CN105994431B - Termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N37/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids
- A01N37/36—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most two bonds to halogen, e.g. carboxylic acids containing at least one carboxylic group or a thio analogue, or a derivative thereof, and a singly bound oxygen or sulfur atom attached to the same carbon skeleton, this oxygen or sulfur atom not being a member of a carboxylic group or of a thio analogue, or of a derivative thereof, e.g. hydroxy-carboxylic acids
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N47/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid
- A01N47/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom not being member of a ring and having no bond to a carbon or hydrogen atom, e.g. derivatives of carbonic acid the carbon atom having no bond to a nitrogen atom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N51/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds having the sequences of atoms O—N—S, X—O—S, N—N—S, O—N—N or O-halogen, regardless of the number of bonds each atom has and with no atom of these sequences forming part of a heterocyclic ring
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- A01N65/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing material from algae, lichens, bryophyta, multi-cellular fungi or plants, or extracts thereof
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a kind of termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting, is mixed by radix aconiti agrestis extract, monkshood extract, pinellia tuber extract, strong wind seed extract, juvenile hormone insecticides, imidacloprid, Fipronil, colophony powder, stabilizer, antioxidant;Preparation method is first to stir evenly radix aconiti agrestis extract, monkshood extract, pinellia tuber extract, strong wind seed extract, obtains the first mixture;Then juvenile hormone insecticides, imidacloprid and Fipronil are mixed evenly to obtain the second mixture;Addition colophony powder, stabilizer and antioxidant, which futher stir, after finally mixing first mixture and the second mixture uniformly obtains finished product.Compared with prior art, the termite control preparation and preparation method thereof of a kind of high-efficient and lasting provided by the invention the characteristics of rationally being compounded by Chinese and Western medicine, combined Chinese and Western medicine itself, can produce apparent synergistic function, killing white ant significant effect;Drug effect is significant, and drug toxicity is low, environmental-friendly.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Chemical Control of Harmful Insects technical fields, in particular to the termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting and its preparation
Method.
Background technique
Termite belongs to the insect of Arthropoda Insecta Pterigota Isoptera, be pest the most famous in the world it
One, it was reported that only termite gives the loss of the whole world caused by building, temple historical relic, rivers,lakes and seas dykes and dams etc. up to 40,000,000,000 beauty every year
Member, China is one of serious country of termite damage, wherein 40% land is distributed, the area on the south the Changjiang river is particularly acute,
Termite damage can cause house collapse, destroy home decoration, heritage archive is impaired, the large quantities of death of trees, crops, or even can lead
Cause rivers, reservoir dike piping, the serious consequences such as collapse.People used physical method, chemical method, manually and machine in the past
Tool excavates ant nest method and physical method prevents and treats termite.
The defect of the prior art: currently, physical method (including Barrier method, surge method, microwave method, freezing, Re Chu
Reason, fumigation etc.) and the ant nest method prevention and treatment equal time and effort consuming of termite is manually excavated with machinery, cost is excessively high, and effect is undesirable;
Chemical prevention is one of main means of pests control, and China's tradition kills termite and mainly uses two kinds of Niran, mirex chemistry
Medicament, still, they belong to persistence organic pollutant (abbreviation POPS), not only have high toxicity, Er Qie to people and animal
It is difficult to degrade under natural conditions, it can be by biological concentration characteristic and boiling characteristics from local influence to region or even the whole world
Environment, and pure Chinese medicine kills white-ant drug in rainy day or sough and generates mildew in use, being easy moisture absorption and influence to kill effect
Fruit, furthermore the killing white-ant drug of pure Chinese medicine preparation generally sprays 10 days or so the complete killing white ants of ability after medicinal powder, there is
It works slowly insufficient, so that killing termite effect also by certain limitation.
Summary of the invention
In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention provides a kind of termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting, white to solve tradition
The agent of ant protective agents causes environmental pollution and destroys ecologic balance environment to the toxic side effect of people, animals and plants and environment, and
The problems such as pure Chinese medicine termiticide killing white ant low efficiency and use condition limitation.
The technical solution adopted by the invention is as follows: a kind of termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting, key are by following matter
Measure number raw material composition: 2.3-4.5 parts of radix aconiti agrestis extract, 1.2-3.2 parts of monkshood extract, 2.6-3.1 parts of pinellia tuber extract,
1.1-1.9 parts of strong wind seed extract, 2.5-3.9 parts of juvenile hormone insecticides, 1.8-2.6 parts of imidacloprid, Fipronil 2.1-3.5
Part, 1.5-2.3 parts of colophony powder, 0.1-0.5 parts of stabilizer and 0.3-0.7 parts of antioxidant.
Preferably, the mass fraction of the raw material is 3.6 parts of radix aconiti agrestis extract, 1.8 parts of monkshood extract, pinellia tuber extract
2.7 parts, 1.5 parts of strong wind seed extract, 2.9 parts of juvenile hormone insecticides, 2.5 parts of imidacloprid, 3.2 parts of Fipronil, colophony powder
1.6 parts, 0.2 part of stabilizer and 0.4 part of antioxidant.
Preferably, the radix aconiti agrestis extract is obtained using following methods: radix aconiti agrestis being crushed, addition is equivalent to 5 times of weights of radix aconiti agrestis
The water of amount obtained radix aconiti agrestis extract with extraction by steam distillation 4 hours.
Preferably, the monkshood extract is obtained using following methods: monkshood being crushed, addition is equivalent to 3 times of weights of monkshood
The water of amount, it is first 30 minutes ultrasonic, then with extraction by steam distillation 5 hours, obtain monkshood extract;
Preferably, the pinellia tuber extract is obtained using following methods: the tuber of pinellia being crushed, addition is equivalent to 6 times of weights of the tuber of pinellia
The water of amount, soaked overnight obtained pinellia tuber extract with extraction by steam distillation 6 hours;
Preferably, the strong wind seed extract is obtained using following methods: chaulmoogra being crushed, addition is equivalent to chaulmoogra
The NaCl aqueous solution that the mass percentage concentration of 5 times of weight is 4% was obtained chaulmoogra and is extracted with extraction by steam distillation 5 hours
Object.
Preferably, the juvenile hormone insecticides are one or more of pyriproxyfen, hydroprene, kinoprene.
Preferably, the antioxidant is antioxidant 1010, irgasfos 168, antioxidant 1076, antioxidant 626, antioxidant
One or both of DLTP and antioxidant DSTP.
Preferably, the stabilizer is calcium zinc heat stabilizer, complex lead salt type thermal stabilizing agent, epoxidized soybean oil, barium zinc heat
One or both of stabilizer and potassium zinc heat stabilizer.
A kind of preparation method of the termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting, key are to sequentially include the following steps:
Step 1: radix aconiti agrestis extract, monkshood extract, pinellia tuber extract, strong wind seed extract are stirred evenly, is obtained
One mixture;
Step 2: juvenile hormone insecticides, imidacloprid and Fipronil are mixed evenly to obtain the second mixture;
Step 3: colophony powder, stabilizer and antioxidant is added after first mixture and the second mixture are mixed
It futher stirs and uniformly obtains finished product.
The utility model has the advantages that compared with prior art, a kind of the termite control preparation and its system of high-efficient and lasting provided by the invention
Preparation Method the characteristics of rationally being compounded by Chinese and Western medicine, combined Chinese and Western medicine itself, can produce apparent synergistic work
With, hence it is evident that improve insecticidal rate, killing white ant significant effect;Drug effect is improved, dosage is reduced, reduces cost, while also reducing
The toxicity of drug, to people and animals and natural environment safety, in addition the termiticide preparation compounding period is short, at low cost, is that solve pest anti-
The effective way of property problem, remains to successfully kill termite in wet condition, significant effect, using simplicity, in addition, of the invention
Also have medicine source wide, it is at low cost, the characteristics of simple production process.
Specific embodiment
Technical solution in order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the present invention, below with reference to subordinate list and specific embodiment party
Formula elaborates to the present invention.
A kind of termite control preparation of embodiment 1
(1) termite control preparation raw material is selected:
Radix aconiti agrestis: rhizome of Chinese monkshood each section contains alkaloid, wherein main is aconitine.Aconine, acetic acid are generated after rhizome of Chinese monkshood basic hydrolysis
And benzoic acid.It is fixed that the more rhizome of Chinese monkshoods contain aconitine, songorine, aconitum soongoricum Stapf amine, karacoline, the more rhizome of Chinese monkshoods
Alkali, aconifine.
Monkshood: total alkaloid content 2.3%, ester 1.0%, aconitine 0.3%.In the molecular structure of this constituents, because of 8
The acetylation of hydroxyl and 14 hydroxyl aroylation, thus strong toxicity is presented, it is the major toxicity ingredient in the rhizome of Chinese monkshood.
The tuber of pinellia: the tuber of pinellia has a neurotoxicity, and water soluble ingredient is added after lead acetate in the substance that precipitates, containing causing the frog
And mice skeletal spasm and make the substance of frog mydriasis;Then containing in filtrate makes the frog generate central and curare sample skeletal muscle
Loose substance;Dried pinellia is wrongly taken and micro can be poisoned;In addition, there are also to local mucous membrane intense irritation, renal toxicity, pregnant for the tuber of pinellia
It is pregnent embryotoxicity, teratogenesis.
Chaulmoogra: property heat, acrid flavour.The species are the poisonous plant that Chinese Plants spectrum data library is included, and toxicity is kind
Son is toxic.Often cause dizziness, headache, pectoralgia, choke sense, whole body discomfort, insomnia, loss of appetite, abdominal pain and whole body fever after people's food,
It is also irritant to kidney.
Juvenile hormone insecticides: juvenile hormone insecticides mainly pass through interference insect hormone in vivo and balance, and influence children
Worm becomes the physiology course of pupa or pupa emerging adult, forms overage larva or intermediate, and then control its growth and development.Such activity
The main function object of substance is larva and pupa, but is also had an impact to the insect and ovum that reach maturity, including preventing insect ovum
Embryonic development increases the husking number of larva, and adult is made to generate infertile phenomenon etc..
Imidacloprid: imidacloprid is nicotinoids ultra high efficiency insecticide, has wide spectrum, efficient, low toxicity, low-residual, and pest is not easy
Resistance is generated, the features such as to people, animal, plant and natural enemies security, and has and tags, the multiple actions such as stomach toxicity and interior suction.Contacting pests
After medicament, nervous centralis normal conduction is obstructed, and keeps its paralysis dead.Product quick-acting is good, has higher preventive effect within 1 day after medicine,
Residual life, is up to 25 days or so.Drug effect and temperature are positively correlated, and temperature is high, good disinsection effect.
Fipronil: Fipronil is that a kind of Phenylpyrazole insecticides, insecticidal spectrum are wide, simultaneous to pest based on stomach poison function
Have and tag and certain systemic action, mechanism of action is to hinder the chloride metabolism of insect γ-aminobutyric acid control, therefore
There is very high insecticidal activity to important pests such as aphid, leafhopper, plant hopper, lepidopterous larvae, flies and coleopteras, to crop without medicine
Evil.
Rosin: being the raw material that a kind of pair of termite has specificity attraction, the temptation of the irresistible rosin of termite.
(2) in termite control preparation each extract preparation:
(2.1) acquisition of radix aconiti agrestis extract: radix aconiti agrestis is crushed, and the water for being equivalent to 5 times of weight of radix aconiti agrestis is added, is steamed with vapor
It evaporates method to extract 4 hours, obtains radix aconiti agrestis extract.
(2.2) acquisition of monkshood extract: monkshood is crushed, and the water for being equivalent to 3 times of weight of monkshood is added, first 30 points of ultrasound
Clock, then with extraction by steam distillation 5 hours, obtain monkshood extract;
(2.3) acquisition of pinellia tuber extract: the tuber of pinellia is crushed, and is added and is equivalent to the water of 6 times of weight of the tuber of pinellia, soaked overnight,
With extraction by steam distillation 6 hours, pinellia tuber extract is obtained;
(2.4) acquisition of strong wind seed extract: chaulmoogra is crushed, and the quality hundred for being equivalent to 5 times of weight of chaulmoogra is added
Dividing concentration is 4% NaCl aqueous solution, with extraction by steam distillation 5 hours, obtains strong wind seed extract.
(3) in termite control preparation each raw material configuration proportion:
Raw material each in termite control preparation is mixed by mass fraction described in table 1 respectively, obtains 4 groups of difference mixing ratios
Termite control preparation I~IV of example.
The termite control preparation of 1 different mixing proportion of table (mass fraction)
Group | I | II | III | IV |
Radix aconiti agrestis extract | 2.3 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.5 |
Monkshood extract | 1.2 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 3.2 |
Pinellia tuber extract | 2.6 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 3.1 |
Strong wind seed extract | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.9 |
Juvenile hormone insecticides | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
Imidacloprid | 1.8 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.6 |
Fipronil | 2.1 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.5 |
Colophony powder | 1.5 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.3 |
Stabilizer | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Antioxidant | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 |
Embodiment 2: the preparation and control efficiency of termite control preparation
(1) preparation method of termite control preparation
Step 1: radix aconiti agrestis extract, monkshood extract, pinellia tuber extract, strong wind seed extract are stirred in the ratio of table 1
Uniformly, the first mixture is obtained;
Step 2: juvenile hormone insecticides, imidacloprid and Fipronil are mixed evenly to obtain in the ratio of table 1
Two mixtures;
Step 3: colophony powder, stabilizer and antioxidant is added after first mixture and the second mixture are mixed
It futher stirs and uniformly obtains finished product.
(2) evaluation of pesticide effectiveness of the termite control preparation I~IV to termite:
In culture dish bottom, a thin layer clean fine sand or vermiculite are spread, and adds water-wet profit, centre is put into 0.5g termite control
30 healthy termites and culture dish are placed in 28 ± 1 DEG C, raising in the incubator under dark condition by preparation.Every for 24 hours, see
Examine, record the death toll of termite.
The evaluation of pesticide effectiveness of the 2 termite control preparation I~IV of table to termite
Termite control preparation I~IV has good insect killing effect to termite it can be seen from result in table 2, causes termite
Dead rush hour, termite control preparation I caused termite whole dead times to need about 6 days after processing two, three and four days
The left and right (144h), termite control preparation I can cause termite all dead at 5 days (120h), and termite control preparation IV was at 4 days (96h)
Termite can be caused all dead, termite control Formulation III only needs that termite can be made within 3 days (72h) all dead.
(2) measurement of the termite control preparation I~IV to the contact virulence transmitting of termite:
The bottom glass tube or hose of two glass of A, B or PVC cylinder are connected, the interior laying thickness respectively of A, B cylinder is about
4mm fine sand or vermiculite, and add water-wet profit.It is put into 60 healthy termites in A cylinder, is put into 5 in B cylinder and is stained with the white of medicinal powder
Ant then will be under 28 ± 1 DEG C of experimental rig immigration, dark condition with there is the aluminium foil of pin hole to cover the cylinder of experimental rig
In incubator.Every for 24 hours, observation, the death toll for recording termite.
Measurement of the 3 termite control preparation I~IV of table to the contact virulence transmitting of termite
Using the biological characteristics of termite it can be seen from result in table 3, take malicious termite medicinal powder virulence is passed to it is other
Termite individual, therefore cause the termite individual for being not directly contacted with medicinal powder also dead, to kill entire ant colony.It can from table 3
Out, the ability that termite all there is virulence to transmit termite control preparation I~IV, termite is to termite control preparation I processing group in 48h
Minimum mortality afterwards is 55%, and termite whole dead times need 6 days (72h);Termite is to the processing of termite control Formulation II
For the death rate of the group after 48h 70%, termite whole dead times need 5 days (120h);Termite is to termite control Formulation II
The termite of processing group whole dead times only need 4 days (96h);Termite is to termite control preparation IV processing group after 48h
The death rate reaches 80%, and termite whole dead times need 5 days (120h).It can be seen that termite to termite control preparation I~
IV has preferable virulence transmission capacity, can be used for during termite goes out and control.
(3) termite control preparation I~IV measures the lasting medicine of termite:
In culture dish bottom, a thin layer clean fine sand or vermiculite are spread, and adds water-wet profit, centre is put into 0.5g termite control
Preparation respectively after outdoor placement 30 days, 90 days and 180 days, by 30 healthy termites and culture dish, is placed in 28 ± 1 DEG C, dark
Under the conditions of incubator in raising.Every for 24 hours, observation, the death toll for recording termite.
4 termite control preparation I~IV of table measures the lasting medicine of termite
It can see in table 4, it is still right after termite control preparation I~IV is in outdoor placement 30 days, 90 days and 180
Termite has good insect killing effect, after termite control preparation I~IV was at outdoor placement 30 days, termite control Formulation III and white
Ant prevention and treatment preparation IV causes termite whole dead times to need about 5 days (120h) Zuo You;When termite control preparation I~IV is in outdoor
After placing 90 days, termite control Formulation III still can be all dead in 5 days (120h) Zuo You cause termites;As termite control preparation I
Although~IV drug effect of termite control preparation I~IV after outdoor placement 180 days decreases, but termite control Formulation II~IV
It still can be all dead in 6 days (144h) cause termites.
Finally it is to be appreciated that foregoing description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention, those skilled in the art is in the present invention
Enlightenment under, without prejudice to the purpose of the present invention and the claims, multiple similar expressions, such change can be made
It changes and falls within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. a kind of termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting, it is characterised in that be made of the raw material of following mass fraction: radix aconiti agrestis is extracted
2.3-4.5 parts of object, 2.6-3.1 parts of pinellia tuber extract, 1.1-1.9 parts of strong wind seed extract, is protected 1.2-3.2 parts of monkshood extract
2.5-3.9 parts of young hormone insecticides, 2.1-3.5 parts of Fipronil, 1.5-2.3 parts of colophony powder, are stablized 1.8-2.6 parts of imidacloprid
0.1-0.5 parts and antioxidant 0.3-0.7 parts of agent;
Wherein, following methods acquisition is respectively adopted in radix aconiti agrestis extract, monkshood extract, pinellia tuber extract and strong wind seed extract:
Radix aconiti agrestis is crushed, the water for being equivalent to 5 times of weight of radix aconiti agrestis is added, with extraction by steam distillation 4 hours, radix aconiti agrestis is obtained and extracts
Object;
Monkshood is crushed, the water for being equivalent to 3 times of weight of monkshood is added, first ultrasound 30 minutes, then small with extraction by steam distillation 5
When, obtain monkshood extract;
The tuber of pinellia is crushed, the water for being equivalent to 6 times of weight of the tuber of pinellia is added, soaked overnight was obtained with extraction by steam distillation 6 hours
Obtain pinellia tuber extract;
Chaulmoogra is crushed, the NaCl aqueous solution for being equivalent to that the mass percentage concentration of 5 times of weight of chaulmoogra is 4% is added, uses water
Steam distillation method is extracted 5 hours, and strong wind seed extract is obtained.
2. the termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the mass fraction of the raw material
For 3.6 parts of radix aconiti agrestis extract, 1.8 parts of monkshood extract, 2.7 parts of pinellia tuber extract, 1.5 parts of strong wind seed extract, juvenile hormone
2.9 parts of insecticides, 2.5 parts of imidacloprid, 3.2 parts of Fipronil, 1.6 parts of colophony powder, 0.2 part of stabilizer and 0.4 part of antioxidant.
3. the termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting according to claim 1 or 2, it is characterised in that: the juvenile hormone class
Insecticide is one or more of pyriproxyfen, hydroprene, kinoprene.
4. the termite control preparation of high-efficient and lasting according to claim 3, it is characterised in that: the antioxidant is antioxygen
One or both of agent 1010, irgasfos 168, antioxidant 1076, antioxidant 626, anti-oxidant DLTP and antioxidant DSTP.
5. according to claim 1, the termite control preparation of 2 or 4 described in any item high-efficient and lastings, it is characterised in that: described steady
Determining agent is in calcium zinc heat stabilizer, complex lead salt type thermal stabilizing agent, epoxidized soybean oil, barium zinc heat stabilizer and potassium zinc heat stabilizer
One or two.
6. a kind of preparation method of the termite control preparation of claim 1,2 or 4 described in any item high-efficient and lastings, feature exist
In sequentially including the following steps:
Step 1: radix aconiti agrestis extract, monkshood extract, pinellia tuber extract, strong wind seed extract are stirred evenly, it is mixed to obtain first
Close object;
Step 2: juvenile hormone insecticides, imidacloprid and Fipronil are mixed evenly to obtain the second mixture;
Step 3: colophony powder, stabilizer and antioxidant are added after first mixture and the second mixture are mixed into one
Step is uniformly mixing to obtain finished product.
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