CN106574536A - 用于净化工艺尾气或发动机废气的方法 - Google Patents

用于净化工艺尾气或发动机废气的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106574536A
CN106574536A CN201580045577.7A CN201580045577A CN106574536A CN 106574536 A CN106574536 A CN 106574536A CN 201580045577 A CN201580045577 A CN 201580045577A CN 106574536 A CN106574536 A CN 106574536A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
filter
gas
particulate filter
oxide
particulate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201580045577.7A
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English (en)
Inventor
K·约翰森
M·阿尔凯蒂
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Topsoe AS
Ecospray Technologies SRL
Original Assignee
Haldor Topsoe AS
Ecospray Technologies SRL
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Publication date
Application filed by Haldor Topsoe AS, Ecospray Technologies SRL filed Critical Haldor Topsoe AS
Publication of CN106574536A publication Critical patent/CN106574536A/zh
Pending legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/66—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter
    • B01D46/70—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter by acting counter-currently on the filtering surface, e.g. by flushing on the non-cake side of the filter
    • B01D46/71—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter by acting counter-currently on the filtering surface, e.g. by flushing on the non-cake side of the filter with pressurised gas, e.g. pulsed air
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D46/00—Filters or filtering processes specially modified for separating dispersed particles from gases or vapours
    • B01D46/66—Regeneration of the filtering material or filter elements inside the filter
    • B01D46/80—Chemical processes for the removal of the retained particles, e.g. by burning
    • B01D46/82—Chemical processes for the removal of the retained particles, e.g. by burning with catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/48—Sulfur compounds
    • B01D53/50—Sulfur oxides
    • B01D53/501—Sulfur oxides by treating the gases with a solution or a suspension of an alkali or earth-alkali or ammonium compound
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
    • B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
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    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
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    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
    • B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
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    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
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    • B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
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    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/44—Palladium
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
    • B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
    • B01J23/64—Platinum group metals with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/652—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
    • B01J23/6527—Tungsten
    • B01J35/19—
    • B01J35/56—
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    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
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    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
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    • F01N13/0093—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are of the same type
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于除去工艺尾气或发动机废气中存在的烟灰、灰分和金属或金属化合物以及NOx和SOx的方法。

Description

用于净化工艺尾气或发动机废气的方法
本发明涉及一种用于除去存在于工艺尾气或发动机废气中的灰分、烟灰、重金属、金属和金属化合物形式的颗粒物质以及氮氧化物(NOx)的方法。特别地，本发明可用于从来自水泥或玻璃制造的工艺尾气中和以重质燃料油操作的发动机的废气中除去这些组分。
这些含有颗粒的气体通常含有多种污染物，例如NOx、挥发性有机化合物(VOC)、SO2、CO、Hg、NH3、多环芳烃(PAH)、二恶英和呋喃，其浓度必须根据当地法规予以降低。为此，可以使用几种常规方法。
通常烟灰和灰分通过使气体通过设置在废气或通风系统中的一个或多个过滤器来捕获和去除。在流动一定时间后，捕获的烟灰和灰分的量导致过滤器上的压降增加，并且过滤器需要通过烧掉烟灰并用压缩空气或通过手动程序吹出灰分和其他无机颗粒物质来再生。
已知的颗粒过滤器系统被开发以用于具有相对低硫化合物和颗粒物质含量的尾气和废气。这些系统不能用于例如用重质燃料油供油(所谓的船用油)的轮船发动机和例如来自水泥和玻璃制造的具有高颗粒物质含量的工艺尾气。
船用油含有非常重质的烃和多环芳族化合物。油被化合物严重污染，该化合物不燃烧，并最终成为废气中的灰分。包含在船用油中的其他污染物不仅包括水溶性金属盐钠(Na)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、铁(Fe)、金属硫酸盐(MeSO4)和其它几种，还包括油溶性金属钒(V)、铅(Pb)、镍(Ni)等。
可通过与催化剂接触来有效减少气体污染物如NOx、VOC、PAH、二恶英和呋喃。特别地，基于钒氧化物的催化剂是通常用于NOx的还原的催化剂，其通过用NH3来选择性还原在燃油车和电动车应用中的NOx。
本发明的总的目的是提供一种用于减少工艺尾气或废气中的灰分和烟灰形式的颗粒物质以及去除NOx和VOC的方法，该方法确保有效净化和连续操作，即使当在该方法中使用的颗粒过滤器需要再生时。
如上所述，工艺尾气和发动机废气中的颗粒物质含有另外的无机灰分，其不能燃烧并因此将随时间而累积在过滤器中并造成压降。因此，必须通过周期性地逆转通过过滤器的废气流方向或通过脉冲喷射空气吹出灰分和烟灰来去除无机灰分和剩余量的烟灰。
本发明的基本特征是通过用在NOx的选择性催化还原(SCR)中为活性的催化剂来催化过滤器使连续去除气体杂质和颗粒过滤器的被动的烟灰再生，并且同时加速烟灰燃烧和VOC氧化，由此通过使在颗粒过滤器上的压降保持低并通过使空气脉冲喷射至过滤器的出口中而周期性地和有效地吹出颗粒物质来改善过滤工艺。
总之，本发明提供了一种用于除去在工艺尾气或发动机废气中存在的烟灰、灰分、金属和金属化合物形式的颗粒物质以及烃和氮氧化物的方法，该方法包括以下步骤：
提供含有含氮还原剂的工艺尾气或发动机废气或将含氮还原剂添加到工艺尾气或废气中；
使在225℃至550℃的气体温度下的工艺尾气或废气通过至少一个过滤器单元，每个过滤器单元包括至少一个颗粒过滤器，并捕获颗粒物质；
通过用含氮还原剂进行选择性催化还原(SCR)和通过与布置在颗粒过滤器中的组合的SCR和氧化催化剂接触进行氧化来减少在至少一个颗粒过滤器上捕获的烟灰的量，以及减少工艺尾气或废气中的氮氧化物和烃的量；
周期性地将工艺尾气或废气的流与至少一个过滤器单元断开；
在至少一个颗粒过滤器的出口处，通过以与废气的先前流动相反的方式将空气脉冲喷射至出口来施加气动脉冲，并且从至少一个颗粒过滤器吹出所捕获的颗粒物质和重金属；
在至少一个颗粒过滤器的入口处施加抽吸；和将从至少一个颗粒过滤器吹出的颗粒物质和重金属任选通过外部辅助过滤器单元输送至容器，其中组合的SCR和氧化催化剂由二氧化钛以及钒和钨的氧化物组成。
下面公开优选的实施方案。这些实施方案可以单独使用或组合使用。
用于本发明的颗粒过滤器优选由碳化硅、堇青石、莫来石、钛酸铝或烧结金属制成。
通常，用于本发明的过滤器成形为壁流式过滤器，其确保最高的净化效率，但是可以采用其他过滤器类型。
催化剂涂覆在过滤器壁上和/或壁内部。
催化活性材料是由钒氧化物、钨氧化物和钛氧化物组成的催化剂组合物，以下称为“V/W/Ti催化剂”。
术语“钒氧化物”或“氧化钒”是指
钒(II)氧化物(一氧化钒)，VO；或
钒(III)氧化物(三氧化二钒或钒三氧化物)，V2O3；或
钒(IV)氧化物(二氧化钒)，VO2；或
钒(V)氧化物(五氧化二钒)，V2O5。
优选地，用于本发明的钒氧化物包括或由钒(V)氧化物(五氧化二钒)，V2O5组成。
钨具有几种氧化态，因此具有以下几种氧化物：
钨(III)氧化物
钨(IV)氧化物
钨(VI)氧化物
五氧化二钨。
用于本发明的优选的钨氧化物包括或由钨(VI)氧化物WO3组成。
术语“钛氧化物(titania)”是指二氧化钛(TiO2)。
该催化剂在通过用NH3的SCR反应的烃(VOC)和NOx二者的去除中都是活性的。
在另一个实施方案中，V/W/Ti SCR催化剂涂覆在壁流式过滤器的气体入口侧和壁内，而另一种催化剂组合物由钒氧化物和金属和/或氧化物形式的钯和钛氧化物或钒氧化物、钨氧化物和金属和/或氧化物形式的钯以及钛氧化物组成并且涂覆在壁流式过滤器的气体出口侧。
在过滤器的出口侧提供V/W/Ti/Pd或V/Ti/Pd催化剂的优点是氨和一氧化碳从过滤器的较少逸出。
如上所述，本发明的另一个基本特征是除去所捕获的在重质燃料油燃烧期间形成的颗粒物质。颗粒过滤器必须通过使过滤器与废气流隔绝来进行周期性的净化。
优选地，使尾气或废气通过多于一个的过滤器单元。然后，所有过滤器单元可以通过根据本发明的方法在循环净化回路中进行净化，如下文更详细描述的。发动机可以保持连续操作，因为至少一个过滤器单元保持在过滤模式中。
在净化颗粒过滤器期间，空气以与废气的先前流动相反的方式以10至600毫秒、优选300毫秒的喷射脉冲持续时间进行喷射。
在净化周期中，颗粒过滤器或过滤器单元的一部分(整个过滤表面的5-50％)可以在出口处关闭，并且空气通过例如安装在关闭阀上或关闭阀附近的阀或喷嘴喷射至出口中。由此，因为与其中出口打开的方式相比，脉冲喷射至颗粒过滤器中的空气体积更低，因此甚至能更有效地吹出捕获在颗粒过滤器中的包括灰分、未燃烧的烟灰和重金属、金属、金属化合物的颗粒物质。在后一种情况下，空气脉冲遍及包围颗粒过滤器的整个过滤器单元，并因此限制净化效果。
或者，每个颗粒过滤器的出口可在净化周期间使用更强大的空气喷射脉冲打开。该实施方案的优点是简单和更紧凑的过滤器布置。
在气动喷射脉冲进入待净化的颗粒过滤器期间，具有高浓度的颗粒物质的净化空气流离开颗粒过滤器的入口侧，并且该空气流被适当的抽吸系统捕获。含有吹出的颗粒物质的空气流然后通过抽吸管输送离开颗粒过滤器的入口，该抽吸管任选设置有安装在颗粒过滤器的入口处或其附近的穿孔网格。抽吸管连接到抽吸源例如抽吸泵，其在空气脉冲喷射到颗粒过滤器的出口的期间或之后启动。
颗粒物质可以通过任选用如上所述的烟灰燃烧催化剂进行催化的外部辅助低温过滤器或辅助高温过滤器或其两者来抽吸至抽吸管中。由此，从主要的颗粒过滤器去除并且包含在净化空气流中的颗粒物质从辅助过滤器中的流中分离，然后排放至存储容器中以备将来使用。
或者，抽吸源可以通过设置有小的辅助过滤器的外部抽吸泵制成。辅助过滤器收集在抽吸气体流动管线中的空气流中携带的颗粒。
或者，也可以通过利用颗粒过滤器上的压降来产生抽吸流。在该实施方案中，抽吸管连接过滤器单元或颗粒过滤器的废气入口侧与过滤器单元或颗粒过滤器的废气出口侧，并且从颗粒过滤器吹出的颗粒物质通过安装在抽吸管中的辅助过滤器进行抽吸。当净化周期处于暂停时，可以从辅助过滤器去除捕获的颗粒物质。
施加在抽吸管中的压力必须足够低，以确保抽吸管中的颗粒物质的有效输送。
优选地，抽吸管中的压力比颗粒过滤器内部的压力低30-300毫巴。
在本发明的另一个实施方案中，用于脉冲喷射的空气从具有压缩空气的蓄压罐中抽出，所述压缩空气的压力在4至10巴绝对压力，优选6.5巴绝对压力下。
还在一个实施方案中，该单元布置在发动机涡轮增压器上游的压力容器中。然后，可使废气在压力为0至3巴绝对压力下通过过滤器单元。
在该实施方案中，烟灰燃烧温度可保持在约400℃的更优化水平，且不需要额外的废气加热。作为另一个优点，当提高废气的压力和温度时，颗粒过滤器上的压降减小。这有利地导致了有效过滤所需的颗粒过滤器体积的减小，并且有利于例如在用于废气处理的具有有限空间的船舶上的改造安装。
以上公开的本发明的另一个特征是可以除去在工艺尾气中形成的以及在发动机中燃烧重质燃料油时形成的硫氧化物。过滤器中的上游SCR和氧化催化剂耐硫化合物并且具有有限的SO2至SO3的氧化势，因此有助于使用SOX洗涤器以去除SO2和SO3。
因此，在另一个实施方案中，该方法包括通过在至少一个过滤器单元的下游在开放或闭合的回路中用包含碱性水溶液或碱性海水溶液的洗涤液来洗涤气体以减少气体中含有的硫氧化物的量的附加步骤。在碱洗涤液中，硫氧化物转化为无害的碱金属硫酸盐或亚硫酸盐。由此，硫氧化物几乎完全从尾气中除去，没有任何硫酸雾，并且储存澄清的低浊度废液以用于随后处理。

Claims (11)

1.一种用于除去存在于工艺尾气或发动机废气中的烟灰、灰分、金属和金属化合物形式的颗粒物质以及烃和氮氧化物的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
提供含有含氮还原剂的工艺尾气或发动机废气或将所述含氮还原剂添加到工艺尾气或废气中；
使在225℃至550℃的气体温度下的工艺尾气或废气通过至少一个过滤器单元，每个过滤器单元包括至少一个颗粒过滤器，并捕获所述颗粒物质；通过用含氮还原剂进行选择性催化还原(SCR)和通过与布置在所述颗粒过滤器中的至少第一组合的SCR和氧化催化剂接触进行氧化来减少在所述至少一个颗粒过滤器上捕获的烟灰的量，以及减少工艺尾气或废气中的氮氧化物和烃的量；
周期性地将所述工艺尾气或废气的流与所述至少一个过滤器单元断开；
在所述至少一个颗粒过滤器的出口处，通过以与废气的先前流动相反的方式将空气脉冲喷射至出口来施加气动脉冲，并且从所述至少一个颗粒过滤器吹出所捕获的颗粒物质和重金属以及金属化合物；
在所述至少一个颗粒过滤器的入口处施加抽吸；和将从所述至少一个颗粒过滤器吹出的颗粒物质和重金属以及金属化合物任选通过外部辅助过滤器单元输送至容器，其中所述至少第一组合的SCR和氧化催化剂由二氧化钛以及钒和钨的氧化物组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述至少一个颗粒过滤器是壁流式过滤器的形式。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法，其中所述至少第一组合的SCR和氧化催化剂涂覆在所述壁流式过滤器的气体入口侧的壁上或壁内部。
4.根据权利要求1至3中任一项所述的方法，其中在所述至少一个颗粒过滤器的气体出口侧涂覆第二氧化催化剂，所述第二氧化催化剂由钒氧化物和金属和/或氧化物形式的钯和钛氧化物组成或由钒氧化物、钨氧化物和金属和/或氧化物形式的钯和钛氧化物组成。
5.根据权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法，其中所述至少一个颗粒过滤器的主体由碳化硅、堇青石、莫来石、钛酸铝或烧结金属制备。
6.根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的方法，其中所述空气以10至600毫秒、优选300毫秒的喷射脉冲持续时间进行脉冲喷射。
7.根据权利要求1或6中任一项所述的方法，其中用于脉冲喷射的空气从具有压缩空气的蓄压罐中抽出，所述压缩空气的压力在4至10巴绝对压力，优选6.5巴绝对压力下。
8.根据权利要求1至7中任一项所述的方法，其中所述至少一个过滤器单元布置在发动机涡轮增压器上游的压力容器中。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中使所述废气在0至3巴绝对压力的压力下通过所述至少一个过滤器单元。
10.根据权利要求1至9中任一项所述的方法，所述方法包括将在所述至少一个过滤器单元下游的工艺尾气或废气中的氮氧化物进行额外选择性催化还原的附加步骤。
11.根据权利要求1至10中任一项所述的方法，所述方法包括通过在所述至少一个过滤器单元的下游处，在开放或闭合的回路中用碱性溶液洗涤所述气体来减少所述废气中含有的硫氧化物的量的附加步骤。
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