CN106221546B - 用作涂料的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,制备方法及其用途 - Google Patents
用作涂料的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,制备方法及其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106221546B CN106221546B CN201610686976.8A CN201610686976A CN106221546B CN 106221546 B CN106221546 B CN 106221546B CN 201610686976 A CN201610686976 A CN 201610686976A CN 106221546 B CN106221546 B CN 106221546B
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- crosslinking
- prepolymer
- aqueous polyurethane
- polyurethane dispersion
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Abstract
本发明的涉及一种用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,由以下成分构成:A.10‑99重量%的含二重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液:(1)至少40%固含量;(2)至少含二种自交联结构;(3)用不多于2%的溶剂工艺制备;(4)不含重金属离子和化合物;(5)不黄变;B.1‑90重量%的烯烃高聚物乳液或分散液:(1)至少40%固含量;(2)无溶剂工艺制备;(3)含自交联结构。以上两种成分通过物理键和化学键构成的多重自交联的高固含的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液。该水性聚氨酯分散液具有高的固体含量40‑60%,低的粘度,不大于1000厘泊,不大干45℃成膜温度,干膜硬度高于1H,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种环保性的有机高分子材料,即用作涂料的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,它们的少溶剂或无溶剂的制备方法和作为涂料的用途。
背景技术
一般水性聚氨酯分散液干燥速度慢,成的膜耐水性、耐热性差,且价格较高,因而水性聚氨酯涂料的使用受到了很大的限制。
2001年Bayer公司的美国专利①USP6204323发明了一种用作涂料的双组份水性聚氨酯,其A组份为30-99重量%旳一种水性含羟基和/或含胺基的树脂分散液,其B组份为1-70重量%的一种水分散性的多聚异氰酸酯的混合物。由此专利衍生出的许多双组份水性聚氨酯涂料产品是到目前为止水性聚氨酯涂料的主导产品。但此类双組份水性聚氨酯涂料产品干燥固化速度慢,施工工艺复杂而且价格特高,大大限制了它们的使用和市场。
此后Bayer(现COVESTRO)又发展了用作涂料的单组份水性聚氨酯产品,例如UH2593和UH-2648。Alberdingk Resins公司也发展了一个用作涂料的单组份水性聚氨酯产品U-9800。但这几個产品的固含量仅35%,用于制备的水性涂料,其干燥速度慢,丰满度欠佳,而且价格高。最近Alberdingk Resins又发展了一个固含量为40%的用于涂料的水性聚氨酯产品U-9900,干燥速度提高,但对基材的附着力欠佳,最低成膜温度高,成的膜不耐黄变,而价格太高,难于推广使用。
以上情况表明:至今还没有一种具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),干燥速度快,丰满高,最低成膜温度低,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液。
所以本发明将提供一种具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液。
本发明还将提供一种制造高固体含量,最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变的用作涂料的-种多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的少溶剂或无溶剂的制造方法。
本发明还进一步提供这种具有高固体含量,最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液用来作为水性涂料的应用。
发明内容
本发明中所述的“聚氨酯”词定义为含有氨基甲酸酯基团的聚合物,也包括含有除氨基甲酸酯基团外还含有脲基团的聚合物和含有烯烃高聚物的聚合物。
本发明中所述的“水性聚氨酯分散液”包括水性聚氨酯分散液和含有烯烃高聚物的水性聚氨酯分散液。
本发明中所述的“多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液”至少含三种自交联结构。
本发明的目的是提供一种新的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液。
本发明还提供一种少溶剂或无溶剂的制备方法来制造这种高固体含量,最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制造方法。
本发明还进一步提供这种具有高固体含量,最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液用来作为水性涂料的应用。
本发明的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液是一种具有多重自交联的新的水性聚氨酯分散液,由以下成分通过化学键和/或物理键构成:
1.10-99重量%的一种至少含二重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,其特征有:
(1)至少40%固含量;
(2)至少含二种自交联结构;
(3)用不多于2%的溶剂工艺制备;
(4)不含重金属离子和化合物;
(5)不黄变。
2.1-90重量%的一种烯烃高聚物乳液或分散液,其特征有:
(1)至少40%固含量;
(2)用无溶剂工艺制备;
(3)至少含一种自交联结构。
以上两种成分通过物理键和化学键构成的多重自交联的高固含的新的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,它包含此两种組成的分子级混合物,高分子合金,贯穿网状结构,核/壳结构,接技和嵌段结构,或者这些结构体的混合物。
本发明的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法包括先制备一种含自交联結构的预聚物或预聚物和不饱和烯类单体的混合物:由包括官能度大于2.0的异氰酸酯在内的多聚异氰酸酯,在少量有机溶剂的存在下或在惰性不铇和烯类单体作溶剂的条件下,与多聚醇、羟基羧酸化合物、包括三元醇在内的小分子多元醇、和叔胺类中和剂等反应生成含自交联结构的水可分散的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物或预聚物和不飽和烯类单体的混合物。
本发明的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液是:
(I)將上述制得的预聚物分散于水中,加入三元胺或二元胺与多元胺的混合物扩链剂生成至少有二种自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液。然后以此生成的至少有二种自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液作为种子,加入预乳化的含有自交联结构的不飽和烯类单体和自由基引发剂进行自由基种子乳液聚合,制得一种以水性聚氨酯为核,不飽和烯类聚合物为壳的核/壳结构,也可能包含有这两种成分通过物理键和/化学键构成的混合物的一种多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液。
(II)先制备一种含活泼氢原子基团的和含有自交联结构的不飽和烯类単体的聚合物的分散液或乳液,然后再將上述的含有自交联结构的水可分散的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物分散于此不飽和烯类単体的聚合物的分散液或乳液中,加入三元胺或二元胺与多元胺的混合物扩链剂,生成一种多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,其中水性聚氨酯和烯烃聚合物之间有化学键的结合。
(III)將上述(1)制得的含自交联結构的预聚物和不饱和烯类单体的混合物分散于水中加入三元胺或二元胺与多元胺的混合物扩链剂,生成一种多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液。与此同时,加入自由基引发剂和乳化剂,加入至少一种含自交联结构的更多量的不飽和烯类单体,进行烯类单体的自由基乳液聚合。最终生成一种多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,其中包含水性聚氨酯和烯烃聚合物的分子级混合物和贯穿网状结构。制备本发明的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液用的多聚异氰酸酯包括脂肪族多聚异氰酸酯,适用的脂肪族多聚异氰酸酯包括有异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯(IPDI),二环已基甲烷二异氰酸酯(HMDI),1,6-已基二异氰酸酯(HDI)、四甲基苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯(TMXDI)、环戊基二异氰酸酯、环已烷二异氰酸酯(CHDI)、苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯(XDI)、环已烷二亚甲基二异氰酸酯(H6XDI)、三甲基六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(TMHDI)、降冰片烷二异氰酸酯(NBDI)、十亚甲基二异氰酸酯、十二亚甲基二异氰酸酯或甲基戊烷二异氰酸酯(MPDI)。
如果需要的话,少量的单异氰酸酯和多聚异氰酸酯的组合用来制备本发明的预聚物。用的单异氰酸酯和多聚异氰酸酯的配比应使得生成的预聚物的平均异氰酸酯基团含量等于或大于2。适用的单异氰酸酯包括甲基异氰酸酯、乙基异氰酸酯或十八烷基异氰酸酯等。适用的多聚异氰酸酯包括异氰酸酯基团大于2的改性二异氰酸酯,如HDI和IPDI等的三聚体。此外,改性的多聚异氰酸酯可能包含有氨基甲酸酯或缩二脲等基团。
制备本发明的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液适合用的低聚物多元醇,其数均分子量从400到10000,分子量从400到3000会更好。这些低聚物多元醇包括:
1.聚酯多元醇,由多羟基化合物,比较好的是二元醇,可能加入三元醇,和多元羧酸化合物,比较好的是二元羧酸化合物反应而制得。除了这些多元羧酸外,相应的羧酸酐化合物,或这些多元羧酸的小分子醇的酯,以及它们的混合物也可用来制备这些聚酯多元醇。这些多元羧酸混合物可以是脂肪族的、脂环的、芳香族的、和/或杂环的。它们可以是不饱和的,和/或者被卤素等取代的。这些羧酸的例子有:丁二酸、已二酸、辛二酸、壬二酸、癸二酸、苯二酸、苯偏二酸、苯二酸酐、四氢化酞酸酐、六氢化酞酸酐、四氯苯二酸酐、桥甲基四氢化酞酸酐、谷氨酸酐、马来酸、马来酸酐、反式丁稀二酸或脂肪酸的二聚和三聚体,例如可与脂肪酸混合的油酸的二聚和三聚体、二甲基对苯二甲酸酯和对苯二甲酸二乙二醇酯。适用的多羟基醇化合物包括乙二醇、1,2-和1,3-丙二醇、1,3-和1,4-丁二醇、1,6-已二醇、1,8-辛二醇、新戊二醇、2-甲基-1,3-丙二醇、2,2-二甲基-1、3-丙二醇、二羟基甲基环已烷的各种异构体、丙三醇或三羟基甲丙烷。
2.聚(酯一醚)二醇,由二乙二醇和二元酸的化合物反应而制得,包括聚(已二酸/二乙二醇)二醇、聚(已二酸/乙二醇/二乙二醇)二醇、聚(已二酸/二乙二醇/乙二醇)二醇、或聚(邻苯二甲酸/二乙二醇)二醇等。
3.聚内酯多元醇,例如用上述多元醇引发的已内酯的聚合物。
4.含多羟基的聚碳酸酯,例如前面提到的制备聚酯多元醇用的多元醇化合物与光气、二芳基碳酸酯反应的产物。适用的还包括上述聚酯或聚内酯的低分子量的齐聚物与光气、二芳聚碳酸酯或环状碳酸酯的反应产物。其中,所述的多元醇化合物比较好的是二元醇的化合物,如1,3-丙二醇、1,4-丁二醇、1,4-二甲羟基环已烷、1,6-已二醇、二乙二醇、三乙二醇或四乙二醇。所述的二芳聚碳酸酯包括二苯聚碳酸酯、乙烯或丙烯等的环状碳酸酯等。
5.聚醚多元醇,包括用含活泼氢的化合物启动的烷基环氧化合物反应的聚合物。这些环氧化合物包括环氧丙烷、环氧丁烷、环氧苯乙烯、四氢呋喃、3-氯-1,2-环氧丙烷、或者这些环氧化合物的混合物。如果聚醚中的环氧乙烷的重量含量不超过10%的话,使用一定比例的环氧乙烷也可。不过不含乙烯环氧的聚醚多元醇更适于使用。启动此反应的至少含一个活泼氢原子的化合物,除了上述的适合于制备聚酯多元醇的那些多元醇化合物外,还包括水、甲醇、乙醇、1,2,6-丁三醇、1,2,4-丁三醇、三甲羟基乙烷、季戊四醇、甘露糖醇、三梨糖醇、甲基配粮物、蔗糖、苯酚、异壬基苯酚、间苯二酚、氢醌、1,1,1-或1,1,2-三(烃基苯基)乙烷。用含胺基的化合物启动的聚醚多元醇也能使用,但用得少。适用的胺基化合物包括乙二胺、二乙烯三胺、三乙烯四胺、1,6-已二胺、哌嗪、2,5-甲基哌嗪、1-胺基-3-胺基-3,5,5-三甲基环已烷、二(4-胺基环已基)甲烷、二(4-胺基-3-甲基环已基)甲烷、1,4-环已烷二胺、1,2-丙二胺、肼、氨基酸酰肼、半卡巴肼羧酸的酰肼、氨、甲胺、四亚甲基二胺、乙醇胺、二乙醇二胺、三乙醇二胺、苯胺、苯二胺、2,4和2,6-甲苯二胺、苯胺和甲醛缩合反应得到的聚苯聚甲基多元胺,以及它们的混合物。苯酚和甲酚的树脂也能作为启动化合物。比较好的制备聚醚多元醇的启动化合物是仅含羟基的化合物,其次是含叔胺的化合物,再其次是含与异氰酸酯反应的NH基团的化合物。
6.聚硫醚二醇,包括2,2’-二羟基二乙硫自身缩聚物,和与其它二醇、二元羧酸、甲醛、胺基羧酸、或胺基醇的缩聚物。
7.磺酸型的聚合多元醇。此类聚合多元醇可由二元羧酸、磺酸二醇和磺酸二元羧酸制备。比较好的磺酸型聚合多元醇由5-磺酸钠间苯二酸、已二酸和1,4-丁二醇、和/或二乙二醇缩合反应制备。
8.聚丙烯酸酯多元醇。
9.生物基多元醇,包括萞麻油衍生物多元醇,大豆油和棕榈油多元醇,其它植物油多元醇,松香酯多元醇,脂肪酸二聚体二醇,魚油多元醇,木质素多元醇,木粉聚醚多元醇,淀粉多元醇,玉米秸秆多元醇等。
如果需要的话,单元醇和高于二元醇的多元醇也能用来制备本发明的异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物。但单元醇和多元醇的配比要保证生成的预聚物的平均异氰酸酯基团的数目等于或大于2。适合的例子包括甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、异丙醇、已醇、辛醇、丙三醇、三羟甲基丙烷、1,2,4-丁三醇、1,2,6-已三醇、以及它们的混合物。
为了使异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物能分散到水中形成稳定的本发明的水性聚氨酯分散液,必须在预聚物的分子结构上嵌入亲水的基团,即阴离子基团、阳离子基团、或无离子的亲水基团。适用的亲水组份含水有至少一个(最好至少2个)对异氰酸酯基团,或对异氰酸酯呈反应性的基团,和含至少一个亲水基团或一个潜在的亲水基团。能够被用来嵌入潜在离子基团的化合物的例子包括脂肪族的羟基羧酸、脂肪族或芳香族的胺基(伯胺或仲胺)羧酸、脂肪族的羟基磺酸、脂肪族或芳香族胺基(伯胺或仲胺)羧酸。这些酸的分子量最好小于400.
根据本发明,嵌入聚氨酯中较好的阴离子基团是羧酸基团和如下一般分子式的羟基羧酸:
(HO)xQ(COOH)y
其中Q含1到12碳原子的线性或分支的烷烃基团,x和y代表从1到3的数目。比较好的是x等于2。最好羟基羧酸是由下面分子式代表的2,2-二羟甲基烷基酸
其中R1代表氢或碳原子从1到9的烷基。这些化合物的例子是2,2-二羟甲基乙酸、2,2-二羟甲基丙酸、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸或2,2-二羟甲基戊酸。比较好的是2,2-二羟甲基丙酸(DMPA)。
羧酸基团可以用中和剂来处理转变成亲水的阴离子基团。中和剂包括碱金属氢氧化物和碱金属盐、氨、氨水、伯胺、仲胺或叔胺。适合的碱金属氢氧化物和碱金属盐是氢氧化钠,氢氧化钾、氢化钠、氢化钾、碳酸钠、碳酸钾、碳酸氢钠或碳酸氢钾。比较好的是用挥发性的有机胺,最好是叔胺化合物。适用的胺类化合物的例子由三甲胺、三乙胺、三异丙胺、三丁胺、N,N-二甲基环已胺、N,N-二甲十八碳烷胺、N,N-二甲基苯胺、N-甲基马啉、N-乙基马啉、N-甲基哌嗪、N-甲基吡咯烷、N-甲基吡啶、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺、三乙醇胺、N-甲基二乙醇胺、二甲基丙醇胺、2-甲氧乙基二甲胺、N-羟乙基吡啶、2-(2-二甲基乙氧基胺)乙醇或5-二乙胺-2-甲丙酮。最好的叔胺是不含异氰酸酯活性基团的叔胺。
羟基羧酸中的羧酸可以先中和后再与异氰酸酯反应而嵌入预聚物的结构中。羟基羧酸的羟基也可以和低聚物多元醇一起与异氰酸酯反应生成带羧酸基的预聚物,再用碱金属氢氧化物或叔胺化合物中和预聚物中的羧酸基团。羧酸基团的中和也可部分在预聚物生成前,部分在预聚物生成后。中和后的预聚物比较容易分散到水中。在某些情况下,特别是基于HDI的聚酯型预聚物,中和剂的加入,会引起预聚物的粘度急剧增加,则可将中和剂与水混合,然后将未中和或部分中和的预聚物分散到此含中和剂的水中。中和剂的用量为羧酸当量的100%到120%。
分子量从60到400的小分子脂肪族多元醇也可能用来制备异氰酸基结尾的预聚物。小分子脂肪族多元醇,包括乙二醇,1,4-丁二醇,1,2-丙二醇,新戊二醇,甲基丙二醇,已二醇,十二碳二醇,三羟甲基丙烷,已三醇,季戊四醇,以及它们的混合物。比较好的是1,4-丁二醇,三羟甲基丙烷,季戊四醇,和它们的混合物。小分子量多元醇可以增加聚氨酯的交联度,硬度,强度,耐水和耐温性能。
异氰酸酯基结尾的预聚物是由过量的异氰酸酯与上述含活泼氢的化合物反应而制备。异氰酸酯中的NCO和含活泼氢的化合物的OH的当量比为(1.0-4.0):(1.0),生成的预聚物中异氰酸基团的重量百分含量为1%到20%。上述含活泼氢的化合物中,低聚物多元醇,羟基羧酸化合物和小分子量的二醇的重量比为50-98:1—20:1-20。预聚物制备的温度为25℃到120℃,反应时间为1-20小时,比较好的反应温度是从60℃到100℃,比较好的反应应时间为2-5小时。低于25℃的反应温度,反应时间太长,而且生成的预聚物的粘度高,操作困难,很难分散于水中。当然也可用共溶剂来降低预聚物的粘度,但加入过多量的有机溶剂,会引起环保,安全和健康等问题。另一方面高于120℃的反应温度会引起副反应,如异氰酸酯基团与羧基的反应,异氰酸酯与氨基甲酸酯基团上的氢的反应等,导致预聚物的性质变化而使得生成的水性聚氨酯分散液的性能变化。
如果需要的话,少量的催化剂可用来加速预聚物的合成反应。一般催化剂的用量为预聚物总量的0.05%到2.0%,比较好的为0.1%到0.2%。常用的催化剂是二丁基锡二月桂酸酯。
如果需要的话,不含活泼氢的外加乳化剂也可用来增加预聚物的水分散能力,和改善所生成的水性聚氨酯分散液的成膜性质。外加的分散剂可以是阴离子的、阳离子的、或无离子的,取决于水性聚氨酯分散液的离子特性。外加的乳化剂,分散剂和表面活性剂可以在分散于水前加入预聚物中或加入水中,或加入生成的水性聚氨酯分散液中。如果需要的话,还可以加去泡剂,流平剂。还可以加入增稠剂来调节水性聚氨酯的粘度。
异氰酸酯基团结尾的预聚物一旦生成,就可以在搅拌下分散于蒸馏水或去离子水中。制备稳定的水性聚氨酯分散液所用的水量,为生成的水性聚氨酯水分散液总重量的35%到65%,比较好的是40%到60%。可以将水加入预聚物中分散,也可以将预聚物加入水中进行分散,也可以在线路中让预聚物流和水流通过一个高速分散装置进行连续分散。预聚物在分散前的温度一般为35℃到110℃,比较好的温度是45℃到90℃,最好是60℃到85℃.用作分散的水的温度为15℃到95℃,比较好的是20-80℃.
在预聚物分散于水中及其羧酸基团全部被中和而变成离子基团后,将扩链剂加入此预聚物的分散液。扩链剂是醇类扩链剂,胺类或羟胺类的扩链剂。扩链剂可以在预聚物分散前,分散同时,或分散后加入水中。所述舡胺类扩链剂是三元胺或二元胺与多元胺的混合物。胺扩链剂的平均官能度,即分子中胺的氮原子数目,应该为约1.8到6.0,比较好的为2.0到4.0,最好是2.0到3.0。所需的官能度可用二元胺马多元胺的混合来达到。例如,2.5的官能度可用等克分子的二胺和三胺的混合物而得到。
适用的胺扩链剂是有2到6个胺基团的烃类多元胺化合物,其中的胺是伯胺或仲胺。可以是芳香族的、脂肪族的、或脂环的胺,一般有1-30个碳原子,比较好的为2-15个碳原子,最好的是有2-10个碳原子。多元胺的例子有二乙撑三胺,三乙撑四按、四乙撑五胺、N-(2-哌嗪乙基)乙撑二胺、N,N′-二-(2-氨基乙基)哌嗪、N,N,N′-三(2-氨乙基)乙撑二胺、N-〔N-(2-氨乙基)-2-氨乙基〕-N′-(2-哌嗪乙基)-乙撑二胺、N-(2-氨基乙撑-N′-(2-哌嗪乙基)胺、N,N-二(2-哌嗪乙基)胺、聚乙烯亚胺、亚氨二胺胍、三聚氰胺、N-(2-氨乙基)-1,3-丙二胺、3,3′-二氨基联苯胺、2,4,6-三氨基嘧啶、聚环氧丙烯胺、四丙撑五胺、三丙撑四胺、N,N-二(6-氨已基)胺、N,N′-二(3-氨丙基)已撑二胺、或2,4-(4′-氨苯基)苯胺。比较好的多元胺包括异佛尔酮二胺(IPDA)、二(4-氨基环已基)甲烷、二(4-氨基-3-甲基环已基)甲烷、1,6-已二胺、乙二胺、二乙撑三胺、三乙撑四胺、四乙撑五胺或五乙撑六胺。用肼作扩链剂也较好。
扩链剂的用量取决于预聚物中结尾的异氰酸酯基团的数目。一般预聚物中末端异氰酸酯基和扩链剂中异氰酸酯基活性基团的当量比例为1.0:0.5至1.0:1.1,更好的比例是1.0:0.6至1.0:1.1。
水也能作为扩链剂。预聚物末端的异氰酸酯基与水反应生成胺,放出二氧化碳。生成的胺再与另一个异氰酸酯基团反应,生成脲键,便预聚物增长而成高聚物。此种扩链反应放出大量二氧化碳,使分散液形成泡沫,必须加氨水中和,和加消泡剂,才能得到稳定的水性聚氨酯分散液。
分散于水中的预聚物与扩链剂的反应一般在5-60℃范围进行,比较好的是在10-40℃进行,最好是在15-30℃范围内进行。反应一般要进行到预聚物的异氰酸酯基团基本上完全被反应为止。
最终的产品是一个稳定的胶体颗粒的水性聚氨酯分散液。其粒径大小一般低于1.0微米,比较好的低于0.5微米,最好是在0.01至0.3微米。本发明的水性聚氨酯分散液的组成和制备方法可制得纳米水性聚氨酯分散液,其粒径小于100纳米(0.1微米)。纳米水性聚氨酯分散液有好的储存稳定性,好的粘结性质和好的成膜性质。
本发明的水性聚氨酯分散液一般其固含量为40%到60&,比较好的固含量为40%至55%。
本发明的水性聚氨酯分散液的PH值取决于离子类型,是阴离子、阳离子、或无离子型。一般本发明的水性聚氨酯分散液为阴离子型,其PH为6-10,比较好的是7-9.5,最好的是7.5-9.0。
本发明的水性聚氨酯分散液的粘度为10-10,000厘泊,较好的为100-1,000厘泊。可用增稠剂来调节水性聚氨酯的粘度。一般的增稠剂为聚氨酯的分散液,丙烯酸聚合物乳液,或纤维素的水分散液。
制备本发明的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液用的不飽和烯类单体包括:
(1)含1-18碳原子烷基酸的乙烯酯,如甲酸乙烯酯,乙酸乙烯酯,丙酸乙烯酯,丁酸乙烯酯,异丁酸乙烯酯,戊酸乙烯酯,2-乙基已酸乙烯酯,异幸酸乙烯酯,壬酸乙烯酯,癸酸乙烯酯,三甲基醋酸乙烯酯,维尔稀酸乙烯酯,,月桂酸乙烯酯,硬脂酸乙烯酯;
(2)a-烯径,如乙烯,丙烯,丁烯,异丁烯,戊烯;
(3)丙烯酸的烷基酯,其中烷基含1-18碳原子,如甲基,乙基,丙基,正丁基,异丁基,叔丁基,各种戊基的异构体,已基,戊基,辛基(特别是2-乙基己基),十二烷基,十六烷基,十八烷基等;
(4)甲基丙烯酸的烷基酯,其中烷基含1-18碳原子,如甲基,乙基,丙基,正丁基,异丁基,已基,2-乙基己基,正辛基,十二烷基,十六烷基,十八烷基等;
(5)烷基乙烯醚,其中烷基含1-18碳原子,如曱基乙烯醚,乙基乙烯醚,丁基乙烯醚,十八烷基基乙烯醚等;
(6)双烯单体,如丁二烯,氯丁二烯,异戊二烯等;
(7)芳香族乙烯单体,如苯乙烯,a-甲基苯乙烯,甲苯乙烯,丙烯酸苯酯等;
(8)卤代乙烯単体,如氯乙烯,氯丁二烯,2-溴苯乙稀,对-氯苯乙稀等;
(9)芳香族酸的乙烯酯,如苯甲酸乙烯酯等;
(10)含阴离子和/或离子基的不飽和烯类单体,如丙烯酸,甲基丙烯酸,反式丁烯二酸,丁烯酸,甲叉丁二酸,甲基反式丁烯二酸,顺式丁烯二酸,顺式甲基丁二酸以及它们对应的盐,其用量为単体总重量的0-10%;
(11)含活泼氢的不飽和烯类单体,如羟乙基丙烯酸酯,稀丙基醇,烯丙基胺,N-羟曱基丙烯酰胺,丙烯酸乙二醇酯,甲叉丁二酸乙二醇酯,3-氨基丁烯酸甲酯,含活泼氢的不飽和烯类单体的用量一般占単体总重量的0-15%;
(12)其它,如丙烯腈,丙烯酰胺,双丙烯酸丁二醇酯,双丙烯酸已二醇酯,双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯,三丙烯酸三羟甲基丙酯,三丙烯酸季戊醇酯等。
生成自交联结构的单体包括甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯,丙烯酸烯丙酯,丙烯酸丁烯酯,丙烯酸十一烷烯酯,甲基丙烯酸十一烷烯酯,丙烯乙烯酯,甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯,双丙烯酸乙二醇酯,双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯,双甲基丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯,双甲基丙烯酸1,3-丁二醇酯,二乙烯基苯。交联性共单体的用量一般占单体总重量的0.1-5%,以不导致聚合物分散液胶凝为原则。
烯类単体的乳液聚合由自由基引发剂引发。自由基引发剂分为水溶性,油溶性和混合性。本发明中用的自由基引发剂包括:
(1)过硫酸盐,如过硫酸钾,过硫酸铵等;
(2)过氧化物,如过氧化氢,过氧化苯甲酰,叔丁基过氧化氢,异丙基过氧化氢等;
(3)偶氮化合物,如偶氮二氰基戊酸,偶氮二异丁腈,偶氮二甲基戊腈,偶氮二甲基丙腈等;
(4)氧化还原引发剂,如过氧化氢-Fe(II),过硫酸钾-亜硫酸氢钠,叔丁基过氧化氢-硫酸亜胺(II)等.
引发剂的使用量为不飽和烯类单体总量0.05-1.5%,比较好的为0.1-0.5%。
乳化剂在烯类単体的乳液聚合中起着至关重要的作用,其用量为烯类単体总量的0.1-5%。乳化剂都含有亲水基团和疏水基团。按亲水基团可分为阴离子型、阳离子型、两性和非离子型乳化剂。其疏水基团有烷基、烷芳基、烷基酰胺和烷基酯等。适用于本发明的是:
(1)阴离子型乳化剂,有羧酸型、硫酸酯型和磺酸酯型三种,包括十二烷基硫酸钠,十二烷基苯磺酸钠,丁二酸二烷基酯磺酸钠,十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠,丁二酸聚氧乙烯烷基酚醚半酯磺酸钠;
(2)非离子型乳化剂,包括聚环氧乙烷聚环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物,聚氧乙烯烷基酚醚
含胺基和羟基的保护胶体也可用来制备烯类単体聚合物乳液,如水分散性的聚(乙烯醇)-共-聚(乙烯胺)聚合物(Air Products and Chemicals,Inc的EPO 599245)。这种保护胶体含胺量为0.5毫克当量/克聚合物到3.5毫克当量/克聚合物。在乳液聚合的过程中可发生接技反应。將聚氨酯预聚物分散到用这种保护胶体制备的聚烯烃乳液中时,氨基甲酸酯聚合物和烯类聚合物之间也会有化学键旳结合。
不飽和烯类单体的自由基乳液聚合一般在5℃到95℃进行,比较好的是在25-80℃范围内进行,聚合时间一般为1-15小时,比较好的是2-5小时。
本发明的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法之一,是用烯类单体作为溶剂或稀释剂来制备至少含一种自交联结构的聚氨酯预聚物,將此预聚物和稀类単体混合物分散于水中,在预聚物与三元胺或二元胺与多元胺的混合物扩键剂反应生成水性聚氨酯分散液的同时,其中的烯类単体和补加的至少含一种自交联结构的烯类単体,也按照上述不飽和烯类单体的自由基乳液聚合方法,加入引发剂和乳化剂,在5-90℃进行1-15小时的聚合反应,比较好的是在25-80℃进行2-5小时的聚合反应,最后制得本发明的具有多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液。它是聚氨酯和稀类单体聚合物的分子级的並含有接技嵌段等的多重自交联结构的杂化体混合物分散液,其中聚氨酯和烯类单体聚合物的重量比为10-99:1-90。
本发明的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法之二,是用本发明制得的至少含一种自交联结构的聚氨酯预聚物直接分散于上述至少含一种自交联结构的不飽和烯类单体聚合物的乳液中,这种聚烯烃乳液可含伯胺、叔胺,羟基和酰胺基等基团,会与聚氨酯预聚物中的异氰酸基团发生化学反应,生成多重的网络自交联的结构。也可以將预聚物先分散于水中,立即与聚烯烃乳液混合。选捀性地,聚烯烃乳液也可加入预聚物的水分散液中,或直接加入预聚物中。选择性地,预聚物也可分散于用水稀释的聚烯烃乳液中。当预聚物与聚烯烃乳液混合均勻后,在25-95℃,比较好的是在45-75℃搅拌1-2小时。与此同时,加入三元胺或二元胺与多元胺的混合物扩键剂,完成预聚物的扩键反应,最后制得本发明的具有多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,其中聚氨酯和烯类单体聚合物的重量比为10-99:1-90。
本发明的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法之三,是用本发明制得的具有至少二重自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液作为种子进行不飽和烯类単体的自由基乳液聚合。按上述方法一和方法二制备一种含聚烯烃乳液重量比不多于10%的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液作为种子。再用至少含一种自交联的多个不飽和烯类単体与重量为单体总重量的0.1-5.0%的乳化剂,和重量为单体总重量的40-250%的水混合制备一种预乳化的不飽和烯类单体。再配制一种用量为单体总量的0.05-1.5%和重量百分比浓度为0.5-5.0%的引发剂水溶液。然后在搅拌下逐歩將预乳化的烯类单体和引发剂的水溶液加入上述多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液中,在5-90℃进行聚合1-15小时,比较好的是在25-80℃进行聚合2-5小时,最后制得本发明的具有多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,其中聚氨酯和烯类单体聚合物的重量比为10-99:1-90。
上述几种方法制得的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,一般固含量为30-70%,适合本发明的固含量为40-60%.其粒径大小为30-2000纳米,比较好的为40-500纳米,更好的为40-200纳米。其粘度一般为10-5000厘泊,典型旳为20-500厘泊。
本发明的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液与其它水性高聚物有好的相容性,它们的共混物,可以改善其某些性能和降低成本。适合与之共混的水性高聚物有:丙烯酸类聚合物乳液,醋酸乙烯类聚合物乳液,其它水性聚氨酯分散液,氯乙烯类聚合物乳液,合成橡胶乳液,天然橡胶乳液等。
本发明的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液作为单组份水性塗料有优异的耐热耐水耐溶剂和耐腐蚀性能,干燥速度快,硬度可达1H-3H。本发明的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液也可以添加到其它双组份水性塗料中,改善其干燥速度,提高其性能。本发明的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液也可单独加入水性固化剂,作双组份水性塗料用。适用的水性固化剂有水分散性多聚异氰酸酯,水分散性聚噁唑烷,聚碳化二亜胺,聚氮丙烷,水性环氧树脂等。这些固化剂的用量一般为双组份总重量的1%到20%,比较好的为3-7%。
本发明的具有高的固体含量(固含量等于和/或大于40%),最低成膜温度低,干燥速度快,丰满度高,对基材附着力好,耐水耐热性好,不黄变,且价格低、性价比高的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,可添加成膜助剂,流平剂,消泡剂,表面活性剂,水分散性腊,各种填料和颜料,配成水性塗料。可用在各种基材上,包括木材、金属、陶瓷、水泥,各种塑料等。可用刷、喷、和滚涂等方法施工。
具体实施方式
用下列实施例来进一步说明本发明,但本发明不局限于这些实施例。实施例中所用的配比和百分此,除特别说明外,一律为重量比。
実施例1制备一种多重自交联的包含有核/壳结构的水性聚氨酯分散液。
聚合物1A聚合物1A是一个至少含二重自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液。
在一个装有搅拌器、冷凝管、热电偶温度计和氯化钙干燥管的玻璃反应釜内,加入165克聚酯二醇(由1,6-已二醇和已二酸制备,分子量2000),20克DMPA(二羟甲基丙酸),15克三羟甲基丙烷,和175克IPDI(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯),在20克丙酮存在下,于80℃反应3小时。加入15克三乙胺搅拌20分钟,将所生成的中和的异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物在高速搅拌下分散于555克水中,然后缓缓地加入15克二乙烯三胺在20克水中的溶液,此分散液再搅拌1小时,得到一个稳定的水性聚氨酯分散液,其固含量为40.1%,粘度为850厘泊,pH为7.5,粒径大小为85纳米。
聚合物1B聚合物1B是一个含多重自交联结构的烯类单体聚合物的乳液。
在一个装有搅拌器、冷凝管、热电偶温度计和氯化钙干燥管的玻璃反应釜内,加入蒸馏水800克和十二烷基硫酸钠20克,搅拌混合均勻。然后在搅拌下逐渐加入下列单体:苯乙烯160克,甲基丙烯酸26克,甲基丙烯酸甲酯320克,丙稀酰胺3克,双丙酮丙烯酰胺11克,丙烯酸-2-乙基已酯200克,丙烯酸羟乙酯7克和N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺11克。搅拌使単体混合物乳化均勻,並慢慢加热到80℃。然后慢慢滴加预先配制好的引发剂水溶液(3克过硫酸钠溶解在50克水中的溶液)。注意聚合反应的放热,控制引发剂加入的速度。在80℃搅拌下反应3小时。然后再加0.5克过硫酸钠在20克水中的溶液,将反应温度升至95℃保温搅拌半小时。冷却,加入氨水调pH至8-9。其固含量为42%,粘度为1150厘泊,粒径大小为200纳米。
聚合物1C聚合物1C是一个以聚合物1A的水性聚氨酯分散液作种子进行丙稀烯酸酯单体乳液聚合制得的多重自交联的含有核(聚氨酯)/壳(烯类单体聚合物)的水性聚氨酯分散液。
在一个装有搅拌器、冷凝管、热电偶温度计和氯化钙干燥管的玻璃反应釜内,加入300克1A的水性聚氨酯分散液,搅拌升温至80℃,在2小时内缓慢滴加丙烯酸酯混合单体的预乳化液(127克水,十二烷基硫酸钠3克,苯乙稀26克,甲基丙烯酸4克,甲基丙烯酸甲酯52克,丙烯酰胺0.5克,双丙酮丙烯酰胺2克,丙烯酸-2-乙基已酯32克,丙烯酸羟乙酯1克,N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺2克,並用氨水调节pH为8-9),和引发剂的水溶液(0.5克过硫酸钠和8克水),在80℃下再搅拌保温1小时,再升温至95℃保温搅拌半小时。冷却,加入氨水调pH至8-9,得到稳定的具有多重自交联的含有核(聚氨酯)/壳(烯类单体聚合物)水性聚氨酯分散液.其固含量为40.5%,粘度为500厘泊,粒径大小为150纳米。其中固体聚氨酯和烯类单体聚合物的重量比为50/50。
将聚合物1A和聚合物1B按其固含量重量比50:50相混合室温成膜,其膜不透明。而将聚合物1C室温成的膜透明。
实施例2是先制得一个至少含二重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液(聚合物2A)並以此作种子,用氧化-还原引发剂体系进行丙稀烯酸酯单体乳液聚合制得的多重自交联的含有核(聚氨酯)/壳(烯类单体聚合物)的水性聚氨酯分散液。
聚合物2A聚合物2A是一个至少含二重自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液。
在一个装有搅拌器、冷凝管、热电偶温度计和氯化钙干燥管的玻璃反应釜内,加入100克聚醚二醇(聚四氢呋喃二醇,分子量2000),84克蓖麻油改性多聚二醇(Polycin D-2000,分子量2000,Vertellus公司),20克DMPA(二羟甲基丙酸),13克三羟甲基丙烷,和160克IPDI(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯),在20克丙酮存在下,于80℃反应2.5小时。加入15克三乙胺搅拌20分钟,将所生成的中和的异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物在高速搅拌下分散于555克水中,然后缓缓地加入10克乙二胺和6克二乙烯三胺在20克水中的溶液。此分散液再搅拌1小时,得到一个稳定的水性聚氨酯分散液,其固含量为40.5%,粘度为1050厘泊,pH为7.5,粒径大小为100纳米。
聚合物2B是一种多重自交联的含有核(聚氨酯)/壳(烯类单体聚合物)的水性聚氨酯分散液。
首先制备一个预乳化的单体混合物。将100克蒸镏水,10克乳化剂OP-10(聚氧化乙烯壬基酚醚),160克甲基丙稀酸甲酯,80克苯乙烯,6克双丙酮丙烯酰胺,80克丙稀酸-2-乙基已基酯,2克甲基丙稀酸,2克甲基丙烯酸异氷片基酯和2克丙稀酸羟乙酯混合均勻,配制成预乳化的烯类单体混合物。
配制一个引发剂的水溶液。将2克叔丁基过氧化氢和20克水混合,制成引发剂的水溶液。
配制一个还原剂的水溶液。将1克甲醛次硫酸钠和20克水混合,制成还原剂的水溶液。
在一个装有搅拌器、冷凝管、热电偶温度计和氮氣入口管的玻璃反应釜内,加入水180克,硫代乳酸0.07克,甲醛次硫酸钠0.15克和EDTA-Fe(乙二胺四乙酸二钠和二价铁离子的络合物)0.04克,在室温搅拌10分钟,混合均勻。然后加入825克聚合物2A的一个至少含二重自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液。在氮氣保护下,将反应混合物加热至65℃,停止通氮氣,在搅拌下开始滴加上述配制的顸乳化单体,引发剂水溶液和还原剂水溶液。预乳化单体在3.5小时内加完,引发剂水溶液和还原剂水溶液在4小时内加完。加完引发剂水溶液和还原剂水溶液后,在65℃再保温搅拌1小时,冷却至室温,得到一个稳定的多重自交联的含有核(聚氨酯)/壳(烯类单体聚合物)的水性聚氨酯分散液。其中固体聚氨酯和固体烯类单体聚合物的重量比为50:50。按此同样的方法,制得固体聚氨酯/固体烯类单体聚合物75/25和25/75的多重自交联的含有核(聚氨酯)/壳(烯类单体聚合物)的水性聚氨酯分散液。它们室温成的膜是透明的。
按上述方法,在不存在聚合物2A的一个至少含二重自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液旳情況下,制得了水性烯类单体聚合物分散液,按其固含量的重量比75/25,50/50和25/75分别与聚合物2A的一个至少含二重自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液混合,制得了固体聚氨酯和固体烯类单体聚合物的重量比为75/25,50/50和25/75三个水性氨酯和水性烯类单体聚合物的混合分散液,它们室温成的膜是不透明的。
实施例3
将一个含有自交联结构的异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物分散于含有自交联结构的烯类单体聚合物的乳液中,再扩链从而制备含有烯类单体聚合物的一种多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液。
先制备一个含有自交联结构的异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物。在一个装有搅拌器、冷凝管、热电偶温度计和氯化钙干燥管的玻璃反应釜内,加入165克聚碳酸酯二醇(德国Bayer的C2200,分子量2000),20克DMPA(二羟甲基丙酸),15克三羟甲基丙烷,和175克HMDI(二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯),在20克丙酮存在下,于80℃反应2.5小时,制备了一个含有自交联结构的异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物。
取実施例1中的聚合物1B的一个含多重自交联结构的烯类单体聚合物的乳液100克,加入蒸镏水50克,搅拌均勻,在高速搅拌下,加入上述制得的预聚物50克,待分散均勻后,加入0.4克二乙烯三胺和0.5克乙二胺在10克水中的溶液。此分散液在室温下继续搅拌1小时,得到一个稳定的的含有烯类单体聚合物的多重自交联水性聚氨酯分散液。其固含量为45.1%,pH为8.1,粘度为950厘泊,成的膜透明。
按此同样的方法,制得固体聚氨酯/固体烯类单体聚合物10/90,20/80,30/70,40/60,50/50,60/40,70/30,80/20,90/10,95/5的的含有烯类单体聚合物的多重自交联水性聚氨酯分散液。它们室温成的膜是透明的。
实施例4
用丙烯酸酯单体作为溶剂制备含有自交联结构的异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物,分散于水中,扩链,与此同时进行自由基聚合,从而制得含有烯类单体聚合物多重自交联的的水性聚氨酯分散液。
配制一个引发剂的水溶液。将2克叔丁基过氧化氢和20克水混合,制成引发剂的水溶液。
配制一个还原剂的水溶液。将1克甲醛次硫酸钠和20克水混合,制成还原剂的水溶液。
在一个装有搅拌器、冷凝管、热电偶温度计和氯化钙干燥管的玻璃反应釜内,加入184克聚醚二醇(聚四氢呋喃二醇,分子量2000),,20克DMPA(二羟甲基丙酸),13克三羟甲基丙烷,和160克IPDI(异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯),在160克甲基丙稀酸甲酯,80克苯乙烯,6克双丙酮丙烯酰胺,80克丙稀酸-2-乙基已基酯,2克甲基丙稀酸,2克甲基丙烯酸异氷片基酯和2克丙稀酸羟乙酯混合単体存在下,于80℃反应2.5小时。加入15克三乙胺搅拌20分钟,将所生成的中和的异氰酸酯接尾的预聚物在高速搅拌下分散于555克水中,然后缓缓地加入10克乙二胺和6克二乙烯三胺在20克水中的溶液扩链生成水性聚氨酯和丙烯酸酯単体混合物分散液,在65℃在搅拌下开始滴加上述配制的引发剂水溶液和还原剂水溶液。引发剂水溶液和还原剂水溶液在4小时内加完。加完引发剂水溶液和还原剂水溶液后,在65℃再保温搅拌1小时,冷却至室温,得到一个稳定的含有丙烯酸酯聚合物的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液。其中固体聚氨酯和固体烯类单体聚合物的重量比为50:50。按此同样的方法,制得固体聚氨酯/固体烯类单体聚合物95/5,75/25和25/75的不含溶剂的含有烯类单体聚合物的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液。它们室温成的膜是透明的。
实施例5应用实驗
1.用本发明的含烯类单体聚合物的多重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液制成水性清漆,测试其性能,並与市场上最新最好的用作水性塗料的德国Alberdingk的水性聚氨酯产品U-9900相比较。
先用本发明实施例一、二、三和实施例四制得的多重自交联的含有烯类单体聚合物的水性聚氨酯分散液样品以1/1/1/1的重量比在50℃搅拌下混合1小时,冷却至室温制得含有烯类单体聚合物的多重自交联水性聚氨酯分散液样品D-1601,测试其物理特性,並与U-9900相比较。见表1.
表1.D-1601和U-9900的物理特性
2.高光清漆的制备
用本发明的的含有烯类单体聚合物的多重自交联水性聚氨酯分散液样品D-1601和Alberdingk的U-9900分别制备了高光淸漆。其配方见表2.
表2.D-1601的高光清漆配方.
备注:U-9900使用同样的配方。
3.清漆性能对比
表3.清漆性能对比
4.结论
本发明的含有烯类单体聚合物的的多重自交联水性聚氨酯分散液样品D-1601与Alberdingk的U-9900相比,其分散液粘度低,最低成膜温度低,耐黄变性好。配成清漆后,D-1601比U-9900对金属基材和已有漆膜的基材附着力好。
Claims (11)
1.一种用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,其特征是由以下成分通过化学键和/或物理键构成:
A.含有10-99重量%的一种至少含二重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液;
(1)至少含二种自交联结构;
其由脂肪族多聚异氰酸酯与多聚醇、羟基羧酸化合物、包括三元醇在内的小分子多元醇的聚合反应生成含自交联结构的水可分散的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物;预聚物中和以后与扩链剂生成至少有二种自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液;
所述的扩链剂是胺类扩链剂、羟胺类扩链剂或肼类扩链剂;所述的胺类扩链剂是三元胺,或二元胺与多元胺的混合物;
(2)至少40%固含量;
(3)至少含二种自交联结构;
(4)用不多于2%丙酮的工艺制备;
(5)不含重金属离子和它们的化合物;
(6)不黄变;
B.含有1-90重量%的一种烯烃高聚物乳液或分散液,其特征有;
(1)至少40%固含量;
(2)无有机溶剂工艺制备;
(3)至少含一种自交联结构;
以上两种成分通过化学键和/或物理键构成的多重自交联的高固含的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,它包含此两种組成的分子级混合物,高分子合金,或者这些结构体的混合物;
该多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液具有40%-60%的固体含量,粘度100-1000厘泊,最低成膜温度0-45℃,干膜硬度1H-3H,不黄变。
2.如权利 要求1所述的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,其特征是所述的A的10-99重量%的一种至少含二重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液是在无有机溶剂或不多于2%的丙酮存在下由以下四种成分反应的产物组成:
A.一种含自交联结构的含羧酸基团的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物,由以下成分反应生成:
(1)脂肪族多聚异氰酸酯;
(2)数均分子量从400到10000的低聚物多元醇;
(3)羟基羧酸化合物,其分子式为(HO)x R(COOH)y,其中R代表含1-12碳原子的直链或帯支链的烃基,x和y代表1-3的整数;
(4)一种分子量从60到400的包括三元醇在内的小分子脂肪族多元醇;
上述的脂肪族多聚异氰酸酯与多聚醇、羟基羧酸化合物、包括三元醇在内的小分子多元醇的聚合反应生成含自交联结构的水可分散的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物;
上述预聚物中异氰酸基团的重量百分含量为1-20%;
上述(1)的异氰酸酯的NCO当量与(2)的低聚物多元醇,(3)羟基羧酸化合物,和(4)的小分子脂肪族多元醇的总OH当量比为(1-4):(1.0);上述(2)的低聚物多元醇,(3)羟基羧酸化合物和(4)的小分子脂肪族多元醇的重量比为(50-98):(1-20):(1-20);
预聚物制备的温度为60℃到100℃,反应时间为2-5小时;
B.异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物,在搅拌下分散于去离子水中,制得稳定的水性聚氨酯分散液;所用的水量为生成的水性聚氨酯水分散液总重量的40%到60%;
将所述的异氰酸- 接尾的聚氨酯预聚物分散于水中,是将水加入预聚物中分散,或将预聚物加入水中进行分散,或在线路中让预聚物流和水流通过一个高速分散装置进行连续分散;预聚物在分散前的温度为60℃到85℃,用作分散的水的温度为20℃到80℃;
预聚物中羧酸基团用中和剂处理转变成亲水的阴离子基团;所述中和剂为碱金属氢氧化物或碱金属盐、氨、氨水、伯胺、仲胺或叔胺;中和剂旳用量为羧酸当量的90-120%;
预聚物中和以后与扩链剂生成至少有二种自交联结构的水性聚氨酯分散液;所述的扩链剂是胺类扩链剂、羟胺类扩链剂或肼类扩链剂;
所述的胺类扩链剂是三元胺,或二元胺与多元胺的混合物,胺类扩链剂的平均官能度,即每个分子中胺基的数目为2.0到3.0;
预聚物中末端异氰酸酯基和扩链剂中异氰酸酯基活性基团的当量比例为1.0:0.6至1.0:1.1;
分散于水中的预聚物与扩链剂的反应温度为15-30℃;反应进行到预聚物的异氰酸酯基团基本上完全被反应为止,生成水性聚氨酯分散液,其中粒径在0.01至0.3微米。
3.如权利要求2所述的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,其特征是所述的脂肪族多聚异氰酸酯是异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,二环己基甲烷二异氰酸酯和它们的混合物;
所述的低聚物多元醇是如下的数均分子量从400到3000的低聚物多元醇:聚酯多元醇:聚(酯一醚)二醇,聚内酯多元醇,含多羟基的聚碳酸酯,聚醚多元醇,聚硫醚二元醇,磺酸型的聚合多元醇,生物基多元醇或聚丙烯酸酯多元醇;
所述的羟基羧酸化合物是2,2-二羟甲基乙酸、2,2-二羟甲基丙酸、2,2-二羟甲基丁酸或2,2-二羟甲基戊酸;
所述的小分子脂肪族多元醇是乙二醇,1,4-丁二醇,1,2-丙二醇,新戊二醇,甲基丙二醇,已二醇,十二碳二醇,三羟甲基丙烷,已三醇,季戊四醇,以及它们的混合物;
所述的中和剂是碱金属氢氧化物和碱金属盐,叔胺化合物;
所述的预聚物与扩链剂的反应在15-30℃进行;
所述的胺类扩链剂是异佛尔酮二胺、二(4-氨基环已基)甲烷、二(4-氨基-3-甲基环已基)甲烷、1,6-已二胺、乙二胺、二乙撑三胺、三乙撑四胺、四乙撑五胺,五乙撑六胺,以及它们的混合物。
4.如权利要求2所述的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,其特征是所述的异氰酸结尾的聚氨酯预聚物分散于水中,所用的水量,为生成的水性聚氨酯水分散液总重量的是40%到60%,所述的异氰酸- 接尾的聚氨酯预聚物分散于水中,是将水加入预聚物中分散,或将预聚物加入水中进行分散,或在线路中让预聚物流和水流通过一个高速分散装置进行连续分散;预聚物在分散前的温度为60℃到85℃;用作分散的水的温度为20-80℃。
5.如权利要求1所述的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液,其特征是所述的B组分占其1-90重量%的一种自交联烯烃高聚物乳液或分散液,由以下成分的自由基聚合组成:
(1)至少含有一种自交联结构的不飽和烯类单体或它们旳混合物;
(2)至少一种乳化剂,或表面活性剂,或带活泼氢原子的自由基活性保护胶体,其用量为単体(1)总量的0.1-5%;
(3)选择性地,一种含阴离子,和/或离子基团的烯类单体,以及它们相对应的盐,其用量为単体(1)总重量的0-10%;
(4)选择性地,一种含活泼氢不飽烯类单体,其用量为単体(1)总量的0-15%;
(5)至少一种自由基引发剂,其用量为単体(1)总量的0.1-0.5%。
6.一种如权利要求1所述的用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法,其特征包括下列步骤:
A.制备一种至少含二重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液,包括以下步骤:
(1)一种或多种脂肪族二异氰酸酯,在不多于最后生成的水性聚氨酯分散液总重量2%的丙酮存在下,和在反应温度为60℃到100℃条件下,与低聚物多元醇,羟基羧酸,和至少包含一种小分子脂肪族三元醇在内的脂肪多元醇,在NCO和OH的当量比为(1.0-4.0):(1.0)时,反应2-5小时,生成至少含一种自交联结构的带羧酸侧基的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物;
(2)将(1)至少含一种自交联结构的带羧酸侧基的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物或经中和反应后,分散于水中;
(3)将(2)的分散于水中的至少含一种自交联结构的带羧酸侧基的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物,与三元胺,或二元胺与多元胺的混合物扩链剂反应生成水性聚氨酯高聚物,其中水为生成水性聚氨酯总重量的40-60%;
(4)在20-80℃用中和剂中和羟基羧酸化合物或预聚物的羧酸基团,这一中和反应在预聚物生成前、预聚物反应同时、或预聚反应后进行,或预聚物分散于水中前进行,或将中和剂加入水中与扩链反应同时进行,所述的中和剂是碱金属盐,氨,氨水,伯胺,仲胺或叔胺;
B.制备一种至少含一种自交联単体的预乳化烯类単体单体混合物,包括多种不铇和烯类単体,水和乳化剂;所述的不铇和烯类単体是至少含一种自交联单体的丙烯酸酯类,醋酸乙烯酯类或乙烯类单体以及它们的混合物;其中乳化剂的用量为単体总重量的0.1-5.0%;
C.制备一种自由基引发剂的水溶液,所述的引发剂是过硫酸盐或过氧化物或氧化还原引发体系,其中引发剂的用量为単体总重量的0.1-0.5%,其重量百分比浓度为0.5-5.0%的水溶液;
D.用A制备的至少含二重自交联的水性聚氨酯分散液作种子,滴加B的预乳化单体混合物和C的引发剂的水溶液,在25-80℃进行2-5小时的种子乳液聚合。
7.一种如权利要求1所述的一种用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法,其特征包括下列步骤:
A.一种或多种脂肪族二异氰酸酯,在不多于最后生成的水性聚氨酯分散液总重量2%的丙酮存在下,和在反应温度为60℃到100℃条件下,与低聚物多元醇,羟基羧酸,和至少包含一种小分子脂肪族三元醇在内的脂肪多元醇,在NCO和OH的当量比为(1.0-4.0):(1.0)时,反应2-5小时,生成至少含一种自交联结构的带羧酸侧基的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物,並用三乙胺或二甲基乙醇胺中和此预聚物;
B.用下列原料在在25-80℃,2-5小时进行自由基的乳液聚合,制备一种自交联烯烃高聚物乳液或分散液:
(1)至少含一种自交联单体的丙烯酸酯类,醋酸乙烯酯类或乙烯类单体以及它们的混合物;
(2)至少一种乳化剂或表面活性剂,或带活泼氢原子的保护胶体,它们的用量为単体总重量的0.1-5.0%;
(3)选择性地,一种含阴离子,和/或离子基团的烯类单体,包括丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、丁烯二酸以及它们相对应旳离子単体,其用量为単体总重量的0-10%;
(4)选择性地,一种含活泼氢原子不铇和烯类単体,包括羟乙基丙烯酸酯、烯丙醇、烯丙胺、N-羟基丙烯酰胺,其用量为単体总量的0-15%;
(5)一种自由基引发剂,包括过硫酸盐、过氧化物或氧化还原引发体系,其中引发剂的用量为単体总重量的0.1-0.5%;
C.将A制备的温度为60℃到100℃的至少含一种自交联结构的已中和的带羧酸盐侧基的异氰酸接尾的聚氨酯预聚物分散于B制备的自交联烯烃高聚物乳液或分散液中,加入三元胺或二元胺与多元胺的混合物扩链剂扩链。
8.一种如权利要求1所述的一种用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法,其特征包括下列步骤:
A.制备一种用惰性不饱和稀类单体作为溶剂或稀释剂的含自交联結构的聚氨酯预聚物,包括由官能度大于2.0的异氰酸酯在内的多聚异氰酸酯,在不少于生成的预聚物总重量2%的惰性不铇和烯类单体作存在下,与多聚醇、羟基羧酸化合物和包括三元醇在内的小分子多元醇在NCO和OH的当量比为(1.0-4.0):(1.0),在反应温度60℃到100℃反应2-5小时,並用三乙胺或二甲基乙醇胺中和此预聚物;
所述的多聚异氰酸酯包括脂肪族二异氰酸酯为异佛尔酮二异氰酸酯,二环已基甲烷二异氰酸酯,1,6-已基二异氰酸酯、四甲基苯二亚甲基二异氰酸酯以及它们的混合物;
所述的烯类单体包括丙烯酸酯类,醋酸乙烯酯类,乙烯类单体,苯乙烯,丙烯腈以及它们的混合物;
B.将A的混合物分散于水中;
C.加入三元胺,或二元胺与多元胺的混合物扩链剂,和一种自由基引发剂,包括过硫酸盐、过氧化物或氧化还原引发体系,其中引发剂的用量为単体总重量的0.1-0.5%;
D.选择性地,加入至少含一种自交联单体的更多量的丙烯酸酯类,醋酸乙烯酯类和乙烯类单体以及它们的混合物,加入乳化剂和/或表面活性剂,它们的用量为単体总重量的0.1-5.0%;
E.在20-80℃,2-5小时內完成烯类单体的自由基的乳液聚合。
9.如权利要求6,7或8所述的一种用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法,其特征是所述的用于多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液用的不飽和烯类单体包括:
(1)C1-18的烷基酸的乙烯酯;
(2)α-C2-10的烯径;
(3)丙烯酸C1-18的烷基酯;
(4)甲基丙烯酸C1-18的烷基酯;
(5)C1-18的烷基乙烯醚;
(6)双烯单体:丁二烯,氯丁二烯,异戊二烯等;
(7)芳香族乙烯单体:苯乙烯,α-甲基苯乙烯,甲苯乙烯,丙烯酸苯酯;
(8)卤代乙烯単体:氯乙烯,氯丁二烯,2-溴苯乙烯,对-氯苯乙烯;
(9)芳香族酸的乙烯酯:苯甲酸乙烯酯;
(10)含阴离子和/或离子基的不飽和烯类单体:丙烯酸,甲基丙烯酸,反式丁烯二酸,丁烯酸,甲叉丁二酸,甲基反式丁烯二酸,顺式丁烯二酸,顺式甲基丁二酸以及它们对应的盐,其用量为単体总重量的0-10%;
(11)含活泼氢的不飽和烯类单体,如羟乙基丙烯酸酯,烯丙基醇,烯丙基胺,N-羟曱基丙烯酰胺,丙烯酸乙二醇酯,甲叉丁二酸乙二醇酯,3-氨基丁烯酸甲酯;含活泼氢的不飽和烯类单体的用量一般占単体总重量的0-15%;
(12)其它:丙烯腈,丙烯酰胺,双丙烯酸丁二醇酯,双丙烯酸已二醇酯,双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯,三丙烯酸三羟甲基丙酯,三丙烯酸季戊醇酯;
生成自交联结构的单体为甲基丙烯酸烯丙酯,丙烯酸烯丙酯,丙烯酸丁烯酯,丙烯酸十一烷烯酯,甲基丙烯酸十一烷烯酯,丙烯乙烯酯,甲基丙烯酸乙烯酯,双丙烯酸乙二醇酯,双甲基丙烯酸乙二醇酯,双甲基丙烯酸1,4-丁二醇酯,双甲基丙烯酸1,3-丁二醇酯,二乙烯基苯;交联性共单体的用量一般占单体总重量的0.1-5%,以不导致聚合物分散液胶凝为原则。
10.如权利要求6,7或8所述的一种用作涂料的多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的制备方法,其特征是所述的用于多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液用的乳化剂,其用量为烯类単体总量的0.1-5%,包括:
(1)阴离子型乳化剂:羧酸型、硫酸酯型和磺酸酯型三种,包括十二烷基硫酸钠,十二烷基苯磺酸钠,丁二酸二烷基酯磺酸钠,十二烷基二苯醚二磺酸钠,丁二酸聚氧乙烯烷基酚醚半酯磺酸钠;
(2)非离子型乳化剂:聚环氧乙烷聚环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物,聚氧乙烯烷基酚醚
或者用含胺基和羟基的保护胶体制备烯类単体聚合物乳液:水分散性的聚(乙烯醇)-共-聚(乙烯胺)聚合物Air Products and Chemicals,Inc的EPO 599245,该保护胶体含胺量为0.5毫克当量/克聚合物到3.5毫克当量/克聚合物;在乳液聚合的过程中发生接技反应;將聚氨酯预聚物分散到用这种保护胶体制备的聚烯烃乳液中时,氨基甲酸酯聚合物和烯类聚合物之间会有化学键旳结合。
11.如权利要求1所述的一种多重自交联的单组份水性聚氨酯分散液的用途,其特征是用作単组份水性涂料;或添加水性固化剂作双组份水性塗料用或者作为添加到其它水性聚氨酯双组份涂料中的添加剂。
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