CN106410179B - 一种防胀气添加剂及其适用的钛酸锂电池 - Google Patents
一种防胀气添加剂及其适用的钛酸锂电池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/485—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of mixed oxides or hydroxides for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiTi2O4 or LiTi2OxFy
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种防胀气添加剂及其适用的钛酸锂电池,添加剂为含氮磷酸酯/亚磷酸酯衍生物,其适用的钛酸锂电池电池包括钛基负极活性材料和碳酸酯或长链醚类溶剂电解液。本发明提供的防胀气添加剂与现有的钛酸锂电池符合很好,不需要更换薄膜、正极材料、外壳;可有效抑制钛酸锂电池的胀气现象。本发明提供的防胀气添加剂及其适用的钛酸锂电池成分清晰,制备方法简单,适合工业应用,在动力电池和储能电池领域具有广泛的应用前景。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种电池电解液添加剂,具体涉及一种防胀气添加剂及其适用的钛酸锂电池。
背景技术
作为最具潜力的负极活性材料——钛基负极材料,尤其是尖晶石钛酸锂(Li4Ti5O12,LTO)受到了广泛的关注。相对于传统的石墨负极材料,LTO具有稳定的晶体结构,在锂离子嵌入和脱嵌时体积几乎保持不变,被称为“零应变”材料,具有极高的循环寿命;材料内部离子扩散速率快且原料无毒,绿色环保;嵌锂电位较高(1.55V vs.Li/Li+),避免了负极表面锂枝晶的析出,具有很好的安全性。因此,以LTO为负极的锂离子电池在储能和动力电池领域具有很大的研究和商业应用价值。
本发明人经长期观察、研究发现钛酸锂电池在存储和循环使用中会发生持续胀气,导致电池阻抗增加,循环性能迅速下降,成为限制钛酸锂负极材料的商业应用的最主要障碍之一。针对该问题,通过对产气组成、胀气电位、及溶剂组分之间逻辑联系的研究发现钛酸锂电池胀气的主要原因在于负极嵌锂电位下电解液溶剂的持续分解,并由此推测了碳酸酯溶剂分解的机理,需通过合适的手段抑制溶剂分解对电池的影响。在溶剂替换、材料掺杂、电极包覆等可选的手段中,采用合适的添加剂体系是最经济且有效的方式之一。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提出了一种含氮磷酸酯/亚磷酸酯衍生物添加剂体系,在适用的电解液体系内,可以有效吸收溶剂分解过程产生的自由基,从而减少气体的产生,有效抑制钛酸锂电池的胀气现象。
为了达到上述目的,本发明提供了采用下述技术方案:
一种防胀气添加剂为含氮磷酸酯/亚磷酸酯衍生物。
一种防胀气添加剂的第一优选方案,如下式所示化合物:其中A1,A2和A3为H或含碳原子数为1~10的烷基/芳香基及其氟代衍生物,或磷酸酯/亚磷酸酯衍生物,且A1,A2和A3中至少有一个为磷酸酯/亚磷酸酯衍生物。
一种防胀气添加剂适用的钛酸锂电池,电池包括钛基负极活性材料和碳酸酯或长链醚类溶剂电解液。
一种防胀气添加剂适用的钛酸锂电池的第一优选方案,碳酸酯类溶剂包括碳酸丙烯酯及其衍生物,或碳酸丙烯酯及其衍生物与非环状碳酸酯溶剂CH3(CH2)xOCOO(CH2)yCH3的混合物,其中x=0~4,y=0~4。
一种防胀气添加剂适用的钛酸锂电池的第一优选方案,长链醚类溶剂包括H3C(CH2)n-O(CH2CH2O)m-(CH2)nCH3及其部分或全氟代衍生物及同分异构体,其中m=0~10,n=0~10且其含碳原子数≥4。
一种防胀气添加剂适用的钛酸锂电池的第二优选方案,醚类溶剂与碳酸酯类溶剂的质量比为1:4~4:1。
一种防胀气添加剂适用的钛酸锂电池的第三优选方案,添加剂占电解液质量的0.1~25%。
一种防胀气添加剂适用的钛酸锂电池的第四优选方案,电解液包括如下a)、b)、c)中的一种或多种的组合:
a)对甲苯磺酰异氰酸酯、联苯、环己基苯、二苯醚、二苯胺、三苯胺、乙腈、二甲基砜、甲乙基砜、环丁砜、NC-(CH2)n-CN,n=0~10;
b)H2N-(CH2)n-NH2,n=0~10、邻苯二胺、对苯二胺、间苯二胺;c)OCN-(CH2)n-NCO,n=0~10。
一种防胀气添加剂适用的钛酸锂电池的第五优选方案,负极活性材料为钛酸锂或钛酸锂改性产物、钛氧化物或钛氧化物的改性产物的一种或多种。
本发明还提供一种用于上述钛酸锂电池的体积膨胀率的检测方法,所述检测方法如下:
(1)向电池容量为170mAh,电解液锂盐为LiPF6的钛酸锂电池注入电解液2.8g后封口;
(2)常温搁置24h,测量电池体积V0;
(3)常温化成后,测量电池体积V1;
(4)45℃下老化24h;
(5)置于75℃的干燥箱150h,取出冷却后,测量电池的体积V2;
(6)由V0,V1,V2值计算体积膨胀率=(V2-V1)/V0×100%。
与最接近的现有技术相比,本发明提供的技术方案具有以下优异效果:
1.本发明提供的防胀气添加剂与现有的钛酸锂电池符合很好,不需要更换薄膜、正极材料、外壳。
2.本发明提供的防胀气添加剂可有效抑制钛酸锂电池的胀气现象。
3.本发明提供的防胀气添加剂及其适用的钛酸锂电池成分清晰,制备方法简单。
4.本发明提供的防胀气添加剂及其适用的钛酸锂电池适合工业应用,在动力电池和储能电池领域具有广泛的应用前景。
具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例作进一步详细说明,对本发明的技术方案进行清楚、完整地描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅是本发明一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。基于本发明中的实施例,本领域普通技术人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,都属于本发明保护的范围。
一种防胀气添加剂及其适用的钛酸锂电池,电池包括钛基负极活性材料和碳酸酯或长链醚类溶剂电解液,负极活性材料为以钛酸锂或钛酸锂改性产物、钛氧化物或钛氧化物的改性产物或上述材料的混合物等钛基化合物。
测试电池防胀气的步骤如下:
(1)所用电池容量为170mAh,电解液锂盐为LiPF6,注液量为2.8g(涉及添加剂如表1);
(2)注液后在手套箱用封口机立即封口;
(3)取出电池常温搁置24h,测量电池体积V0;
(4)常温化成后,测量电池体积V1;
(5)然后45℃老化24h;
(6)把电池置于75℃干燥箱,恒温搁置150h,取出电池冷却后,测量电池体积V2;
(7)根据V0,V1,V2值计算体积膨胀率=(V2-V1)/V0×100%;
(8)各实施例的测试结果如表2和3。
上述钛酸锂电池电解液中溶剂为长链醚类溶剂H3C(CH2)n-O(CH2CH2O)m-(CH2)nCH3及其部分或全氟代衍生物及同分异构体,其中m=0~10,n=0~10且其含碳原子数≥4。
碳酸酯类溶剂为a)碳酸丙烯酯及其衍生物,或b)碳酸丙烯酯及其衍生物与其他非环状碳酸酯溶剂(CH3(CH2)xOCOO(CH2)yCH3,其中x=0~4,y=0~4)的混合溶剂。
电解液中溶剂还可以含有:
a)对甲苯磺酰异氰酸酯、联苯、环己基苯、二苯醚、二苯胺、三苯胺、乙腈、二甲基砜、甲乙基砜、环丁砜、NC-(CH2)n-CN,n=0~10;
b)H2N-(CH2)n-NH2,n=0~10、邻苯二胺、对苯二胺、间苯二胺;
c)OCN-(CH2)n-NCO,n=0~10中的一种或几种的组合。
表1为防胀气添加剂的种类
表中Pc代表含氮磷酸酯衍生物,Ps代表含氮亚磷酸酯衍生物。
表2含氮磷酸酯衍生物添加剂组成的电池体系
其中PC为碳酸丙烯酯,DMC为碳酸二甲酯,TEGDME为三甘醇二甲醚。
表3为含氮亚磷酸酯衍生物添加剂组成的电池体系
其中PC为碳酸丙烯酯,DMC为碳酸二甲酯,TEGDME为三甘醇二甲醚。
从表2~3中可以看出,加入防胀气添加剂的钛酸锂电池,其体积膨胀率明显降低。说明本发明提供的防胀气添加剂可有效抑制钛酸锂电池的胀气现象。
以上实施例仅用以说明本发明的技术方案而非对其进行限制,所属领域的普通技术人员应当理解,参照上述实施例可以对本发明的具体实施方式进行修改或者等同替换,这些未脱离本发明精神和范围的任何修改或者等同替换均在申请待批的权利要求保护范围之内。
Claims (6)
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种钛酸锂电池,其特征在于,所述碳酸酯类溶剂包括碳酸丙烯酯及其衍生物,或碳酸丙烯酯及其衍生物与非环状碳酸酯溶剂CH3(CH2)xOCOO(CH2)yCH3的混合物,其中x=0~4,y=0~4。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种钛酸锂电池,其特征在于,所述长链醚类溶剂包括H3C(CH2)n-O(CH2CH2O)m-(CH2)nCH3及其部分或全氟代衍生物及同分异构体,其中m=0~10,n=0~10且其含碳原子数≥4。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种钛酸锂电池,其特征在于,所述防胀气添加剂占所述钛酸锂电池的电解液质量的0.1~25%。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种钛酸锂电池,其特征在于,所述电解液包括如下a)、b)、c)中的一种或多种的组合:
a)对甲苯磺酰异氰酸酯、联苯、环己基苯、二苯醚、二苯胺、三苯胺、乙腈、二甲基砜、甲乙基砜、环丁砜、NC-(CH2)n-CN,n=0~10;
b)H2N-(CH2)n-NH2,n=0~10、邻苯二胺、对苯二胺、间苯二胺;
c)OCN-(CH2)n-NCO,n=0~10。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种钛酸锂电池,其特征在于,所述钛基负极活性材料为钛酸锂或钛酸锂改性产物、钛氧化物或钛氧化物的改性产物中的一种或多种。
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