CN106000469A - 含有钯配合物的催化剂及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
含有钯配合物的催化剂及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 150000002941 palladium compounds Chemical class 0.000 title abstract description 5
- RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylphosphine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 RIOQSEWOXXDEQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 144
- HNNUTDROYPGBMR-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) iodide Chemical compound [Pd+2].[I-].[I-] HNNUTDROYPGBMR-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 38
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- INIOZDBICVTGEO-UHFFFAOYSA-L palladium(ii) bromide Chemical compound Br[Pd]Br INIOZDBICVTGEO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 19
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- -1 aryl halogen Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium;triphenylphosphane Chemical compound [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
- B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
- B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
- B01J31/2409—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
- C07C201/12—Preparation of nitro compounds by reactions not involving the formation of nitro groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/006—Palladium compounds
- C07F15/0066—Palladium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
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- B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2231/40—Substitution reactions at carbon centres, e.g. C-C or C-X, i.e. carbon-hetero atom, cross-coupling, C-H activation or ring-opening reactions
- B01J2231/42—Catalytic cross-coupling, i.e. connection of previously not connected C-atoms or C- and X-atoms without rearrangement
- B01J2231/4205—C-C cross-coupling, e.g. metal catalyzed or Friedel-Crafts type
- B01J2231/4261—Heck-type, i.e. RY + C=C, in which R is aryl
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/02—Compositional aspects of complexes used, e.g. polynuclearity
- B01J2531/0238—Complexes comprising multidentate ligands, i.e. more than 2 ionic or coordinative bonds from the central metal to the ligand, the latter having at least two donor atoms, e.g. N, O, S, P
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
- B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
- B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
- B01J2531/824—Palladium
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Abstract
本发明公开了含有钯配合物的催化剂及其制备方法与应用。本发明所述的钯配合物PdBr2(PPh3)2的合成方法是以邻氯吡啶为初始原料,先与碘甲烷反应,再与四(三苯基膦)钯反应制得。所述的钯配合物PdI2(PPh3)2的合成方法是以邻溴吡啶为初始原料,先与碘乙酸反应,再与四(三苯基膦)钯反应制得。本发明合成目标产物的方法简单,易操作、易控制,产物纯度和收率较高;而且此类化合物能应用于芳基卤代物与丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应中,且具有很高的催化活性。
Description
本发明得到国家自然科学基金(No. 21102102)的资助。
技术领域
本发明属于高效钯催化剂的合成方法及应用研究技术领域,涉及两种高效钯催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2的合成方法及应用研究。更具体的说是,以邻氯吡啶或邻溴吡啶为初始原料,分别与碘甲烷或碘乙酸反应,生成的中间体再与四(三苯基膦)钯反应而制备钯催化剂的合成方法及其应用于Heck偶联反应的研究。
背景技术
碳-碳键的构建一直是有机合成化学研究的热门领域之一,受到了化学家的广泛关注。20世纪70 年代由理查德.赫克等发现的Heck偶联反应是构建碳-碳键的重要方法。该反应是指在催化剂作用下, 卤代芳烃、苯甲酰氯或芳基重氮盐与端烯发生的 C–C偶联反应。Heck偶联反应对有机合成具有长久和深远的影响力,在过去的四十年间,该反应以其高选择性、操作简便等优点,已在染料、医药、农药、功能材料、日用化学品以及聚合物的工业合成生产中扮演着极其重要的角色。2010年,美国化学家理查德.赫克,日本科学家根岸英一和铃木章因发现该反应而获得诺贝尔化学奖。钯化合物作为Heck偶联反应的催化剂应用较为广泛,传统钯催化以氯化钯和醋酸钯居多,不同种类钯催化剂的合成探索成为科学研究界的热点课题。
1999年,加雷斯.凯夫等人得到了PdI2(PPh3)2的单晶结构,但是他们只将其作为副产物处理,而未探究其催化性能。2006年,该化合物再次引起了迈克尔.博尔特等人的注意,他们以一种新的方法合成了该化合物,但是,这种方法步骤繁琐,操作复杂,原料昂贵,同时,他们也未深入探究其催化活性。在过去的20年间,也有其它化学家对其进行了研究,但是大多都将其作为反应的副产物或中间产物处理,没有更好的合成方法,也未将其应用到催化反应中。
在本发明中,我们以两种全新的方法合成了PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2两种催化剂,并且将它们应用于催化芳基卤代烃和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应,证明其对Heck偶联反应有很好的催化活性。该方法操作步骤简单、快捷、产率高,原料廉价易得。在现有报道中,尚未有同样简便高产的方法,更未检测到有关其应用于Heck偶联反应的文献。
发明内容
本发明的一个目的在于提供合成含有钯配合物的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2的两种新型合成方法。
本发明的另一个目的在于对合成含有钯配合物的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2的应用进行研究。
本发明采用的合成钯催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2的合成方法简单、快捷、产率高,与已报道的文献、专利具有明显的不同。所合成的催化剂能很好的应用于芳基卤代烃和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应中,且具有良好的催化活性。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:
含有钯配合物的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2具有如下的结构通式:
X = Br 或 I。
本发明进一步公开了催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2单晶,其特征在于该单晶结构采用APEX II CCD 单晶衍射仪,使用经过石墨单色化的Mok α射线(λ = 0.71073 Å)为入射辐射,以w-2q扫描方式收集衍射点,经过最小二乘法修正得到晶胞参数,从差值傅立叶电子密度图利用软件解得单晶数据:
本发明所述的钯配合物PdBr2(PPh3)2的新型合成方法是以邻氯吡啶为初始原料,先与碘甲烷反应,再与四(三苯基膦)钯反应制得。本发明所述的钯配合物PdI2(PPh3)2的新型合成方法是以邻溴吡啶为初始原料,先与碘乙酸反应,再与四(三苯基膦)钯反应制得。
本发明所述的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2应用于Heck偶联反应的条件筛选,其特征为:尝试不同碱和溶剂的组合,采用对溴硝基苯和丙烯酸乙酯为底物,在氮气环境下,加热到110 oC反应12个小时,通过柱色谱法分离目标产物。最终选定该反应最佳条件为:以三乙胺做碱,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)做溶剂。
本发明所述的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2应用于Heck偶联反应的催化活性测试,其特征如下:
(a)在氮气环境下,以含不同取代基的卤代芳烃与丙烯酸乙酯为底物,加入三乙胺和DMF,加热到110 oC反应12个小时,通过柱色谱法分离目标产物,计算反应产率。其中的条件筛选如下:
采用对溴硝基苯和丙烯酸乙酯为底物,在氮气环境下,加热到110 oC反应12个小时,通过柱色谱法分离目标产物,计算反应产率,最终选定该反应最佳条件为:以三乙胺做碱,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)做溶剂。
在氮气环境下,以含不同取代基的卤代芳烃与丙烯酸乙酯为底物,加入三乙胺和DMF,加热到110 oC反应12个小时,通过柱色谱法分离目标产物,计算反应产率,其中,卤代物,丙烯酸甲酯与三乙胺的配比为:1:1.2:1.5。
本发明公开的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2的新型合成方法的优点和特点在于:
(a)操作方法简单、快捷、原料廉价易得。
(b)反应收率高,所得产品的纯度高。
(c)本发明所制备的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2能很好的应用于芳基卤代烃和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应中,且具有良好的催化活性。
附图说明
图1:催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2的核磁共振氢谱;
图2:催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2的核磁共振碳谱;
图3:催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2的核磁共振氢谱;
图4:催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2的核磁共振碳谱;
图5:催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2的晶体结构图;
图6:催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2的晶体结构图。
具体实施方式:
下面通过具体的实施方案叙述本发明。除非特别说明,本发明中所用的技术手段均为本领域技术人员所公知的方法。另外,实施方案应理解为说明性的,而非限制本发明的范围,本发明的实质和范围仅由权利要求书所限定。对于本领域技术人员而言,在不背离本发明实质和范围的前提下,对这些实施方案中的物料成分和用量进行的各种改变或改动也属于本发明的保护范围。
所有的原料都是从国内的化学试剂公司进行购买,没有经过继续提纯而直接使用。本发明所使用的核磁共振仪器的型号为Bruker Avance III 400 MHz,单晶衍射仪型号为APEX II CCD,元素分析仪器型号为Perkin-Elmer 2400 CHN 。
实施例1
催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2的合成步骤如下:
冰浴条件下,将碘甲烷 (712 mg, 5 mmol)缓慢滴入到盛有二氯吡啶 (568 mg, 5mmol)的圆底烧瓶中,边滴加边搅拌,滴加完毕后,恢复室温继续室温搅拌3 h有黄色沉淀析出,过滤,将沉淀物用甲醇-乙醚混合溶剂重结晶,得淡黄色固体。然后取干燥的50 mLSchlenk瓶,加入上步产物和四(三苯基膦)钯 (2.08 g, 1.8 mmol),混合物抽真空通氮气数次后,将无水甲苯 (20 mL)加入反应瓶中,然后加热至100 ℃,反应过程中溶液逐渐变为橙红色,随着反应时间的延长,瓶壁上有红色固体出现。反应完毕,旋干溶剂,过硅胶柱提纯,得到红棕色固体即为催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2,进一步用二氯甲烷/石油醚重结晶得到PdI2(PPh3)2的单晶。产率: 88% (2.80g, 3.2 mmol)。
产物核磁共振及元素分析数据:1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 7.71-7.66(m, 12H, CHar), 7.46-7.37 (m, 18H, CHar); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm):135.0, 132.0, 131.2, 128.1; Analytical Data. Found (calcd) for: C36H30I2P2Pd C,48.47 (48.87); H, 3.55 (3.42).
实施例2
催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2的合成步骤如下:
在干燥的50 mL圆底烧瓶中加入邻溴吡啶 (530 mg, 3.4 mmol)和碘乙酸 (432 mg,2.3 mmol),混合加热至80 ℃,搅拌反应4 h后,恢复至室温,加入大量乙醚,搅拌有黄色粘稠物析出,静置过夜,甲醇重结晶,得到淡黄色的固体。接着取干燥的50 mL Schlenk瓶,加入上步产物和四(三苯基膦)钯 (1.51 g, 1.3 mmol),抽真空通氮气加入冰乙酸(2 mL),然后加热到100 ℃反应3 h后,溶液成橙红色,过硅胶柱提纯,浓缩橙黄色色带,得到橙黄色固体即为催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2,进一步用二氯甲烷/石油醚重结晶得到PdBr2(PPh3)2的单晶。产率: 87% (1.79 g, 2.27 mmol)。
产物核磁共振及元素分析数据:1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm): 7.72-7.67(m, 12H, CHar), 7.38-7.34 (m, 18H, CHar); 13C-NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) δ (ppm):135.2, 134.0, 130.2, 127.6; Analytical Data. Found (calcd) for: C36H30Br2P2PdC, 49.12 (48.87); H, 3.61 (3.42).
实施例3:
催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2应用于对溴硝基苯和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应中的催化活性测试的条件筛选方法及结果如下:
反应瓶抽真空通氮气,依次加入PdI2(PPh3)2 (0.26mg, 0.3x10-3mmol),对溴硝基苯(606mg, 3 mmol),丙烯酸乙酯 (360mg, 3.6 mmol),碱 (455mg, 4.5 mmol),溶剂 (1mL),恒温110 ℃搅拌反应12 h。反应结束后,冷却至室温,水洗,二氯甲烷萃取三次,有机层合并,干燥浓缩,过柱子提纯(石油醚:二氯甲烷=1:1),收集产物带,浓缩称重,计算产率。
反应结果如下表1所示:
表1催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2应用于对溴硝基苯和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应中的催化活性测试的条件筛选结果:
本实施例通过探究在温度为110oC,反应时间为12小时的条件下,不同碱和溶剂的组合对催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2应用于催化对溴硝基苯和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应的影响,选定出了高效钯催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2对Heck偶联反应的最佳反应条件。通过上表1我们可以看出,固定使用DMF作溶剂时,TEA做碱可以得到较高的产率(entry 1),而使用Na2CO3, K2CO3或KOH做碱时,产率较低,分别为80%,85%和20% (entries 2-4)。而在进一步对不同溶剂的使用效果进行探究时我们发现,DMF较其他三种溶剂反应效果更好(entries5-7),因此,最终选定该反应最佳条件为,以三乙胺做碱,DMF做溶剂,110oC,反应12小时。
实施例4
催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2对Heck偶联反应催化活性测试方法及结果如下:
(a)反应瓶抽真空通氮气,依次加入设定量的催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2或PdBr2(PPh3)2,卤代芳烃(3 mmol),丙烯酸乙酯(360mg, 3.6 mmol), 三乙胺(455mg, 4.5 mmol),DMF (1 mL),恒温110oC搅拌反应12 h。反应结束后,冷却至室温,水洗,二氯甲烷萃取三次,有机层合并,干燥浓缩,过柱子提纯,收集产物带,浓缩称重,计算产率。反应结果如下表2所示:
表2催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2和PdI2(PPh3)2应用于卤代芳烃和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应中的催化活性测试结果:
在已选定的最佳条件下,本实施例对高效钯催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2或PdBr2(PPh3)2应用于对不同卤代芳烃和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck反应中的催化活性进行了进一步的探究。通过以上探究我们发现,催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2催化4-溴碘苯和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck反应的TON值为2.0 x109 (entry 5,表2),同样的,催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2催化4-甲基碘苯和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck反应的TON值为1.9 x 109 (entry 6, 表2 )。与此同时,碘苯与丙烯酸乙酯的反应也得到了类似较高的TON值。由此可知,催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2或PdBr2(PPh3)2对各种碘代芳烃均具有较好的催化效果。当使用4-溴硝基苯做底物时,催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2和PdBr2(PPh3)2分别得到了4.0 x 105 (entry 9,表2) 和 3.4 x 105 (entry 9,表2)这样一组相对较低的TON值。在使用对溴苯甲醛和溴苯做底物时,也得到了相似的较低的TON值(entry 11-14,表2)。由此可以看出,碘代芳烃活性要远远高于溴代芳烃。
Claims (6)
1.含有钯配合物的催化剂,PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2具有如下的结构通式:
X = Br 或 I。
2.含有钯配合物的催化剂PdBr 2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2的单晶,其特征在于该单晶结构采用APEX II CCD 单晶衍射仪,使用经过石墨单色化的Mok α射线,λ = 0.71073 Å为入射辐射,以w -2q扫描方式收集衍射点,经过最小二乘法修正得到晶胞参数,从差值傅立叶电子密度图利用软件解得单晶数据:
。
3.权利要求1所述含有钯配合物的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2的制备方法,其特征在于如下步骤:
(a)以邻氯吡啶为初始原料,与碘甲烷在常温下搅拌反应3小时析出沉淀,所得沉淀用乙醚-乙醇的混合溶剂重结晶得到黄色固体;该中间产物再与四(三苯基膦)钯在甲苯溶剂中回流8小时后冷却析出红色固体,以柱色谱法分离提纯,得到催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2;进一步处理得到PdBr 2(PPh3)2单晶;
(b)将邻溴吡啶与碘乙酸加热反应4小时,冷却至室温加入过量乙醚,析出的黄色粘稠物以甲醇重结晶得到黄色固体;该中间产物与四(三苯基膦)钯和冰乙酸混合加热到100oC,反应3小时后以柱色谱法进行提纯,得到的黄色固体产物即为催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2;进一步处理得到PdI2(PPh3)2的单晶;
。
4.权利要求1所述含有钯配合物的催化剂PdBr2(PPh3)2 和PdI2(PPh3)2在制备用于Heck偶联反应方面的应用。
5.权利要求4所述的应用,其中所述用于Heck偶联反应指的是:含有钯配合物的催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2或PdBr2(PPh3)2对芳基卤代烃和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应。
6.权利要求1所述的应用,其中催化剂PdI2(PPh3)2或PdBr2(PPh3)2对芳基卤代烃和丙烯酸乙酯的Heck偶联反应指的是对各种碘代芳烃的催化。
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Application publication date: 20161012 |