CN106000444A - 一种快速制备高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂的制备方法 - Google Patents
一种快速制备高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂的制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 67
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 61
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 25
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title abstract description 23
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 12
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 title abstract description 6
- 239000013335 mesoporous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- -1 nickel methane carbon dioxide Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 14
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;nickel Chemical compound [Ni].CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O MQRWBMAEBQOWAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940078494 nickel acetate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Ni]Cl QMMRZOWCJAIUJA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- BMGNSKKZFQMGDH-FDGPNNRMSA-L nickel(2+);(z)-4-oxopent-2-en-2-olate Chemical compound [Ni+2].C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O.C\C([O-])=C\C(C)=O BMGNSKKZFQMGDH-FDGPNNRMSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
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- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
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- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 abstract 2
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- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KDRIEERWEFJUSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon dioxide;methane Chemical compound C.O=C=O KDRIEERWEFJUSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 6
- FYGHSUNMUKGBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1C FYGHSUNMUKGBRK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229920000428 triblock copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920000463 Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetraethyl orthosilicate Chemical compound CCO[Si](OCC)(OCC)OCC BOTDANWDWHJENH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 2
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000003140 Panax quinquefolius Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000005373 Panax quinquefolius Species 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000012229 microporous material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012163 sequencing technique Methods 0.000 description 1
- RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicic acid Chemical compound O[Si](O)(O)O RMAQACBXLXPBSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000935 solvent evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
- B01J29/03—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves not having base-exchange properties
- B01J29/035—Microporous crystalline materials not having base exchange properties, such as silica polymorphs, e.g. silicalites
- B01J29/0352—Microporous crystalline materials not having base exchange properties, such as silica polymorphs, e.g. silicalites containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
- B01J29/0356—Iron group metals or copper
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- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种快速制备高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂的制备方法。该催化剂以具有高比表面积和有序介孔孔道的耐高温的介孔材料为载体，通过固相研磨法，在镍前驱体盐与介孔材料研磨，搅拌的条件下，镍前驱体盐均匀分散在未脱模板的介孔材料载体表面，烘干时，镍前驱体盐进入孔道内，经过焙烧和H2还原得到高分散活性组分和具有良好抗积碳和抗烧结性能的镍催化剂。本发明具有制备工艺简单、催化效率高、节能（制备载体时不需要焙烧），且活性组分布均匀等优点。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于催化剂制备工艺和环境保护技术领域，涉及一种快速制备高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂的制备方法。
背景技术
自然界蕴藏有储量远远大于石油储量的天然气。天然气已成为继煤炭和石油之后的第三大能源。鉴于CH4直接转化为有机化学品的收率过低，离工业化目标尚远，而将天然气先转化为合成气（CO+H2），经 F-T反应进一步转化为汽油、柴油、甲醇、乙二醇及烯烃等各种液体燃料或其它有机化工产品，这种间接的转化方法成为当今国际上的热门课题之一。甲烷重整制合成气主要有3 种途径：甲烷水蒸气重整、甲烷部分氧化重整、甲烷二氧化碳重整。甲烷二氧化碳重整反应产生的H2/CO约为1，可以直接作为羰基合成或F-T合成的原料，弥补了水蒸气重整过程中合成气H2/CO比值较高的不足。研究甲烷二氧化碳重整不仅可以综合利用丰富的天然气和二氧化碳资源，同时可以将两种温室效应气体同时转化为合成气，可以有效地缓解二氧化碳引起的温室效应，减轻气候压力。因此，该过程的开发和研究对于缓解能源危机、减少温室气体排放和保护人类的生存环境具有积极意义。但是，催化剂存在积碳和烧结是工业化的重大问题。因而研制高活性、高稳定性的催化剂是甲烷二氧化碳重整反应实现工业应用的关键因素之一。
甲烷二氧化碳重整过程中，催化剂主要有以贵重金属（Pd、Pt、Rh、Ru、Ir）为活性中心和以非贵重金属（Fe、Co、Ni）为活性中心两类催化剂。贵金属催化剂具有较高的活性和抗积碳性能；其中Ru在600～800℃温度范围内，进行甲烷和二氧化碳反应基本上没有积碳。Pt和Pd的反应性能稍逊色Ru，而且受载体影响较大。非贵金属催化剂则因积碳等原因而失活较快，几种非贵金属，催化剂的活性顺序为Ni>Co>Fe。考虑到贵金属资源有限、价格昂贵，因而镍基催化剂研究最为广泛。但Ni催化剂的主要缺点是严重积碳的问题，导致催化剂活性降低。另外，用传统方法如浸渍法制备催剂化不仅周期比较长，而且难获得分散度较好的催化剂。
因此开发高效稳定且高抗积碳性能的催化剂成为近年来主要的研究方向。本发明主要以合成具有高比表面积和有序孔道的介孔材料为载体，通过固相研磨简单快速的制备出高分散、抗积碳和抗烧结的镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种快速制备高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂的制备方法。所述催化剂中镍颗粒尺寸小，有较好的抗积碳作用，且均匀分散在介孔载体的孔道内，孔道具有良好限域作用，有效的抑制了镍颗粒长大和聚集。
实现本发明目的的技术方案按以下步骤进行：
A. 介孔材料的制备：按现有技术合成且合成后不脱模板；
B. 催化剂的制备：称取镍前驱体盐和步骤A制得的介孔材料于研钵中研磨，镍负载量为4～7wt%，充分研磨使镍前驱体盐与介孔材料充分混合，100℃过夜烘干，然后在空气氛围下以1℃/min的速率升温至500～600℃煅烧4h；
C. 催化剂的还原活化：在流速为15mL/min，温度为600～700℃下，用纯H2流还原1h，得到高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂。
所述步骤A制得的介孔材料为SBA-15、KIT-6、FDU-12中的一种（制备方法参照以下文献：1、SBA-15制备方法：Bianca Faceto, Erico
Teixeira-Neto, Heloise O. Pastore, Cristiano L. P. Oliveira, Angela A.
Teixeira-Neto. On the formation and accessibility of gold nanoparticles
confined in SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieve[J]. Microporous and Mesoporous
Materials, 2015, 210:86-93.； 2、KIT-6制备方法：Freddy Kleitz, Shin Hei
Choi, Ryong Ryoo. Cubic Ia3d large mesoporous silica: synthesis and replication
to platinum nanowires, carbon nanorods and carbon nanotubes[J]. Chemical
Communications, 2003, 2136-2137.)；3、FDU-12制备方法：Xiaoqing Yan, Xiaojuan Wang, Yu Tang,
Guicen Ma, Shihui Zou, Renhong Li, Xiaogang Peng, Sheng Daib, Jie Fan. Ordered,
extra-large mesopores with highly loaded gold nanoparticles: a new sintering-
and coking-resistant catalyst system[J]. Chemical Communications, 2013,
49:7274-7276.）。
所述镍前驱体盐为硝酸镍、氯化镍、醋酸镍、乙酰丙酮镍中的一种。
所述制得的高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂中镍颗粒尺寸为3～7nm。
本发明与现有技术相比具有以下优点：
（1）与浸渍法相比，固相研磨法制备工艺简单、节能，是一种快速且有效的方法。因为没有溶剂存在，不但节省溶剂蒸发的时间，而且气孔中没有被溶液占据，不存在溶剂竞争吸附，通过简单的步骤就能将镍前驱物和介孔材料充分混合；
（2）通过固相研磨，未脱模板的介孔材料载体中的模板剂能使镍前驱体盐均匀分散，并在烘干热驱动条件下，镍前驱体盐以小颗粒态进入孔道内。
（3）未脱模板的介孔材料载体与镍前驱物之间的相互作用较强，经过高温焙烧镍前驱物被较好的限域到孔道里，有效的限制镍颗粒的长大，使得制备的催化剂具有较好的抗烧结和抗积碳性能。
附图说明
图1为实施例1所得甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂Ni/SBA-15透视电镜（TEM）图像。
图2为实施例1所得甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂Ni/SBA-15的100h活性测试图。
具体实施方式
以下结合具体实施例和附图对本发明做进一步说明，本发明不受下述实施例的限制，可根据本发明的技术方案和实际情况来确定具体的实施方式。
实施例1
称取4g的聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物（P123）溶于120mL 浓度为2mol/L的盐酸中，在恒温水浴锅中（35℃）搅拌2h，待完全溶解后逐滴加入9mL正硅酸四乙酯搅拌20h，之后于高压反应釜在100℃下晶化24h，过滤，干燥，制备出未脱模板的介孔材料SBA-15。称取0.2607g硝酸镍和1g未脱模板的SBA-15于研钵中研磨，镍负载量为5wt%。充分研磨使硝酸镍与SBA-15充分混合，100℃过夜烘干，然后在空气氛围下以1℃/min的速率升温至550℃煅烧4h。在流速为15mL/min，温度为700℃下用纯H2流还原1 h，得到高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂，透视电镜图像如图1所示。
催化活性测试：称取80mg（40～60目）制备好的催化剂放入固定床石英管反应器中进行催化剂性能测试，CH4和CO2进样量为1:1（流量均为15mL/min），活性测试从600℃到800℃。800℃下活性最高，CH4和CO2的转化率分别达到93.8%和95.7 %。催化剂稳定性测试在700℃进行，经过100h的反应后CH4和CO2的转化率仅略有降低，分别从78.9% 降到74.4% 和从 86.7%降到 84.2%，催化剂仍然保持良好的活性，结果如图2所示。
实施例2
称取6g的聚环氧乙烷-聚环氧丙烷-聚环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物（P123）溶于210mL的去离子水中，后加入11.8g盐酸（35%），在恒温水浴锅中（35℃）搅拌40min，待完全溶解后逐滴加入6mL的正丁醇，在35℃下搅拌1h再加入12.9g的正硅酸酸四乙酯搅拌24h，之后于高压反应釜在100℃下晶化24h，过滤，干燥后制备出未脱模板的介孔材料KIT-6。称取0.2607g硝酸镍和1g未脱模板的KIT-6于研钵中研磨，镍负载量为5wt%。充分研磨使硝酸镍与KIT-6充分混合，100℃过夜烘干，然后在空气氛围下以1℃/min的速率升温至550℃煅烧4h。在流速为15mL/min，温度为700℃下用纯H2流还原1h，得到高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂。
催化活性测试：按实施例1测试方法进行测试。800℃下活性最高，CH4和CO2的转化率分别达到92.7%和94.5%。催化剂稳定性测试在700℃进行，经过100h的反应后CH4和CO2的转化率仅略有降低，分别从76.7%降到72.4%和从81.1%降到78.3%，催化剂仍然保持良好的活性。
实施例3
称取3g聚丙二醇-环氧乙烷三嵌段共聚物（F127）溶于185mL 浓度为2mol/L的盐酸中，在恒温水浴锅中（25℃下）搅拌，待完全溶解加入3.6g三甲基苯（TMB）和15g KCl搅拌2h，滴加12.5g正硅酸四乙酯搅拌24h，之后于高压反应釜在100℃晶化24h，过滤，干燥，制备出未脱模板的介孔材料FDU-12载体。称取0.2048g硝酸镍和1g未脱模板的 FDU-12于研钵中研磨，镍负载量为4wt%。充分研磨使硝酸镍与FDU-12充分混合，100℃过夜烘干，然后在空气氛围下以1℃/min的速率升温至550℃煅烧4h。在流速为15mL/min，温度为700℃下用纯H2流还原1h，得到高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂。
催化活性测试：按实施例1测试方法进行测试。800℃下活性最高，CH4和CO2的转化率分别达到92.5%和95.2%。催化剂稳定性测试在700℃进行，经过100h的反应后CH4和CO2的转化率仅略有降低，分别从75.9%降到71.4%和从82.3%降到78.5%，催化剂仍然保持良好的活性。
实施例4
参照实施例1，以氯化镍为前驱物，与制得的未脱模板的SBA-15制备镍负载量为5wt%的催化剂。按实施例1测试方法测试催化活性：800℃下活性最高，CH4和CO2的转化率分别达到93.8%和95.7%。催化剂稳定性测试在700℃进行，经过100h的反应后CH4和CO2的转化率仅略有降低，分别从70.9%降到66.4%和从79.2%降到72.3%，催化剂仍然保持良好的活性。
实施例5
参照实施例1，以乙酰丙酮镍为前驱物，与制得的未脱模板的SBA-15制备镍负载量为5wt%的催化剂。按实施例1测试方法测试催化活性：800℃下活性最高，CH4和CO2的转化率分别达到93.8%和95.7%。催化剂稳定性测试在700℃进行，经过100h的反应后CH4和CO2的转化率仅略有降低，分别从69.2%降到64.9%和从72.5%降到65.1%，催化剂仍然保持良好的活性。
实施例6
参照实施例1，以醋酸镍为前驱物，与制备得的未脱模板的SBA-15制备镍负载量为5wt%的催化剂。按实施例1测试方法测试催化活性：800℃下活性最高，CH4和CO2的转化率分别达到93.8%和95.7%。催化剂稳定性测试在700℃进行，经过100h的反应后CH4和CO2的转化率仅略有降低，分别从76.8%降到70.4%和从82.4%降到78.2%，催化剂仍然保持良好的活性。
实施例7
参照实施例1，称取0.3730g硝酸镍和1g制得的未脱模板的SBA-15于研钵中研磨，镍负载量为7wt%。充分研磨使硝酸镍与未脱模板的SBA-15充分混合，100℃过夜烘干，然后在空气氛围下以1℃/min的速率升温至500℃煅烧4h。在流速为15mL/min，温度为600℃下用纯H2流还原1h，得到高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂。按实施例1测试方法测试催化活性：800℃下活性最高，CH4和CO2的转化率分别达90.5%和91.7%。催化剂稳定性测试在700℃进行，经过100h的反应后CH4和CO2的转化率仅略有降低，分别从61.3%降到58.4%和从67.4%降到64.7%，催化剂仍然保持良好的活性。
实施例8
参照实施例1，以硝酸镍为前驱物，与制得的未脱模板的SBA-15制备镍负载量为5wt%的催化剂。充分研磨使硝酸镍与未脱模板的SBA-15充分混合，100℃过夜烘干，然后在空气氛围下以1℃/min的速率升温至600℃煅烧4h。在流速为15mL/min，温度为600℃下用纯H2流还原1h，得到高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂。按实施例1测试方法测试催化活性：800℃下活性最高，CH4和CO2的转化率分别达到90.1%和91.8 %。催化剂稳定性测试在700℃进行，经过100 h的反应后CH4和CO2的转化率仅略有降低，分别从68% 降到64.1% 和从 74.4%降到 68.2%，催化剂仍然保持良好的活性。
Claims (4)
1.一种快速制备高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂的制备方法，其特征在于按以下步骤进行：
A. 介孔材料的制备：按现有技术合成且合成后不脱模板；
B. 催化剂的制备：称取镍前驱体盐和步骤A制得的介孔材料于研钵中研磨，镍负载量为4～7wt%，充分研磨使镍前驱体盐与介孔材料充分混合，100℃过夜烘干，然后在空气氛围下以1℃/min的速率升温至500～600℃煅烧4h；
C. 催化剂的还原活化：在流速为15mL/min，温度为600～700℃下，用纯H2流还原1h，得到高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂。
2.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于步骤A制得的介孔材料为SBA-15、KIT-6、FDU-12中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于所述镍前驱体盐为硝酸镍、氯化镍、醋酸镍、乙酰丙酮镍中的一种。
4.权利要求1至3任意一项所述制备方法制得的高分散镍基甲烷二氧化碳重整催化剂，其特征在于镍颗粒的尺寸为3～7nm。
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