CN106711426B - 一种磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 56
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 230000001413 cellular effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 229910052493 LiFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000000498 ball milling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000012065 filter cake Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910018487 Ni—Cr Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QSNQXZYQEIKDPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Fe] Chemical compound [Li].[Fe] QSNQXZYQEIKDPU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910000521 B alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 9
- 235000011007 phosphoric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229910010710 LiFePO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 206010013786 Dry skin Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000005909 ethyl alcohol group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002336 sorption--desorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229940116007 ferrous phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 229910000155 iron(II) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- SDEKDNPYZOERBP-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(ii) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O SDEKDNPYZOERBP-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 phosphate anion Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003016 phosphoric acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid group Chemical class S(O)(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006245 Carbon black Super-P Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005955 Ferric phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940032958 ferric phosphate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910000399 iron(III) phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033116 oxidation-reduction process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010301 surface-oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/5825—Oxygenated metallic salts or polyanionic structures, e.g. borates, phosphates, silicates, olivines
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- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
-
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- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
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Abstract
本发明提供一种磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:步骤一:称取石墨、浓硝酸和浓磷酸混合,置于水浴中搅拌,温度升高至80‑90℃,加入双氧水,搅拌,将产物降温至室温,水洗并抽滤,干燥,得到氧化石墨GO;步骤二:称取碳酸锂、碳酸钠和碳酸钾,混合并球磨,加热,插入铁丝和Ni‑Cr合金丝,通入CO2,通电进行电解,利用盐酸和去离子水对电解产物进行交替清洗,直至清洗后液体呈中性,烘干,得到蜂窝状碳材料HC;步骤三:称取磷酸铁锂和氧化石墨GO溶于无水乙醇中,将混合物置于微波反应器中保持一段时间后,加入蜂窝状碳材料HC,进行水热反应,将水热反应的产物进行水洗、抽滤及干燥,得到改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC。
Description
【技术领域】
本发明涉及电池材料技术领域,尤其涉及一种磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法。
【背景技术】
磷酸铁锂能够可逆地嵌入和脱嵌锂离子,具有原材料来源丰富、比容量高、循环寿命长、安全无毒、环境友好等特点,被认为是新能源动力电池的理想正极材料。
然而,磷酸铁锂电导率低,导电性差,极片在充放电过程中容易产生极化,低温环境中,Li+在活性物质中迁移路径较长,迁移速率慢,迁移过程中所受阻力较大,低温充放电性能差;此外,电流密度增大时,Li+在活性物质迁移所受阻力增大,极化加剧,电池倍率性能急剧下降,使其在低温环境中应用受到限制。
目前,对磷酸铁锂改性的方法主要有三种:一、利用金属离子对磷酸铁锂进行掺杂,提高材料本征电导率,降低极化,但此方法但并不能解决Li+迁移速率慢的问题,因此极片极化仍然严重;二、利用碳材料对磷酸铁锂进行包覆,增大磷酸铁锂颗粒之间电导率,并改善颗粒表面各相异性,降低极片极化,并保证Li+顺利迁移,然而,目前所使用碳材料多为无定形碳,孔结构无序,孔径分布不均,无法解决大电流密度下低温电池倍率性能差的问题;三、将磷酸铁锂纳米化,缩短Li+迁移路径,但无法解决磷酸铁锂电导率低等根本性问题。
鉴于此,实有必要提供一种新型的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法以克服以上缺陷。
【发明内容】
本发明的目的是提供一种具有较好低温充放电性能及低温倍率性能的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法。
为了实现上述目的,本发明提供一种磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:步骤一:按照一定质量比称取石墨、浓硝酸和浓磷酸混合,置于水浴中搅拌,温度升高至80-90℃,按照一定质量比加入双氧水,搅拌,将产物降温至室温,水洗并抽滤,将抽滤后的滤饼进行干燥,得到氧化石墨GO;步骤二:按照一定质量比称取碳酸锂、碳酸钠和碳酸钾,混合并进行球磨,对球磨后的混合物进行加热,插入铁丝和Ni-Cr合金丝,通入CO2,通电进行电解,利用盐酸和去离子水对电解产物进行交替清洗,直至清洗后液体呈中性,烘干,得到蜂窝状碳材料HC;所述步骤二中进行电解的电流密度为200-300mA/cm3;步骤三:按照一定质量比称取磷酸铁锂和氧化石墨GO溶于无水乙醇中,将混合物置于微波反应器中保持一段时间后,按照一定质量比加入蜂窝状碳材料HC,转移至高压反应釜中,进行水热反应,将水热反应后的产物进行水洗、抽滤及干燥,得到改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC。
在一个优选实施方式中,所述步骤一中的石墨、浓硝酸和浓磷酸的质量比为1:6:4-1:6:6。
在一个优选实施方式中,所述步骤一中的双氧水与石墨质量比为1:2-1:2.5。
在一个优选实施方式中,所述步骤一中滤饼的干燥温度为90-100℃,干燥时间为6-8h。
在一个优选实施方式中,所述步骤二中的碳酸锂、碳酸钠和碳酸钾的质量比为4:1:1-5:1:1。
在一个优选实施方式中,所述步骤二中的盐酸的质量浓度为1%-2%。
在一个优选实施方式中,所述步骤三中的磷酸铁锂与氧化石墨GO的质量比为10:1-12:1。
在一个优选实施方式中,所述步骤三中的磷酸铁锂与蜂窝状碳材料HC的质量比为10:0.2-10:0.3。
在一个优选实施方式中,所述步骤三中的水热反应温度为110-120℃,水热反应时间为20-24h。
相比于现有技术,本发明提供的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,所制备的正极材料具有较好低温充放电性能及低温倍率性能。
【附图说明】
图1为本发明实施例1制备的氧化石墨GO、及改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC的XRD图;
图2为传统碳材料及本发明实施例1所制得蜂窝状碳材料HC的N2吸附-脱附曲线图;
图3为本发明实施例1所制得的蜂窝状碳材料HC的SEM图。
【具体实施方式】
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案和有益技术效果更加清晰明白,以下结合附图和具体实施方式,对本发明进行进一步详细说明。应当理解的是,本说明书中描述的具体实施方式仅仅是为了解释本发明,并不是为了限定本发明。
本发明提供一种磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
步骤一:按照一定质量比称取石墨、浓硝酸和浓磷酸混合,置于水浴中搅拌,温度升高至80-90℃,按照一定质量比加入双氧水,搅拌,将产物降温至室温,水洗并抽滤,将抽滤后的滤饼进行干燥,得到氧化石墨GO;
步骤二:按照一定质量比称取碳酸锂、碳酸钠和碳酸钾,混合并进行球磨,对球磨后的混合物进行加热,插入铁丝和Ni-Cr合金丝,通入CO2,通电进行电解,利用盐酸和去离子水对电解产物进行交替清洗,直至清洗后液体呈中性,烘干,得到蜂窝状碳材料HC;
步骤三:按照一定质量比称取磷酸铁锂和氧化石墨GO溶于无水乙醇中,将混合物置于微波反应器中保持一段时间后,按照一定质量比加入蜂窝状碳材料HC,转移至高压反应釜中,进行水热反应,将水热反应后的产物进行水洗、抽滤及干燥,得到改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC,即最终的磷酸铁锂正极材料。
具体的,所述步骤一中的石墨、浓硝酸和浓磷酸的质量比为1:6:4-1:6:6,其中,所述浓硝酸和浓磷酸均为溶液,所述浓硝酸摩尔浓度为14.5mol/L,即质量分数为65%,所述浓磷酸摩尔浓度为14.75mol/L,即质量分数85.5%。所述步骤一中的双氧水与石墨质量比为1:2-1:2.5。所述步骤一中滤饼的干燥温度为90-100℃,干燥时间为6-8h。
具体的,所述步骤二中的碳酸锂、碳酸钠和碳酸钾的质量比为4:1:1-5:1:1,其中,对碳酸锂、碳酸钠和碳酸钾进行加热后,三中碳酸盐在高温下熔化形成离子熔体即熔融盐,熔融态的碳酸盐具有较好的导电性,能够作为电解质。所述步骤二中进行电解的电流密度为200-300mA/cm3,电解时,铁丝和Ni-Cr合金分别作为电解池中阴极和阳极,进行导电,在高温下,电解过程中发生氧化还原过程:CO2在阴极表面还原得到蜂窝状碳材料HC,在阳极表面氧化得到氧气。所述步骤二中的盐酸的质量浓度为1%-2%。
具体的,所述步骤三中的磷酸铁锂与氧化石墨GO的质量比为10:1-12:1。所述步骤三中的磷酸铁锂与蜂窝状碳材料HC的质量比为10:0.2-10:0.3。所述步骤三中的水热反应温度为110-120℃,水热反应时间为20-24h。其中,磷酸铁锂为尖晶石结构,其中磷酸亚铁离子与磷酸根离子以头对尾方式进行接触,导电性差,锂离子分散于晶体空隙之中,氧化石墨GO为层状物质,利用氧化石墨GO与磷酸铁锂混合,经过步骤3,氧化石墨片插入磷酸亚铁离子与磷酸根离子之间,提高了最终的正极材料的导电性及正极材料与电解液兼容性,提高了充放电性能。其中,微波反应器传热好,受热均匀,蜂窝状碳材料HC包覆效果好,且微波反应器反应速度快,可以缩短制备周期。
实施例1:
1、称取10g石墨、60g浓硝酸和40g浓磷酸混合,于0℃水浴中搅拌6h,将温度升高至90℃,加入20g双氧水,搅拌2h,将产物降温至室温,水洗并抽滤,将滤饼置于100℃中空干燥箱中干燥6h,得到氧化石墨GO;
2、称取8g碳酸锂、2g碳酸钠和2g碳酸钾混合并进行球磨至200nm,将球磨后的混合物置于陶瓷加热器中,盖上电解槽盖,并加热至550℃后,插入铁丝和Ni-Cr合金丝,通入CO2,通电进行电解,电解的电流密度为200mA/cm3,使碳纳米管的粗产物在铁丝表面沉积;利用1%的盐酸和去离子水对碳纳米管的粗产物进行交替清洗,直至清洗后液体呈中性,将所得产物置于100℃干燥箱中干燥4h,得到蜂窝状碳材料HC;
3、称取25g磷酸铁锂和2.5g氧化石墨GO溶于320ml无水乙醇中,将反应物置于微波反应器中保持3h后,加入0.5g步骤2制得的蜂窝状碳材料HC,将混合物转移至高压反应釜中,置于110℃干燥箱中进行水热处理24h,将所得产物进行水洗、抽滤,将所得产物置于110℃干燥箱中干燥8h,得到改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC。
实施例2:
1、称取10g石墨、60g浓硫酸和40g浓磷酸混合,于0℃水浴中搅拌6h,将温度升高至90℃,加入20g双氧水,搅拌2h,将产物降温至室温,水洗并抽滤,将滤饼置于100℃中空干燥箱中干燥6h,得到氧化石墨GO;
2、称取8g碳酸锂、2g碳酸钠和2g碳酸钾混合并进行球磨至200nm,将球磨后的混合物置于陶瓷加热器中,盖上电解槽盖,并加热至600℃后,插入铁丝和Ni-Cr合金丝,通入CO2,通电进行电解,电解的电流密度为200mA/cm3,使碳纳米管的粗产物在铁丝表面沉积;利用1%的盐酸和去离子水对碳纳米管的粗产物进行交替清洗,直至清洗后液体呈中性,将所得产物置于100℃干燥箱中干燥4h,得到蜂窝状碳材料HC;
3、称取25g磷酸铁锂和2.5g氧化石墨GO溶于320ml无水乙醇中,将反应物置于微波反应器中保持3h后,加入0.5g骤2制得的蜂窝状碳材料HC,将混合物转移至高压反应釜中,置于110℃干燥箱中进行水热处理24h,将所得产物进行水洗、抽滤,将所得产物置于110℃干燥箱中干燥8h,得到改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC。
实施例3:
1、称取10g石墨、60g浓硝酸和40g浓硫酸混合,于0℃水浴中搅拌6h,将温度升高至90℃,加入20g双氧水,搅拌2h,将产物降温至室温,水洗并抽滤,将滤饼置于100℃中空干燥箱中干燥6h,得到氧化石墨GO;
2、称取8g碳酸锂、2g碳酸钠和2g碳酸钾混合并进行球磨至200nm,将球磨后的混合物置于陶瓷加热器中,盖上电解槽盖,并加热至600℃后,插入铁丝和Ni-Cr合金丝,通入CO2,通电进行电解,电解的电流密度为300mA/cm3,使碳纳米管的粗产物在铁丝表面沉积;利用1%的盐酸和去离子水对碳纳米管的粗产物进行交替清洗,直至清洗后液体呈中性,将所得产物置于100℃干燥箱中干燥4h,得到蜂窝状碳材料HC;
3、称取25g磷酸铁锂和2.5g氧化石墨GO溶于320ml无水乙醇中,将反应物置于微波反应器中保持3h后,加入0.5g步骤2制得的蜂窝状碳材料HC,将混合物转移至高压反应釜中,置于110℃干燥箱中进行水热处理24h,将所得产物进行水洗、抽滤,将所得产物置于110℃干燥箱中干燥8h,得到改性磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC。
正极极片的制备及扣式电池的组装与测试:
正极分别以传统方法制备的碳包覆的磷酸铁锂和本发明实施例1制备的改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC为活性物质,Super-P为导电极,聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为粘结剂,依次按照94:3:3的比例与N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)混合并搅拌均匀后得到浆料。负极材料选用人造石墨(D50为8.39μm),电解液选用电解质为LiPF6的低温电解液,隔膜选用16μm厚PP隔膜。经过配料、涂布、棍压、制片、卷绕、装配、注液、封口等工序制成圆柱钢壳型电池。
传统方法制备的碳包覆的磷酸铁锂正极的电池编号为A,本发明实施例1制备的改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC正极的电池编号为B。
测定电池A及电池B的低温充放电性能及循环性能,充放电截止电压范围2.0~3.6V,测试温度-20℃。
表1为传统方法制备的碳包覆的磷酸铁锂正极的电池A与本发明实施例1制备的改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HCB正极的电池B在-20℃下的充放电性能对照表:
表1:
由表1可知,电流密度分别由0.5C增大至1C时,A、B两支电池充电恒流比和放电比率均逐渐减小。增大电流密度,极片极化增大,充放电性能降低,因此充电恒流比和放电比率均减小。然而,实验条件下,电池A的充电恒流比和放电比率电压均明显低于电池B,这是由于本发明实施例1中改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC含有氧化石墨,可以提高正极活性物质电导率,并增大Li+迁移速率,降低极化。同时,活性物质外表面包覆的蜂窝状碳材料可以提高活性物质与电解液浸润性,并且可以接收从各个方向扩散的Li+,有利于Li+嵌入。此外,包覆层碳材料孔径较大,可以保证大电流密度下Li+顺利嵌入与脱出,提高电池低温倍率性能。
图1为本发明实施例1制备的氧化石墨GO、及改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC的XRD图,由图1可以看出,改性后的磷酸铁锂材料中出现氧化石墨GO的对应峰,说明氧化石墨GO被成功引入至磷酸铁锂中,利用氧化石墨GO对磷酸铁锂进行改姓,有利于提高磷酸铁锂导电性,降低极化,并且有利于提高Li+迁移速率。
图2为传统碳材料及本发明实施例1所制得蜂窝状碳材料HC的N2吸附-脱附曲线图,由图2可以看出,吸附-脱附曲线呈第Ⅲ型吸附等温线,并且含有回滞环,传统碳材料及本发明实施例1所制得蜂窝状碳材料HC的比表面积分别为1124m2/g和1942m2/g,平均孔径分别为7nm和13nm;与传统碳材料相较,本发明实施例1中的蜂窝状碳材料HC具有更大的比表面积和孔径,可以使Li+更容易实现嵌入/脱出,更容易通过碳材料进入至活性中心,提高电池低温性能。
图3为本发明实施例1所制得的蜂窝状碳材料HC的SEM图,由图3可以看出,本发明中实施例1中的蜂窝状碳材料HC呈蜂窝状结构,利用此蜂窝状碳材料HC对磷酸铁锂进行改性,有利于增大电解液浸润性,并且有利于Li+更容易从各个方向进行嵌入/脱出,提高电池充放电性能。
本发明提供的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,以石墨为碳源,利用浓硝酸、浓磷酸和双氧水对石墨进行氧化,制备氧化石墨GO;以CO2为碳源,通过调节温度及电流密度制备具有较大比表面积和孔径并且呈蜂窝状的碳材料HC,通过调节电流密度可以调控蜂窝状碳材料的孔径;以所制得的氧化石墨GO和蜂窝状碳材料HC对磷酸铁锂进行改性,制得石墨插层、碳材料包覆的正极材料LiFePO4/GO/HC,提高了材料导电性,使Li+在迁移更短的距离后即可到达导电性较好的氧化石墨GO表面,增大迁移速率;碳材料呈蜂窝状,可以增大电解液浸润性,并且有利于Li+更容易从各个方向进行嵌入/脱出,提高电池充放电性能;并且,蜂窝状碳材料HC的比表面积较大,孔径较大,可以保证更多Li+进入碳材料后容易通过碳材料孔道进入至活性中心,提高材料低温倍率性能,同时减小Li+在材料表面沉积,提高电池安全性。
本发明提供的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法所制备的正极材料具有较好低温充放电性能及低温倍率性能。
本发明并不仅仅限于说明书和实施方式中所描述,因此对于熟悉领域的人员而言可容易地实现另外的优点和修改,故在不背离权利要求及等同范围所限定的一般概念的精神和范围的情况下,本发明并不限于特定的细节、代表性的设备和这里示出与描述的图示示例。
Claims (9)
1.一种磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:包括如下步骤:
步骤一:按照一定质量比称取石墨、浓硝酸和浓磷酸混合,置于水浴中搅拌,温度升高至80-90℃,按照一定质量比加入双氧水,搅拌,将产物降温至室温,水洗并抽滤,将抽滤后的滤饼进行干燥,得到氧化石墨GO;
步骤二:按照一定质量比称取碳酸锂、碳酸钠和碳酸钾,混合并进行球磨,对球磨后的混合物进行加热,插入铁丝和Ni-Cr合金丝,通入CO2,通电进行电解,利用盐酸和去离子水对电解产物进行交替清洗,直至清洗后液体呈中性,烘干,得到蜂窝状碳材料HC;所述步骤二中进行电解的电流密度为200-300mA/cm3;
步骤三:按照一定质量比称取磷酸铁锂和氧化石墨GO溶于无水乙醇中,将混合物置于微波反应器中保持一段时间后,按照一定质量比加入蜂窝状碳材料HC,转移至高压反应釜中,进行水热反应,将水热反应后的产物进行水洗、抽滤及干燥,得到改性的磷酸铁锂材料LiFePO4/GO/HC。
2.如权利要求1所述的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤一中的石墨、浓硝酸和浓磷酸的质量比为1:6:4-1:6:6。
3.如权利要求2所述的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤一中的双氧水与石墨质量比为1:2-1:2.5。
4.如权利要求3所述的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤一中滤饼的干燥温度为90-100℃,干燥时间为6-8h。
5.如权利要求1所述的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤二中的碳酸锂、碳酸钠和碳酸钾的质量比为4:1:1-5:1:1。
6.如权利要求5所述的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤二中的盐酸的质量浓度为1%-2%。
7.如权利要求1所述的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤三中的磷酸铁锂与氧化石墨GO的质量比为10:1-12:1。
8.如权利要求7所述的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤三中的磷酸铁锂与蜂窝状碳材料HC的质量比为10:0.2-10:0.3。
9.如权利要求8所述的磷酸铁锂正极材料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤三中的水热反应温度为110-120℃,水热反应时间为20-24h。
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