CN106337283A - 一种可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法，先将预处理后的网布或织物进行碱辅助的粗糙化处理；再通过浸渍、浸轧、喷涂或其他混合方式实现亲水性功能纳米材料处理的PVA水凝胶对粗化后的网布或织物进行功能化修饰；经干燥处理后，交联的PVA水凝胶固化包覆于网布或织物网格丝骨架及表面上，形成具有亲水疏油特性的可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物。本发明所制备的亲水‑疏油性油水分离网，可快速实现油水混合物的分离，尤其适应于轻质油为主要油来源且油品含量很低的大量油水混合物，实现油水快速分离。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于油水分离技术领域，具体涉及一种亲水性的可用于油水分离的网布或织物。
背景技术
随着人们对环境保护的越来越重视，海洋运输油品泄漏、船舶压舱水处理、加油站罐底水积累、工业及生活含油废水排放等问题亟待解决。油水分离已成为当前环保领域面临的重要课题。近年来，利用功能化材料的疏水亲油或疏油亲水特性来实现油水混合物的有效分离引起来人们广泛的关注及大量的探索研究。
如中国专利CN 103342827 B公开了一种疏水亲油性聚氨酯海绵的制备方法，该发明是用少层石墨烯纳米片层修饰聚氨酯海绵以制备疏水亲油性海绵用于油水分离，其吸油倍率达到43，但仅靠浸泡而使石墨烯负载于海绵骨架的表层，其结合度并不牢固，使用寿命必然随使用次数的增加而降低，且少层石墨烯片层价格高昂。
又如中国专利CN1387932采用化学气相沉积与热固化的方法将纳米级低表面能粉末、分散剂在纳米光催化粘结剂和有机溶剂混合气氛中搅拌分解成乳液，喷涂、干燥定形于金属纤维织物上，制备亲油性/疏水性功能的油水分离网。但其工艺较复杂、成本偏高，不适于大规模的制备生产及应用，同时金属网在酸碱环境中有被腐蚀的风险发生，进而降低分离效率及使用寿命。
再如中国专利CN 102953268 B公开了一种超亲油超疏水油水分离涤纶纺织品的制备方法，其先制备基于正硅酸乙酯和六甲基二硅氮烷的疏水性的硅溶胶，再将涤纶织物在疏水性硅溶胶中进行浸轧处理，最后取出织物烘干、焙烘即得。
此外，Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2004, 43, 2012.; ACS Appl. Mater.Interfaces, 2013, 5, 774.; Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 14606.; ACSAppl. Mater. Interfaces, 2013, 5, 4438.; Carbon, 2011, 49, 669.; Mater.Lett., 2011, 65, 869.; ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2009, 1, 2613.;Nanotechnology, 2007, 18, 015103.等大量文献也报道了关于油水分离方向的基础研究进展。
然而，上述制备吸油海绵、亲油疏水金属网和涤纶纺织品及油水分离膜等的公开技术中，所获得产品都是基于超疏水-超亲油的特性用于油水分离。当需要处理含油量较少的大量油水混合物，尤其是轻质油为主要油来源时，亲油-疏水网很难做到高通量的有效处理。而依靠疏水性海绵的吸附性能并不适宜大规模的油水分离。同时上述制备过程繁琐、耗时、高成本、工艺稳定性差等因素制约了其实际的生产与应用。
鉴于此，制备高通量、高耐水压、高效率、高稳定性的基于亲水-疏油特性有机网布或织物的油水分离网已是当前油水分离方向研究与应用的当务之急。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是针对上述现有技术提供一种可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法，所制备的油水分离网可快速、高效地实现油水混合物的分离，尤其适用于对轻质油为主要油来源的油水混合物的分离。
本发明解决上述问题所采用的技术方案为：一种可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法：先将预处理后的网布或织物进行碱辅助的粗糙化处理；再通过浸渍、浸轧、喷涂或其他混合方式实现亲水性功能纳米材料处理的PVA水凝胶对粗化后的网布或织物进行功能化修饰；经干燥处理后，交联的PVA水凝胶固化包覆于网布或织物网格丝骨架及表面上，形成具有亲水疏油特性的可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物。
具体地，可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法，包括如下具体步骤，
（1）网布或织物预处理：将100-800目的网布或织物用洗衣粉的水溶液洗涤以减少或去除油污，并用清水冲洗干净；
（2）网布或织物粗糙化：将预处理后的网布或织物浸入质量分数为1-30%的碱性水溶液中保持3-120 min，其中粗化温度为50-99℃，碱性水溶液为氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸钾的一种或多种溶液混合物；
（3）PVA水凝胶的制备：首先将PVA溶解于70-99℃的热水中制备质量分数为0.5-15%的PVA水溶液；然后加入相对于PVA水溶液质量0.05-10%的交联剂，使PVA发生交联反应，交联剂为硼酸、硼砂、戊二醛、甲醛中的一种或几种，交联剂的质量浓度为0.5-20%，搅拌均匀后，再继续搅拌10 min-12 h，获得PVA水凝胶；
（4）亲水性纳米材料的预处理：采用低温氧等离子体表面枝接技术对亲水性纳米材料进行预处理，所述亲水性纳米材料选自亲水性纳米二氧化钛、亲水性纳米二氧化硅、氧化石墨、氧化石墨烯，其中所用氧等离子体辐照功率为60-300 W，辐照时间为0.5-5 min，真空度为25-85 Pa；
（5）PVA水凝胶的进一步功能化：选择性地在PVA水溶液或交联后的PVA水凝胶中加入相对于PVA质量0.1%-20%的经低温氧等离子体表面枝接技术预处理过的亲水性纳米材料的一种或几种混合物，并使其均匀分散，获得亲水性纳米材料功能化的PVA水溶液或水凝胶复合物；
（6）网布或织物的亲水性功能化：通过浸渍、浸轧、喷涂或其他混合方式实现PVA水凝胶复合物对粗糙化后的网布或织物的功能化处理，再经过自然挥发干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥、烘箱干燥、红外加热、微波加热等方式的一种或几种对功能化后的网布或织物进行固化处理，固化处理温度为20-200℃，过程重复进行1-3次；
（7）静压力、通量及含油量测试：该过程以体积比1：1的柴油或原油-水的混合物为待分离液，以所制备的亲水性网布或织物为过滤层进行试验，待柴油开始滴落时记录液面高度并计算水通量及滤过水样中油品的含量。
优选地，本发明的网布或织物的材质可选自涤纶、锦纶、腈纶、丙纶、氨纶或尼龙。
与现有技术相比，本发明的优点在于：
（1）本发明整个工艺过程中所使用的物料无害无毒，过程操作简单、成本低廉，能够适应大规模实际生产；
（2）本发明所制备的亲水-疏油性油水分离网，可快速实现油水混合物的分离，尤其适应于轻质油为主要油来源且油品含量很低的大量油水混合物，实现油水快速分离；
（3）本发明所制备的亲水-疏油性油水分离网可同时表现出高通量、高耐水压、高效率、高稳定性等的优势。
具体实施方式
以下结合实施例对本发明作进一步详细描述。
实施例1
一种用于油水分离的清水性网布的制备方法，包括如下步骤
步骤1：先将400目涤纶网布，用洗衣粉的水溶液洗涤并用清水冲洗干净；然后将干净的涤纶网布浸入质量分数为15%的氢氧化钠水溶液中，并在90℃环境中保持30 min进行粗糙化处理；
步骤2：首先将PVA溶解于97℃的热水中制备质量分数为4 %的 PVA水溶液；然后加入相对于PVA溶液质量0.5%的硼酸使PVA发生交联反应，其中硼酸水溶液的质量浓度为8%，搅拌60min后形成均匀的PVA水凝胶；
步骤3：先将干净的粗化后的涤纶网布与所得水凝胶通过一次浸轧方式让PVA水凝胶复合物对涤纶网布作功能化处理；再经过90℃电烘箱鼓风干燥实现PVA水凝胶对涤纶网格骨架及表面的固化处理，得到可用于油水分离的亲水性涤纶网；
步骤4：使用前，将该亲水性网布先在水中浸泡20min形成亲水-疏油性水膜，即可用于油水分离。
步骤5：配制体积比1：1的柴油-水的混合液进行所得亲水性涤纶网静压力、通量及含油量测试，其静压力为245 mm，水通量为21 m3/(m2 h)，滤过水样中柴油的含量为355ppm.
实施例2
具体实施参照实施例1，不同之处在于：步骤2制备PVA水凝胶后，添加相对于PVA质量5%的亲水性纳米二氧化硅，并使其分散均匀；步骤3通过浸渍的方式实现涤纶网布的功能化，且该步骤重复进行1次；该实施例所得的功能化涤纶网布的静压力为258 mm，水通量为18m3/(m2 h)，滤过水样中柴油的含量为307 ppm.
该实施例中所添加的亲水性纳米二氧化硅的尺寸为5-40 nm，低温氧等离子体表面枝接技术对其预处理时的辐照功率为200 W，辐照时间为90 s，真空度为40 Pa。
实施例3
具体实施参照实施例1，不同之处在于：步骤1碱溶液为质量分数为10%的氢氧化钾水溶液，粗糙化时间为20min；步骤2 中PVA水溶液的质量分数为2%，硼砂相对PVA溶液的质量分数为0.3%，其中硼酸水溶液的质量浓度为5%，且添加交联剂之前先添加相对于PVA质量5%的亲水性纳米二氧化硅；步骤3功能化处理方式由浸轧改为喷涂且该步骤重复进行2次。且本实施例中添加的亲水性纳米二氧化硅的预处理过程参照实施例2进行；本实施例所得的功能化涤纶网布静压力为260mm，水通量为16 m3/(m2 h)，滤过水样中柴油的含量为320 ppm.
实施例4
具体实施参照实施例2，不同之处在于：该实施例所用网布为300目涤纶网；本实施例所得的亲水性涤纶网的静压力为246 mm，水通量为8.6 m3/(m2 h)，滤过水样中油品的含量为510 ppm，本实施例所用的待分离液为体积比1：1的原油-水的混合物。
实施例5
具体实施参照实施例2，不同之处在于：该实施例所用网布为400目尼龙网，且不需要进行碱溶液的粗糙化处理；步骤2添加的亲水性纳米材料为相对于PVA质量3%的氧化石墨烯；步骤3通过一次浸渍-常温自然干燥的固化方式实现尼龙网布的亲水疏油功能化。本实施例中所添加的氧化石墨烯的低温氧等离子体预处理条件为：辐照功率140 W，辐照时间为2min，真空度为50 Pa；该实施例所得的亲水性尼龙网的静压力为260 mm，水通量为14 m3/(m2h)，滤过水样中柴油的含量为290 ppm.
实施例6
具体实施参照实施例2，不同之处在于：步骤3通过一次浸渍-微波加热干燥的固化方式实现涤纶网布的功能化固化；该实施例所得涤纶网的静压力为250 mm，水通量为17 m3/(m2h)，滤过水样中柴油的含量为304 ppm.
实施例7
具体实施参照实施例1，不同之处在于：该实施例所用网布为420目涤纶网；步骤2加入相对于PVA溶液质量1%的戊二醛，戊二醛溶液的质量分数为10%，步骤3的功能化和固化方式分别为喷涂和红外加热干燥，且该步骤进行两次；当待分离液为体积比1：1的原油-水的混合物时，本实施例所得的亲水性涤纶网的静压力为282 mm，水通量为6.7 m3/(m2 h)，滤过水样中油品（原油）的含量为410 ppm；当待分离液为体积比1：1的柴油-水的混合物时，静压力为268 mm，水通量为12 m3/(m2 h)，滤过水样中油品（柴油）的含量为300 ppm.
除上述实施例外，本发明还包括有其他实施方式，凡采用等同变换或者等效替换方式形成的技术方案，均应落入本发明权利要求的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法，其特征在于：先将预处理后的网布或织物进行碱辅助的粗糙化处理；再通过浸渍、浸轧、喷涂或其他混合方式实现经低温氧等离子体表面枝接技术预处理的亲水性纳米材料功能化的PVA水凝胶对粗化后的网布或织物进行功能化修饰；经干燥处理后，交联的PVA水凝胶固化包覆于网布或织物网格丝骨架及表面上，形成具有亲水疏油特性的可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法，其特征在于：包括如下具体步骤，
（1）网布或织物预处理：将100-800目的网布或织物用洗衣粉的水溶液洗涤以减少或去除油污，并用清水冲洗干净；
（2）网布或织物粗糙化：将预处理后的网布或织物浸入质量分数为1-30%的碱性水溶液中保持3-120 min，其中粗化温度为50-99℃；
（3）PVA水凝胶的制备：首先将PVA溶解于50-99℃的热水中制备质量分数为0.5-15%的PVA水溶液；然后加入相对于PVA水溶液质量0.05-10%的交联剂，使PVA发生交联反应，交联剂为硼酸、硼砂、戊二醛、甲醛中的一种或几种，交联剂的质量浓度为0.5-20%，搅拌均匀后，再继续搅拌10 min-12 h，获得PVA水凝胶；
（4）亲水性纳米材料的预处理：采用低温氧等离子体表面枝接技术对亲水性纳米材料进行预处理，所述亲水性纳米材料选自亲水性纳米二氧化钛、亲水性纳米二氧化硅、氧化石墨、氧化石墨烯，其中所用氧等离子体辐照功率为60-300 W，辐照时间为0.5-5 min，真空度为25-85 Pa；
（5）PVA水凝胶的进一步功能化：选择性地在PVA水溶液或交联后的PVA水凝胶中加入相对于PVA质量0.1%-20%的经低温氧等离子体表面枝接技术预处理过的亲水性纳米材料的一种或几种混合物，并使其均匀分散，获得亲水性纳米材料功能化的PVA水溶液或水凝胶复合物；
（6）网布或织物的功能化：通过浸渍、浸轧、喷涂或其他混合方式实现PVA水凝胶复合物对粗糙化后的网布或织物的功能化处理，再经过自然挥发干燥、真空干燥、冷冻干燥、烘箱干燥、红外加热、微波加热等方式的一种或几种对功能化后的网布或织物进行固化处理，固化处理温度为20-200℃，过程重复进行1-3次。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法，其特征在于：所述网布或织物的材质为涤纶、锦纶、腈纶、丙纶、氨纶或尼龙或其混纺网布或织物。
4.根据权利要求2所述的可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法，其特征在于：所述碱性水溶液为氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸钾的一种或多种溶液混合物。
5.根据权利要求2所述的可用于油水分离的亲水性网布或织物的制备方法，其特征在于：所述交联剂为硼酸、硼砂、戊二醛、甲醛中的一种或几种。
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| CN113073477A (zh) * | 2021-03-22 | 2021-07-06 | 四川大学 | 一种用于油水分离的超亲水抗污棉织物及用于该棉织物的两性离子水凝胶 |
| CN113457218A (zh) * | 2021-07-13 | 2021-10-01 | 扬州大学 | 一种基于静电纺丝/pva复合水凝胶的油水分离材料及其制备方法 |
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