CN105994315B - 一种可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N45/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing compounds having three or more carbocyclic rings condensed among themselves, at least one ring not being a six-membered ring
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
- A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,所述药饵包含A组分颗粒和B组分颗粒。所述A组分颗粒为具有多层结构的复合饵料,从内到外依次为:可降解多孔载体,所述多孔可降解载体上负载有不育剂和花生粉,所述不育剂为去氧孕烯和炔雌醇;可降解包覆层,所述可降解包覆层将可降解多孔载体及其上所负载的不育剂和花生粉包覆在内;食料层,所述食料层由食料构成,并将可降解包覆层包覆在内。所述B组分颗粒为食料颗粒。本发明的药饵有利于长期、全天候下施用,尤其避免了在田间或野外施放时有效成分升华、降解或流失,不会对环境造成二次污染,适口性好。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种灭鼠药饵及其制备方法,特别涉及一种可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵及其制备方法。
背景技术
传统的控制害鼠数量的方法-灭杀法,会带来防治效果短、种群数量恢复快和非靶标动物中毒的问题,而且杀灭的方式也因“非人道”而面临动物权益组织的指责。尤其是化学灭鼠的方法,虽然能在一定范围和时间内暂时降低鼠密度,但随之而来的环境污染、二次中毒,以及由于长时期使用灭鼠剂而导致的鼠类拒食性、耐药性与适应性的产生等问题,是不可忽视的。同时,灭鼠剂的使用对鼠类起到了“人工选择”的作用,促进了鼠类群落的演替,加速了“优胜劣汰”的选择,可能形成“超级种群”,也成为人类环境的潜在威胁。因此,寻找可持续、无公害的方式来控制害鼠的繁殖是鼠害控制领域的新发展方向,其中不育控制法由于非致死性而成为研究的重点。
不育控制法是利用不育药物来控制害鼠的生育率。Knipling于1959年首次将不育控制的理念引入鼠害防治,从此开启了科研工作者们在不育控制鼠害方面的不断探索。Davis在1961年首先提出使用化学药物三乙基三聚氰胺来控制褐家鼠(Rattusnorvegicus)数量,取得了显著效果。John(1969)提出α-氯代醇可以在雄鼠内产生可逆性不育,并认为最低的有效口服剂量是5mg/kg,且需连续给药14天。此后涌现出大量关于此种药物对不同鼠种抗生育作用研究的报告,其中α-氯代醇、炔雌醇甲醚(mestranol)、乙炔基雌二醇(ethinyl oestradiol)、甲基睾酮(methyl testosterone)和Org5933(一种促孕激素)、RU486(一种抗孕激素)等激素类药物都被用来开发鼠类不育剂。
但是目前所使用的不育剂依然存在着适口性差,不育效果不稳定,普适性差等问题。并且目前的药饵普遍是将不育剂和食料直接混合造粒制备而成,在野外施用过程中受到到暴晒、雨淋等自然气候作用时,药饵颗粒易于粉化或溶散,造成有效成分降解或流失,并造成对环境的二次污染、施药效果不明显等问题。
为此,仍然需要开发更适宜的不育剂,并且改进药饵的长期稳定性和耐候性,提高施药效率。
发明内容
为克服现有不育控制类药饵的缺陷,发明人经过长期研究,提出了一种新型的可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵。
本发明的第一方面在于提供一种可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,其特征在于,包含A组分颗粒和B组分颗粒,其中:
所述A组分颗粒为具有多层结构的复合饵料,从内到外依次为:可降解多孔载体,所述多孔可降解载体上负载有不育剂和花生粉,所述不育剂为去氧孕烯和炔雌醇;可降解包覆层,所述可降解包覆层将可降解多孔载体及其上所负载的不育剂和花生粉包覆在内;食料层,所述食料层由食料构成,并将可降解包覆层包覆在内;
所述B组分颗粒为食料颗粒;
所述A组分颗粒和B组分颗粒的比例至少为51:49。
本发明选用的不育剂中,去氧孕烯为雌激素,炔雌醇为孕激素。本发明将两种激素配伍,能有效干扰雌鼠和雄鼠的繁殖器官正常生理过程,是一种双性不育剂。并且这两种激素具有无公害、用量低、普适性强等特点,能有效抑制鼠类数量。
此外,本发明中所采用的具有多层结构的复合饵料中,通过将不育剂负载在多孔可降解载体上并使用可降解包覆层包覆,可以避免不育剂成分直接暴露在阳光、雨水等自然环境中,降低了其升华、降解或流失的可能,使得不育剂成分能够长期稳定的保持在饵料内并保持其药效,同时也减少了对环境的二次污染。并且,本发明结合鼠类牙齿尖利、喜好咬食的特点,在复合饵料的内外层中均使用了食料,尤其是在内层中使用较大比例的花生粉,形成了类似于夹心糖的结构,提高了饵料入口后的口味,增强了复合饵料的适口性。并且,本发明采用了复合饵料颗粒和食料颗粒混合形式,在施药后,鼠类进食具有一定的随机性,也在一定程度上避免了在所施药的特定区域内,鼠类群体食用后对这类饵料的警惕性。
进一步,考虑到成本因素,本发明中所使用的可降解多孔载体可以选自碳酸钙多孔载体、聚乳酸多孔载体、聚乙二醇多孔载体、或者壳聚糖多孔载体,或者上述成分中两种或两种以上的共聚物或混合物,其他的可降解多孔载体也同样适用。考虑到可降解性和适口性,碳酸钙或壳聚糖多孔载体是特别优选的。其中,碳酸钙多孔载体的耐候性更强,更适用于干燥地区的药饵,而壳聚糖多孔载体对不育剂成分的负载强度更高,更适用于湿润或潮热地区的药饵。
进一步,考虑到成本因素,本发明中所使用的可降解包覆层可以选自环糊精包覆层、壳聚糖包覆层、或者明胶包覆层,或者上述成分中两种或两种以上的共聚物或混合物,其他的可降解包覆层也同样适用。其中,环糊精具有外缘亲水而内腔疏水的结构,特别适合用作包覆层,通过环糊精包覆后的多孔可降解载体,更容易与食料混合并被食料粘附形成食料包覆层,成品率高,饵料颗粒更为均匀。
进一步,为提高适口性,本发明的食料层或食料颗粒包含:15-25%的豆粉或玉米粉,50-70%的麸皮或面粉,8-12%的鱼粉,10-20%的花生粉,2-3%的植物油,2-4%的糖。并且,所述多孔可降解载体上负载的不育剂和花生粉的比例为1:99-41:59。
进一步,为提高不育控制效果,本发明的多孔可降解载体上负载的不育剂中,所述去氧孕烯和炔雌醇的比例为85:17至27:81。并且,以A组分颗粒总重量计,所述不育剂的含量为0.003%至0.03%。
除另有说明外,本发明中的上述比例或百分比均为重量比。
本发明的另一方面还在于提供一种可抑制鼠类繁殖的灭鼠药饵的制备方法,包括步骤:
(1)制备多孔可降解载体:准备多孔可降解载体前体溶液,通过反应和/或蒸发过程,形成多孔可降解载体;
(2)负载不育剂和花生粉:将不育剂、花生粉、非离子表面活性剂和溶剂混合配置成浸渍液,将多孔可降解载体加入到浸渍液中,充分混合,加热或自然蒸发去除溶剂,完成不育剂和花生粉在多孔可降解载体上的负载;
(3)包覆可降解包覆层:制备可降解包覆层溶液,将可降解包覆层溶液与负载完后的载体混合,混合方式为喷淋、滴加、浸渍,混合后恒温加热,使溶剂完全蒸发掉,完成包覆;
(4)包覆食料层:将食料、包覆有可降解包覆层的载体和水混合,形成混合物,然后将所述混合物加入到造粒机中,得到颗粒粒径为1-2mm的灭鼠药饵颗粒。
其中,作为示范性的举例,碳酸钙多孔载体的前体溶液可以为包含聚苯乙烯磺酸钠和可溶性钙盐的溶液,并使用可溶性碳酸盐作为沉淀剂沉淀得到;聚乳酸多孔载体的前体溶液可以为聚乳酸的二氯甲烷溶液,通过溶剂蒸发法得到聚乳酸多孔载体;聚乙二醇多孔载体的前体溶液可以为聚乙二醇的二氯甲烷溶液,通过加入丙烯酰胺反应得到聚乙二醇多孔载体;壳聚糖的多孔载体的前体溶液可以为壳聚糖醋酸溶液,加入戊二醛化学交联的得到壳聚糖多孔载体,或者将壳聚糖醋酸溶液中加入甲苯中形成W/O型乳剂然后蒸发溶剂得到壳聚糖多孔载体。
本发明的药饵特别适用于在鼠类繁殖开始或繁殖期内施药,每次投饵量按每只鼠20-30克计,投饵间隔7-10天,即可达到控制鼠类生育;也可采用投放装有本发明诱饵的毒饵站的方法。
本发明的药饵野外控制鼠密度效果明显,药效持续时间长,适口性好,耐候性强,对环境二次污染少,易于规模化生产,广泛用于鼠类种群的数量控制。
具体实施方式
实施例1碳酸钙多孔载体/环糊精包覆层复合药饵
制备包含聚苯乙烯磺酸钠和硝酸钙的溶液,使用碳酸钠作为沉淀剂沉淀得到碳酸钙多孔微球;将去氧孕烯、炔雌醇、花生粉、和非离子表面活性溶于水中配置成浸渍液,去氧孕烯、炔雌醇和花生粉的重量配比为75:25:400,将碳酸钙多孔微球加入到浸渍液中,充分混合,加热蒸发得到负载有去氧孕烯、炔雌醇和花生粉的碳酸钙多孔微球;准备环糊精的饱和水溶液,将环糊精的饱和水溶液喷淋至碳酸钙多孔微球上,然后在50℃加热静置12小时,得到环糊精包覆的碳酸钙多孔微球;准备食料,所述食料由20%的玉米粉、50%的麸皮、10%的鱼粉、15%的花生粉、2%的植物油、3%的糖构成,所述食料和环糊精包覆的碳酸钙多孔微球的重量比为10:1,将食料、环糊精包覆的碳酸钙多孔微球和水加入到造粒机中,得到颗粒粒径为1-2mm的灭鼠药饵颗粒,所述灭鼠药饵颗粒中,同时含有纯食料颗粒和包覆食料的多层复合饵料。
实施例2聚乳酸多孔载体/明胶包覆层复合药饵
制备聚乳酸的二氯甲烷溶液,使用CO2超临界干燥到聚乳酸多孔微球;将去氧孕烯、炔雌醇、花生粉、和非离子表面活性溶于33%的乙醇水溶液中配置成浸渍液,去氧孕烯、炔雌醇和花生粉的重量配比为80:20:300,将聚乳酸多孔微球加入到浸渍液中,充分混合,加热蒸发得到负载有去氧孕烯、炔雌醇和花生粉的聚乳酸多孔微球;准备明胶的饱和水溶液,用明胶的饱和水溶液浸渍聚乳酸多孔微球,然后在80℃加热静置5小时,得到明胶包覆的聚乳酸多孔微球;准备食料,所述食料由18%的豆粉、54%的面粉、12%的鱼粉、12%的花生粉、2%的植物油、2%的糖构成,所述食料和明胶包覆的聚乳酸多孔微球的重量比为8:1,将食料、明胶包覆的聚乳酸多孔微球和水加入到造粒机中,得到颗粒粒径为1-2mm的灭鼠药饵颗粒,所述灭鼠药饵颗粒中,同时含有纯食料颗粒和包覆食料的多层复合饵料。
实施例3壳聚糖多孔载体/环糊精包覆层复合药饵
制备壳聚糖醋酸溶液,加入戊二醛化学交联得到壳聚糖多孔微球;将去氧孕烯、炔雌醇、花生粉、和非离子表面活性溶于水中配置成浸渍液,去氧孕烯、炔雌醇和花生粉的重量配比为60:40:700,将壳聚糖多孔微球加入到浸渍液中,充分混合,加热蒸发得到负载有去氧孕烯、炔雌醇和花生粉的聚乳酸多孔微球;准备环糊精的饱和水溶液,用环糊精的饱和水溶液浸渍壳聚糖多孔微球,然后在60℃加热静置10小时,得到环糊精包覆的壳聚糖多孔微球;准备食料,所述食料由15%的豆粉、58%的面粉、8%的鱼粉、15%的花生粉、2%的植物油、2%的糖构成,所述食料和环糊精包覆的壳聚糖多孔微球的重量比为5:1,将食料、环糊精包覆的壳聚糖多孔微球和水加入到造粒机中,得到颗粒粒径为1-2mm的灭鼠药饵颗粒,所述药饵颗粒中,同时含有纯食料颗粒和包覆食料的多层复合饵料。
Claims (8)
1.一种可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,其特征在于,所述药饵包含A组分颗粒和B组分颗粒,其中:
所述A组分颗粒为具有多层结构的复合饵料,从内到外依次为:可降解多孔载体,所述多孔可降解载体上负载有不育剂和花生粉,所述不育剂为去氧孕烯和炔雌醇;可降解包覆层,所述可降解包覆层将可降解多孔载体及其上所负载的不育剂和花生粉包覆在内;食料层,所述食料层由食料构成,并将可降解包覆层包覆在内;
所述B组分颗粒为食料颗粒;
所述A组分颗粒和B组分颗粒的比例至少为51:49。
2.根据权利要求1所述的可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,其特征在于:所述可降解多孔载体为碳酸钙多孔载体、聚乳酸多孔载体、聚乙二醇多孔载体、壳聚糖多孔载体中的任意一种,或上述成分中两种或两种以上的共聚物或混合物。
3.根据权利要求1所述的可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,其特征在于:所述可降解包覆层为环糊精包覆层、壳聚糖包覆层、明胶包覆层中的任意一种,或上述成分中两种或两种以上的共聚物或混合物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,其特征在于:所述食料层或食料颗粒包含:15-25%的豆粉或玉米粉,50-70%的麸皮或面粉,8-12%的鱼粉,10-20%的花生粉,2-3%的植物油,2-4%的糖。
5.根据权利要求1-4任一所述的可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,其特征在于:所述多孔可降解载体上负载的不育剂中,去氧孕烯和炔雌醇的比例为85:17至27:81。
6.根据权利要求5所述的可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,其特征在于:以A组分颗粒总重量计,所述不育剂的含量为0.003%至0.03%。
7.根据权利要求5所述的可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵,其特征在于:所述多孔可降解载体上负载的不育剂和花生粉的比例为1:99至41:59。
8.一种权利要求1-7中任一种可抑制鼠类繁殖的药饵的制备方法,包括步骤:
(1)制备多孔可降解载体:准备多孔可降解载体前体溶液,通过反应和/或蒸发过程,形成多孔可降解载体;
(2)负载不育剂和花生粉:将不育剂、花生粉、非离子表面活性剂和溶剂混合配置成浸渍液,将多孔可降解载体加入到浸渍液中,充分混合,加热或自然蒸发去除溶剂,完成不育剂和花生粉在多孔可降解载体上的负载;
(3)包覆可降解包覆层:制备可降解包覆层溶液,将可降解包覆层溶液与负载完后的载体混合,混合方式为喷淋、滴加、浸渍,混合后恒温加热,使溶剂完全蒸发掉,完成包覆;
(4)包覆食料层:将食料、包覆有可降解包覆层的载体和水混合,形成混合物,然后将所述混合物加入到造粒机中,得到颗粒粒径为1-2mm的灭鼠药饵颗粒。
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