715350A - 被提供有具有热性质和金属末端层的堆叠体的基材 - Google Patents

被提供有具有热性质和金属末端层的堆叠体的基材 Download PDF

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CN106715350A
CN106715350A CN201580053114.5A CN201580053114A CN106715350A CN 106715350 A CN106715350 A CN 106715350A CN 201580053114 A CN201580053114 A CN 201580053114A CN 106715350 A CN106715350 A CN 106715350A
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layer
base material
metal
stack
face
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CN106715350B (zh
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S.布罗萨尔
N.梅卡迪耶
R.伊里比
B.库恩
L.卡诺瓦
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Saint Gobain Glass France SAS
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Abstract

本发明涉及在一个面(11)上涂覆有在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层堆叠体(14)的基材(10),这种堆叠体包含至少一个金属功能层(140),特别地基于银或基于含银金属合金的金属功能层,和至少两个抗反射涂层(120,160),所述涂层每个包括至少一个电介质层(122,164),所述功能层(140)被设置于两个抗反射涂层(120,160)之间,所述堆叠体还包含末端层(168),所述末端层是所述堆叠体的离所述面(11)最远的层,特征在于所述末端层(168)是由锌和锡构成的金属层,其由SnxZny制成,其中比率为0.1≤x/y≤2.4,并且具有在0.5nm至5.0nm之间的物理厚度,排除端值,甚至0.6nm至2.7nm之间的物理厚度,排除端值。

Description

被提供有具有热性质和金属末端层的堆叠体的基材
本发明涉及一种在一个面上涂覆有在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层堆叠体的基材,该堆叠体包含至少一个金属功能层,特别是基于银或基于含银金属合金的功能层,以及至少两个抗反射涂层,所述涂层每个包含至少一个电介质层,所述功能层被设置于两个抗反射涂层之间,所述堆叠体还包含末端层,该末端层是该堆叠体的离所述面最远的层。
在这种类型的堆叠体中,功能层因此被设置在两个抗反射涂层之间,每个抗反射涂层通常包括多个层,所述层中的每个由氮化物类型的电介质材料,特别是氮化硅或氮化铝,或者氧化物制成。从光学角度来看,这些围绕所述一个或多个金属功能层的涂层的目的是使该金属功能层“抗反射”。
然而,阻挡涂层有时被插入在一个或每个抗反射涂层和金属功能层之间;设置于功能层下方(在基材的方向上)的阻挡涂层在任选的弯曲和/或淬火类型的高温热处理期间保护功能层,和设置于功能层上方(在与基材相反的一侧上)的阻挡涂层在上抗反射涂层的沉积期间以及在任选的弯曲和/或淬火类型的高温热处理期间保护该功能层免受任何降解。
本发明更特别地涉及在堆叠体的末端层(最远离该基材的面(在该面上沉积了堆叠体)的层)的用途,以及借助于产生辐射,特别地红外辐射的源来实施对整个薄层堆叠体的处理。
特别是从国际专利申请WO2010/142926已知,提供吸收层作为堆叠体的末端层,并且在沉积堆叠体之后施加处理以便降低发射率或改善低发射性堆叠体的光学性能。金属末端层的使用允许提高吸收并降低处理所需的功率。当末端层在处理期间氧化并变得透明时,处理之后的堆叠体的光学特性是有利的(特别地可以获得高的光透射率)。
然而,由于用于该处理的源的不均匀性和/或输送系统的缺陷(其速度从不是完全恒定的),这种解决方案对于某些应用不能是完全令人满意的。
这体现为眼睛可察觉的光学不均匀性(光透射/反射的变化以及从一个点到另一个点的颜色变化)。
本发明的目的是通过开发一种具有一个或多个功能层的新型层堆叠体来克服现有技术的缺点,该堆叠体在处理后具有低的薄层电阻(因此具有低发射率)、高光透射率,以及外观的均匀性。
另一个重要的目的是允许在透射和反射中获得更加均匀的外观。
因此,本发明的一个主题,在其最宽的意义中,是根据权利要求1的在一个面上涂覆有在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层堆叠体的基材。这种堆叠体包含至少一个金属功能层,特别地基于银或基于含银金属合金的金属功能层,和至少两个抗反射涂层,所述涂层每个包括至少一个电介质层,所述功能层被设置于两个抗反射涂层之间,所述堆叠体还包含末端层,所述末端层是所述堆叠体的离所述面最远的层。涂覆有堆叠体的基材值得注意的是所述末端层是由锌和锡构成的金属层,由SnxZny制成,其中比率为0.1≤x/y≤2.4,并且具有在0.5nm至5.0nm之间的物理厚度,排除端值,甚至在0.6nm至2.7nm之间的物理厚度,排除端值。
通常,术语“电介质层”在本发明的意义中应被理解为从其性质的角度来看,该层的材料是“非金属的”,即不是金属。在本发明的上下文中,该术语表示在整个可见光的波长范围(380nm至780nm)中具有等于或大于5的n/k比的材料。
术语“吸收层”在本发明意义中应被理解为是指该层是在整个可见光的波长范围(从380nm至780nm)内具有大于0.5的中等k系数并且具有大于10-6Ω.cm的体积电阻率(如从文献中已知)的材料。
回顾的是,n表示材料在给定波长处的真实折射指数,和系数k表示在给定波长处的折射指数的虚部,n/k比在对于n和对于k相同的给定波长下进行计算。
在本文件中指示的折射指数的值是如通常在550nm的波长处测量的值。
在本发明的意义上表述“基于...的层”应当理解是指该层包括大于50at%的所述材料。
在本发明意义中,术语“金属层”应当理解为该层是如上所指出的吸收性的并且其不包含氧原子或氮原子。
根据本发明的堆叠体因此包含从金属靶并在不包含主动引入的氧气和氮气的气氛中以金属状态沉积的最终层(英文为“overcoat”),即保护层。在使用产生辐射,特别是红外辐射的源的处理之后,该层在堆叠体中主要以化学计量地被氧化。
在本发明的含义内,末端层由锡和锌组成的事实意味着这两种元素占用于沉积该末端层的靶(因此如此沉积的末端层)的重量的98至100%;不排除该层能够包含一种或多种金属元素,例如铝和/或锑,作为用于改善靶的导电的掺杂剂,或作为杂质。
根据本发明,所述金属末端层优选由x/y比不同于1的SnxZny制成。
根据本发明,所述金属末端层优选由比率为0.55≤x/y≤0.83的SnxZny制成。
在本发明的一个特定版本中,所述末端层直接位于基于氮化硅并且不包含氧的电介质层上。这种基于氮化硅的电介质层优选具有在10至50nm之间,甚至在10至30nm之间的物理厚度,这种层优选由掺杂有铝的氮化硅Si3N4制成。
在本发明的另一个特定版本中,位于所述金属功能层上方的抗反射涂层(在与所述面相反的一侧)包含由折射指数在2.3至2.7之间的材料制成的高折射指数电介质层,这种层优选基于氧化物。在本文件中指示的折射指数值是如通常在550nm的波长处测量的值。
该高折射指数层优选具有在5至15nm之间的物理厚度。
该高折射指数层允许使堆叠体在可见光范围内的高光透射最大化,并且具有对在透射和反射两者中获得中性色的有利作用。
在本发明的另一个特定版本中,功能层被直接沉积在设置在该功能层和电介质涂层(在功能层下方下伏)之间的下阻挡涂层的上方和/或该功能层被直接沉积在上阻挡涂层的下方,该上阻挡涂层被设置在功能层和在功能层上方上伏的电介质涂层之间,并且该下阻挡涂层和/或上阻挡涂层包含基于镍或钛的薄层,该薄层具有物理厚度e',使得0.2nm≤e'≤2.5nm。
本发明还涉及一种用于获得一种基材的方法,该基材在一个面上涂覆有在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层堆叠体,该薄层堆叠体包含至少一个金属功能层,特别是基于银或基于含银金属合金的金属功能层,和两个抗反射涂层,该方法以如下顺序包括以下步骤:
-在所述基材的一个面上沉积根据本发明的在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层叠堆体,该薄层叠堆体包含至少一个金属功能层,特别是基于银或基于含银金属合金的金属功能层,和至少两个抗反射涂层;然后
-在包含氧的气氛下,借助于产生辐射,特别是红外辐射的源来处理所述薄层堆叠体,所述末端层的x/y比在所述处理之前和之后是相同的。
还可以预期到使用由锌和锡组成的根据本发明的金属末端层作为堆叠体的最远离基材的面(在其上沉积该薄层堆叠体)的层,其由SnxZny制成,其中比率为0.1≤x/y≤2.4,并且具有在0.5nm至5.0nm之间的物理厚度,不包括端值,或者甚至在0.6nm至2.7nm之间的物理厚度,不包括端值。
还可以预期到包括至少两个通过框架结构保持在一起的基材的多层窗玻璃,所述窗玻璃实现在外部空间和内部空间之间的间隔,其中至少一个中间气体腔被设置于所述两个基材之间,其中一个基材是根据本发明的。
优选地,包括至少两个基材的多层窗玻璃的一个基材或包括至少三个基材的多层窗玻璃的一个基材在与中间气体腔接触的内表面上涂覆有在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层堆叠体。
该窗玻璃这时至少包括根据本发明的承载该堆叠体的基材,该基材任选地与至少一个其它基材结合。每个基材可以是透明的或有色的。基材中的一个至少特别地可以由在体积中着色的玻璃制成。着色类型的选择将取决于一旦完成窗玻璃的制造对于该窗玻璃所期望的光透射水平和/或比色外观。
该窗玻璃可以具有层压结构,特别是将至少两个玻璃类型的刚性基材通过至少一个热塑性聚合物片材进行组合,以具有以下类型的结构:玻璃/薄层堆叠体/片材/玻璃/中间气体腔/玻璃片材。聚合物特别地可以基于聚乙烯醇缩丁醛PVB、乙烯-乙酸乙烯酯EVA、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯PET、聚氯乙烯PVC。
有利地,本发明因此允许生产具有一个或多个具有低辐射率(特别是≤1%)和高太阳因子的功能层的薄层堆叠体,其在借助于产生辐射,特别是红外辐射的源处理该堆叠体之后具有均匀的光学外观。
有利地,借助于辐射源的处理不是对由基材和堆叠体构成的整个组件的高温热处理;因此该基材不通过这种借助于辐射源的处理进行热处理(不进行弯曲、淬火或退火)。
本发明的细节和有利特征将借助于以下使用附图示出的非限制性实施例中显现,附图图示:
-在图1中,根据本发明的具有单个功能层的堆叠体,所述功能层被直接沉积在下阻挡涂层上方并且直接在上阻挡涂层下方,在借助于产生辐射的源的处理期间图示所述堆叠体;和
-在图2中,包括具有单个功能层的堆叠体的双层玻璃的方案。
在这些图中,没有严格遵守不同层或不同要件的厚度之间的比例,以便更容易观察它们。
图1示出了具有在透明玻璃基材10的面11上沉积的根据本发明的具有单个功能层的堆叠体14的结构,其中唯一功能层140,特别是基于银或基于含银金属合金的功能层,被设置于两个抗反射涂层之间,即在位于功能层140下方(在基材10的方向上)的下伏抗反射涂层120和位于功能层140上方(在与基材10相反一侧)的上伏抗反射涂层160之间。
这两个抗反射涂层120,160各自包括至少一个电介质层122,128;162,164,166。
任选地,一方面,功能层140可以被直接沉积在下阻挡涂层130的上方,该下阻挡涂层130被设置于下伏抗反射涂层120和功能层140之间,和另一方面,功能层140可以被直接沉积在上阻挡涂层150的下方,该上阻挡涂层150被设置于功能层140和上伏抗反射涂层160之间。
下阻挡层和/或上阻挡层虽然以金属形式进行沉积并呈现为金属层,但在实践中有时是氧化层,因为它们的功能之一(特别是对于上阻挡层)是在堆叠体的沉积期间进行氧化以保护功能层。
位于金属功能层上方的抗反射涂层160(或者如果存在多个金属功能层,其将位于离基材最远的金属功能层的上方)由末端层168终止,该末端层168是该堆叠体的最远离面11的层。
当堆叠体用于具有双层窗玻璃结构的多层窗玻璃100中时,如图2所示,这种窗玻璃包括两个基材10,30,它们通过框架结构90保持在一起并且其通过中间气体腔15彼此分隔。
该窗玻璃因此实现在外部空间ES和内部空间IS之间的分隔。
堆叠体可以被设置于面2上(当考虑进入建筑物的阳光的入射方向时,位于最接近建筑物外部的片材上并且在其朝向气体腔的面上)。
图2示出了位于与中间充气空间15接触的基材10的内面11上的薄层堆叠体14在面2上的这种定位(进入建筑物中的太阳光的入射方向由双箭头表示),基材10的另一个面9与外部空间ES接触。
然而,也可以设想,在这种双层窗玻璃结构中,基材之一具有层压结构。
基于在图1中示出的堆叠体结构进行了六个实施例,它们编号为1-6。
对于这些实施例1至6,抗反射涂层120包含两个电介质层122,128,与面11接触的电介质层122是高折射指数层,并且其与位于金属功能层140正下方的润湿电介质层128接触。
在实施例1-6中,没有下阻挡涂层130。
高折射指数电介质层122基于氧化钛;它具有在2.3至2.7之间的折射指数,并且其在此精确地为2.46。
对于这些实施例1至6,电介质层128被称为“润湿层”,因为其使得可以改善金属功能层140的结晶,该金属功能层140在这里由银制成,这改善了其导电性。该电介质层128由氧化锌ZnO(由50原子%的锌和50原子%的氧组成的陶瓷靶进行沉积)制成。
上伏的抗反射涂层160包含由氧化锌(由50原子%的掺杂锌和50原子%的氧组成的陶瓷靶进行沉积)制成的电介质层162,然后是由与电介质层122相同的材料制成的高折射指数电介质层164。
下一个电介质层166由氮化物Si3N4:Al制成,并且由掺杂有8重量%的铝的由Si制成的金属靶进行沉积。
对于下面的所有实施例,层的沉积条件是:
使用的靶 沉积压力 气体
Si3N4:Al 为92:8wt%的Si:Al 1.5×10-3mbar 为45%的Ar/(Ar+N2)
TiO2 TiO2 2×10-3mbar 为90%的Ar/(Ar+O2)
Ti Ti 7×10-3mbar 为100%的Ar
ZnO 为50:50原子%的ZnO 2×10-3mbar 为90%的Ar/(Ar+O2)
SnxZny 为56.5:43.5wt%的Sn:Zn 2×10-3mbar 为100%的Ar
Ag Ag 2×10-3mbar 为100%的Ar
因此,沉积的层可分为四类:
i-由具有在整个可见光的波长范围内大于5的n/k比率的抗反射/电介质材料制成的层:Si3N4,TiO2,ZnO,
ii-由吸收性材料制成的金属层,其在整个可见光的波长范围内具有大于0.5的中等k系数,和大于10-6Ω.cm的体积电阻率:SnxZny
iii-由在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的材料制成的金属功能层:Ag
iv-上阻挡层和下阻挡层,用于在堆叠体的沉积期间保护该功能层抵抗其性质的改变;它们对光学和能量性质的影响通常被忽略。
已经观察到银在整个可见光的波长范围内具有0<n/k<5的比率,但是其体积电阻率小于10-6Ω.cm。
在以下所有的实施例中,将薄层堆叠体沉积在由SAINT-GOBAIN公司分销的4mm厚的Planilux牌的透明钠钙玻璃制成的基材上。
对于这些基材,
-R表示堆叠体的薄层电阻(欧姆/平方);
-AL表示使用D65光源在2°测量的在可见光中的光吸收(%);
-A980表示使用D65光源在2°测量的在980nm的波长下特定测量的吸收(%);
-V表示线的可见性;它涉及由操作者打出的1、2、3或4的分数:当眼睛没有感知到不均匀性时评分1,当限于样品的某些区域中的局部不均匀性在强烈漫射照明(>800lux)下是眼睛可感知时评分2,当限于样品的某些区域的局部不均匀性在标准照明(<500lux)下是眼睛可察觉到时评分3,而当散布在样品整个表面上的不均匀性在标准照明(<500lux)下是眼睛可感知的评分4;
Em构成在处理后的光学不均匀性的表征;它是通过在La*b*系统中使用D65光源在2°测量在堆叠体一侧的反射颜色(沿着基材在堆叠体的沉积腔室中的运行方向或指向的任一厘米)进行计算。因此,对于沿着该方向上设置的点x和沿着该相同方向上位于距x为1厘米处的点x+1,并且对于它们计算在堆叠体一侧的反射颜色的变化Δa*,Δb*和ΔL:
ΔEm=((Δa*)2+(Δb*)2+(ΔL)2)1/2
为了是令人满意的,该变化必须小于0.3。
所有这些实施例使得可以实现大约1%的低发射率和大约60%的高g因子。
参考附图1,下表1示出了实施例1-6的每个层的以纳米计的几何或物理厚度(而不是光学厚度):
表1
下表2给出了对于实施例1至6的末端层168测试的材料以及其各自的厚度(以nm计):
表2。
实施例2和3的末端层168是由锌和锡组成的金属层,由SnxZny制成,其中比值为0.1≤x/y≤2.4,并且具有在0.5nm至5.0nm之间的物理厚度,排除端值,甚至0.6nm至2.7nm之间的物理厚度,排除端值。
下表3总结了分别在处理(BT)和处理(AT)之后的这些实施例1至6的主要光学和能量特征:
表3。
对于实施例2和3,金属末端层168的存在引起在980nm处的吸收分别增加4.5%和12.1%(以绝对值计),相对于包含电介质末端层的实施例1而言,这是由于这些末端层在处理之前的金属状态。
在这里,该处理包括使基材10以7m/min在具有45μm宽度和25W/mm的功率的激光线20下方行进,其中使激光线相对于面11垂直地并且在末端层168方向上进行定向,即通过将激光线(由直的黑色箭头示出)设置在堆叠体上方并且使激光定向在堆叠体的方向上,如图1所示。
该处理将堆叠的发射率降低大约4%。
在末端层168的处理和氧化之后,实施例2和3具有与实施例1在处理后相同的薄层电阻和光吸收,但是在光学上是更均匀的,其中线V的可见度等于或小于3。
如果末端层的厚度太大(实施例4),则线变得太可见的,具有大于3的可见度V。在处理后残留的吸收继续存在,并且该吸收本身是不均匀的。
如果金属末端层168选择由钛(实施例5和6)而不是由SnxZny制成,则在激光处理之前堆叠体的吸收增加,该处理所需的功率因此降低。末端层在激光处理中完全氧化,并且堆叠的吸收与参照堆叠体的吸收相同。相反,当在层侧的反射中进行观察时,堆叠体具有成直线的(ligné)外观。
对于实施例2和3,已经观察到一旦达到阈值温度,金属末端层迅速氧化。这时吸收减少,使得温度达到顶限。因此,达到的温度和加热持续时间通过氧化进行调节,并且不再受入射光通量的波动的影响。
可能的是,实施例2和3的末端层用作为阻止大气氧迁移到堆叠体中并且限制下层的光学性质发生变化的屏障。
此外,由SnxZny制成的末端层168直接位于基于氮化硅的并且不包含氧的电介质层上的事实可能参与了由于氧化的SnxZny和氮化硅的折射指数的相似性而引起的光学稳定性。
还测试了由以30:68:2wt%的Sn:Zn:Sb制成的靶沉积的末端层,并得到类似的结果。
本发明还可以用于具有多个功能层的薄层堆叠体。根据本发明的末端层是堆叠体的距离在其上沉积该堆叠体的基材面最远的层。
本发明通过实施例在前文中进行了描述。理解的是,本领域技术人员将能够实现本发明的不同变型,而不脱离由权利要求限定的本专利的范围。

Claims (8)

1.在一个面(11)上涂覆有在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层堆叠体(14)的基材(10),这种堆叠体包含至少一个金属功能层(140),特别地基于银或基于含银金属合金的金属功能层,和至少两个抗反射涂层(120,160),所述涂层每个包括至少一个电介质层(122,164),所述功能层(140)被设置于两个抗反射涂层(120,160)之间,所述堆叠体还包含末端层(168),所述末端层是所述堆叠体的离所述面(11)最远的层,特征在于所述末端层(168)是由锌和锡构成的金属层,其由SnxZny制成,其中具有为0.1≤x/y≤2.4的比率,并具有在0.5nm至5.0nm之间的物理厚度,排除端值,甚至在0.6nm至2.7nm之间的物理厚度,排除端值。
2.根据权利要求1所述的基材(10),其特征在于,所述金属末端层(168)由SnxZny制成,具有为0.55≤x/y≤0.83的比率。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的基材(10),其特征在于,所述末端层(168)直接位于基于氮化硅并且不包含氧的电介质层的上方。
4.根据权利要求3所述的基材(10),其特征在于,所述基于氮化硅的电介质层具有在10至50nm之间的物理厚度。
5.根据权利要求3或4所述的基材(10),其特征在于,位于与所述面(11)相反的一侧上在所述金属功能层(140)的上方的所述抗反射涂层(160)包含高折射指数电介质层(164),其由具有在2.3至2.7之间的折射指数的材料制成,该层优选基于氧化物。
6.根据权利要求5所述的基材(10),其特征在于,所述高折射指数层(164)具有在5至15nm之间的物理厚度。
7.多层窗玻璃,其包含至少两个通过框架结构(90)保持在一起的基材(10,30),所述窗玻璃实现在外部空间(ES)和内部空间(IS)之间的分隔,其中使至少一个中间气体腔(15)设置于两个基材之间,基材(10)是如权利要求1至6中任一项所述的基材。
8.一种用于获得基材(10)的方法,该基材在一个面(11)上涂覆有在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层堆叠体(14),该薄层堆叠体包含至少一个金属功能层(140),特别是基于银或基于含银金属合金的金属功能层,和两个抗反射涂层(120,160),该方法以如下顺序包括以下步骤:
-在所述基材(10)的一个面(11)上沉积根据权利要求1-6任一项的在红外中和/或在太阳辐射中具有反射性质的薄层叠堆体(14),该薄层叠堆体包含至少一个金属功能层(140),特别是基于银或基于含银金属合金的金属功能层,和至少两个抗反射涂层(120,160);然后
-在包含氧的气氛下,借助于产生辐射,特别是红外辐射的源来处理所述薄层堆叠体(14),所述末端层(168)的x/y比在所述处理之前和之后是相同的。
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