CN1058214C - 挤压设备和利用挤压设备使塑料取向的方法 - Google Patents

挤压设备和利用挤压设备使塑料取向的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN1058214C
CN1058214C CN96195095A CN96195095A CN1058214C CN 1058214 C CN1058214 C CN 1058214C CN 96195095 A CN96195095 A CN 96195095A CN 96195095 A CN96195095 A CN 96195095A CN 1058214 C CN1058214 C CN 1058214C
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Prior art keywords
extrusion equipment
rotor
orientation
plastics
goods
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Expired - Fee Related
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CN96195095A
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CN1190924A (zh
Inventor
卡里·基里亚瓦伊宁
于里·耶尔文屈莱
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Naiksetorom Holding S A
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Naiksetorom Holding S A
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Priority claimed from FI953162A external-priority patent/FI953162A0/fi
Priority claimed from SE9503272A external-priority patent/SE521725C2/sv
Priority claimed from FI961822A external-priority patent/FI106005B/fi
Application filed by Naiksetorom Holding S A filed Critical Naiksetorom Holding S A
Publication of CN1190924A publication Critical patent/CN1190924A/zh
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    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
    • B32B1/08—Tubular products
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
    • B29C44/20—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length
    • B29C44/22—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles for articles of indefinite length consisting of at least two parts of chemically or physically different materials, e.g. having different densities
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/06—Rod-shaped
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
    • B29C48/09—Articles with cross-sections having partially or fully enclosed cavities, e.g. pipes or channels
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/705—Flow dividers, e.g. breaker plates comprising means for dividing, distributing and recombining melt flows in the die zone, e.g. to create flow homogeneity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C48/903—Thermal treatment of the stream of extruded material, e.g. cooling with calibration or sizing, i.e. combined with fixing or setting of the final dimensions of the extruded article of hollow bodies externally
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    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
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    • B29L2023/005—Hoses, i.e. flexible
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
    • B32B38/0012—Mechanical treatment, e.g. roughening, deforming, stretching
    • B32B2038/0028—Stretching, elongating
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种挤压设备，该设备用于制造圆柱形塑料制品或在制品上涂敷至少一层塑料。抗压设备包括至少一个圆锥形定子(3，4，5)，至少一个圆锥形转子(1，2)，与至少一个位于它们之间的圆锥形的供料孔道(6，7，8，9)用于将要被挤压的塑料(M)压进一个挤压孔道(10)。在转子(1，2)的端部具有用于纤维分离和/或塑料(M)取向的装置(23；12，13；24；38，39)。本发明还涉及一种在制造或涂敷圆柱形塑料制品时进行纤维分离和/或塑料取向的方法。

Description

挤压设备和利用挤压设备使塑料取向的方法
本发明涉及一种挤压设备，该设备用于制造一种圆柱形的塑料制品或用于在该制品上涂敷至少一层塑料。该设备包括至少一个圆锥形的定子，至少一个圆锥形的转子和至少一个处于二者之间的圆锥形的供料孔道用于将要被挤压的塑料压进导管。本发明还涉及一种方法，该方法用于在以上述挤压设备制造或涂敷圆柱形的塑料制品时起分离纤维和/或使塑料取向的作用。圆柱形的塑料制品可能是比如塑料管，塑料膜或其他类似制品。
过去在涂敷管子时，首先在要被涂敷的管子的顶部形成一个外管。这时，比如，它不可能使外管具有希望的取向。不仅如此，在现有方法中，当利用一个长的螺钉时要被涂敷的管子将被升温。
挪威公开专利159,841中公开了一种十字头的工具，该工具具有一个与挤压机相连的旋转心轴。利用这种安排，在对电缆涂敷时它可以形成，但不能维持，所需要的取向，尽管该涂层可以至少大体上在压力下紧贴电缆，从而可以改善涂层与被涂敷表面的附着力。
本发明的目的是避免前述问题，提供一种挤压设备，该设备可以使制品具有原来希望的恒定的取向。
本发明的设备可以实现上述目标，其主要特点在于在其转子的端部具有用于纤维分离和/或使塑料取向的装置。
上述装置最好包括一个基本上为圆柱形的延长部分，该部分延伸到位于转子端部的挤压导管。
这些装置可能还包括通过转子和/或它的延长部分的孔道。
在转子或其延长部分的端部可能有一个环形的法兰，法兰上最好包括穿过其的孔。
本发明的方法的主要特点在于，转子旋转得非常快以至于螺旋线的方向与圆周方向几乎为一个方向，并且挤压设备的圆柱形塑料制品是利用一个拖出装置拉出的，这样塑料分子沿圆周方向的取向就被减少了，从而使制成品的取向角小，最好是在50到60°之间。
利用本发明的方法中的转子，要被挤压的塑料可以螺旋线方向供料，可以利用以适当的方法对管子或要被涂敷的制品进行冷却，甚至也可能包括从外部对挤压设备进行冷却，来固定该取向。螺旋线取向主要是利用转子的转动，而螺旋形可以利用圆柱形延长部分来维持。取向可以利用对要被挤压的材料作内部冷却来加以改善。
本发明的一个重要特性是挤压制品可以在其结晶化的同时冷却成为制品的形式，即，设备输出一个不需要为增加其强度而进行任何加工的制成品。但是，径向的取向最好利用一个心轴进行处理来加以改善，而轴向的取向可以利用拖出装置加以调节使其达到所需的水平，即最好比径向低50％。
本发明的一个优点是当制作几个相对薄的层时，它们可以被冷却并且使取向被冻结。利用现有的挤压技术实现上述目的是非常昂贵和困难的。根据本发明的设计，可以比如制作两个薄膜并且以一台机器进行中间冷却，而用另一台机器制造更多的层，由于该机器结构紧凑，可以显著地节约空间与钱。
为了实现可以同时提供几个薄塑料层的目的，挤压设备包括至少两个具有比如圆柱形延长部分的转子和包围转子的定子，顺序的转子的旋转方向是相反的。此时，最好在转子之间具有中间冷却设备，以保证薄层的取向被冻结。
特别当塑料被旋压，结晶或交叉耦合时，在塑料流动的方向上至少一个转子的圆柱形延长部分基本上成圆锥形扩大；具有用于引导在转子背部的供料孔道中流动的塑料通向延长部分外表面，使其与转子前面的供料孔道中流动的塑料相混合的装置；以及引导在延长部分的外表面的塑料进一步通过延长部分进入其内部的装置是有利的。
假定该挤压设备用来对已有的制品，比如电缆进行涂敷，挤压导管的入口端最好包括一个对进入导管的制品作预冷却的冷却装置。
另一方面，假定挤压设备用于生成塑料管，该挤压导管具有一个却心轴。
本发明的一个最佳实施例中，排出挤压设备的一个圆柱形的预制型坯被一个拖出装置拖拽至一个在挤压设备后的回火心轴上，从而进一步增加在圆周方向的塑料分子的伸长，但是由于同时存在的轴向的伸长，取向角比原来要小，最好在上述的50到60°之间。
塑料纤维可以在一个通过冷的心轴或挤压设备的制品上被旋压和结晶。
交叉耦合的和非交叉耦合的塑料的混合物可以利用一个热的心轴加热到交叉耦合的温度。
也可以在一个更高的温度开始本方法，以形成一个具有标准尺寸的制品，该制品被拖到生产线上的其他装置，比如冷却槽，此后制品的制造温度被降到接近取向温度，使得取向被固定。
下面将参照附图对本发明作详细的介绍。
图1为具有两个转子的挤压设备。
图2为本发明的挤压设备过程的开始。
图3为具有一个转子的挤压设备。
图4到6为转子延长部分和其周围的实施例。
图7和8为本发明的挤压设备的其他应用。
图9到13为转子的其他实施例。
图1为本发明的挤压设备，它用于制造包括几个薄塑料层的塑料管或对具有几个薄塑料层的制品如电缆或管子进行涂敷。该挤压设备包括两个圆锥形的转子1和2；用于隔开并且包围转子的定子3，4，5；位于转子和定子间的供料孔道6，7，8和9用于将要被挤压的塑料M压到挤压导管10中。挤压导管10位于一个由穿过挤压设备的孔道和通过孔道的冷却心轴11之间形成的环状的空间中。冷却心轴11至少可以用于在其上制成一个新的多层管的情况。
转子1和2被设置为反向旋转，每个转子包括一个延伸到挤压导管10的圆柱形的延长部分12，13，以使由供料孔道6，7，8和9提供的塑料M取向和结晶。排出供料孔道的热塑料在延长部分12，13和冷的冷却心轴11之间被取向和结晶。将被分层并由各供料孔道提供的塑料层厚最好为1mm。
靠近挤压管道10的起点有一个隔热层14，而在挤压导管的出口端有一另一个隔热层15，从而使得处于熔融状态的塑料M在挤压设备中没有热损耗。在第二隔热层15之后，在挤压设备的出口端还具有一个冷却喷嘴16用于冷却排出设备的制成品。
参见图1，可以看到在有些场合最好采用几个顺序排列的具有一个转子挤压设备，并在挤压设备之间装有中间冷却装置，从而可使不同层塑料之间具有充分的冷却。
图2为一个制造管子的过程的布置图，该过程可以利用图1所示的设备进行。此时在心轴的端部具有一个冷却起动杆17，它是用，比如铝，制成的并且被与挤压设备的端部相连的拖出装置18拖曳，直至心轴11就位，随后连于心轴11与起动杆17之间的连接器19使起动杆脱离心轴11，之后开始形成一个结晶的管子P。
心轴11可以利用设置在其端部的水循环装置冷却，这里水进口标号为20，出口标号为21。
为了冷却由挤压设备输出的制品，在拖出装置前有一个冷却槽37。
现有的制品被涂敷时不能利用心轴11，因此对于要被涂敷的制品的预冷却需用，比如，位于挤压设备入口端的冷却装置进行。图中没有示出。
本发明的设备特别适于利用一种方法，其特征为转子1和2的转速非常高，以至塑料的螺旋线方向几乎与圆周方向相同，其后排出挤压设备的塑料管被拖出设备18拖曳，从而使得塑料分子在周向的取向被减少相应地使制成品的取向角变小，最好在50至60°之间，这样其径向强度将几乎为轴向强度的两倍。
图3的设备和图1设备的不同点仅在于它具有一个转子(转子1)和相应的两个定子(定子3和4)。采用如上设备仅可以制造双层管，而采用图1所示的设备可以制造四层管。
图4到图6的为转子延长部分和其周围的某些实施例。在所有这些实施例中，在塑料M流动的方向上转子1，2的圆柱形延长部分12，13基本上成圆锥形扩大。这里还有用于引导在转子背面通向延长部分12，13的外表面的供料孔道6，7之中流动的塑料从而使其与在转子前面的供料孔道8、9中流动的塑料相混合的装置22，23；与将在延长部分的外表面的塑料进一步引导通过延长部分12，13进入其内部的装置24。上述装置包括一个接近位于背部的供料孔道6，7的定子延长部分22；穿过转子1，2并接近定子延长部分的孔23，与穿过转子延长部分12并且在塑料流动方向上为锥形，也即朝向挤压器轴向的孔24。延长部分22的端部与挤压设备的框架隔离，即位于延长部分22的上流的塑料仅通过延长部分22的孔24全部被转化为欲制造的制品或涂敷在制品上。必须注意，对于具有几个转子的设备中，上述设计可以仅用于一个(比如最后一个)转子或用于几个转子。
图4所示为通过孔24的塑料纤维F在一个冷的管子P上被旋压。旋压也可以在一个冷的心轴(比如心轴11)上进行。此时，也可以利用纯聚合物。
图5的例中，塑料的混合物S在位于定子后的冷的心轴26上结晶，所形成的涂层或制品到挤压导管25并由此被拉出。此时，塑料混合物S最好是由LD和HD塑料构成。一种有利于与基体塑料一起回火的融合掺合剂为比如易于进行纤维分离的液态结晶聚合物(LCP塑料)。图中还示出当塑料颗粒穿过延长部分22的孔24时如何变成纤维状。
图6所示例子与图5的不同处在于在前者中交叉耦合与非交叉耦合的塑料，最好是聚乙烯的混合物被热的心轴26加热到交叉耦合温度。
在孔24，即纤维分离孔中，速率被增加到比如100倍，取向也将相应地增加，并且旋转剪切力也进一步增强了取向。
塑料可以在流动方向的一侧有较小压力的条件下流过孔23和24。这可以利用在受压一侧调节流量或在该侧的供料通道完全关闭来实现。
必须注意图5和6中的冰冻线B和交叉耦合线C非常接近上述的纤维分离孔24。图4中纤维被旋压，附着和冷冻线A则离这些孔稍远。
图4到6的例中最基本的特性是不要求塑料的粘性不同，但是要求由于速度增加引起的滴状物伸长不同。
还应注意到用圆锥形的挤压器时，屈服比率和旋转速度可以调节，因此纤维可以用希望的方法伸长。
图7和图8表示本发明的圆锥形挤压器的其他应用。一个中心孔，即此时为一个中心挤压导管10，延伸通过一个挤压设备，该设备在基本上与图3所示的为相同类型，包括轴向可移动的空心杆或心轴27，该轴具有至少一个扩大密封层28，该层被放于被挤压的制品，即管子P的表面上；并包括在其端部的心轴锥体29。
图7表示一个控制锥体30它位于心轴锥体29之后，具有缩小的尺寸；在心轴锥体29和控制锥体30中具有加热/冷却线路35和36用于加热和/或冷却锥体29，30和通过它们的塑料。挤夺设备的喷嘴部分40可以延伸到锥体29的向上的部分，延伸到锥体的最高点或甚至超过它。在喷嘴部分40和锥体29之间的导管41可能具有均匀的厚度或也可能朝锥体29的顶部略呈圆锥形。在锥体30之后可能有另一个密封层28，其后润滑液可以在第一和最后一个密封层之间循环。
图8表示了在两个密封层28之间回火区域的可能结构。该结构是在密封垫28之间利用在心轴27以及与之相连的环形槽33上形成的液体进出孔道32和34使液体循环实现的。环形槽33的目的是使液体尽可能高效率地循环。这些回火装置为简明起见没有在图7中示出。
图7和图8的心轴27也用于管P的取向，这里心轴27被部分作为内部回火心轴应用并且特别在开始时利用其运动。因此，图7表示了管制造的开始阶段而图8表示了其后的阶段，这里已经被冷却的管子在心轴锥体29上滑动。沿纵向移动的心轴27最好也用于调节正确的温度。当挤压速率高时，例如利用增加被加热的心轴27的长度可以得到一个适当的交叉耦合时间。温度可以利用心轴27的外表面和管子P的内表面之间的直接对流，或以密封层28分隔出一个区间，其中冷却液在一个适当的温度进行循环来加以调节。适用的液体包括比如水，硅油或乙二醇。这种设计还具有一个优点，即管子的内表面可以有一个薄膜，以减轻在管子P和心轴延长部分29之间的摩擦。
其最重要的特性是心轴27的外径几乎与排出挤压导管10的塑料管P的内径相等，因此管子P可以沿心轴27的外表面滑动并且管子的一部分可以被心轴扩大。
心轴27的长度与其回火和动作时间根据挤压速率进行调整。
扩大的密封层28也可用于改变管子P的壁厚的目的，并且在需要时，管子P也可利用密封层28进行卷边，即取向。这种密封层不用于具有不等的内径的管子的生产。
参见图7和图8还可注意到其中公开的设计也可以用于本发明的其他挤压机中，而不仅是用于以图3为例的挤压机。
图9到13表示其他的一些转子实施例。图9到11表示转子和/或其延长部分12包括通过转子或其延长部分，用于纤维分离和/或取向塑料的孔23，24。还可能有在具有一个大体水平的延长部分的转子中的孔23，24。图9到11的转子也可以如图12所示，利用一个可包括纤维分离和/或取向的孔道39的环状法兰38加以延长。该法兰38也可如图13所示附于没有延长部分的转子上。
上面仅以例子对本发明加以了说明，一个熟悉工艺的人可以在附加的权利要求的范围中以几种不同的方式补充细节。因此，比如可以根据需要改变转子数量，根据需要在转子之间设置中间冷却设备以确保塑料层的取向被冻结。

Claims (25)

1.一种挤压设备，该设备用于制造圆柱形的塑料制品或在制品上涂敷至少一层塑料，该挤压设备包括至少一个圆锥形定子(3，4，5)，至少一个圆锥形转子(1，2)，与至少一个位于它们之间的圆锥形的供料孔道(6，7，8，9)，定子(3，4，5)和转子(1，2)为将要被挤压的塑料(M)压进一个挤压孔道(10，25)的装置，其特征在于在圆锥形转子(1，2)的端部具有用于纤维分离和/或使塑料(M)取向的装置(23；12，13；24；38，39)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的挤压设备，其特征在于上述装置包括穿过转子(1，2)的孔(23)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的挤压设备，其特征在于上述装置包括一个基本上是圆柱形的延长部分(12，13)，该部分位于转子(1，2)端部并且延伸至挤压导管(10，25)。
4.根据权利要求3所述的挤压设备，其特征在于上述装置包括穿过圆柱形延长部分的孔(24)。
5.根据上述任一权利要求所述的抗压设备，其特征在于在转子(1，2)或其延长部分(12，13)的端部具有一个环状的法兰(38)。
6.根据权利要求5所述的挤压设备，其特征在于上述环状法兰(38)包括穿过其的孔道(39)。
7.根据上述任一权利要求所述的挤压设备，其特征在于圆柱形的延长部分(12，13)在塑料(M)流动的方向上基本上以圆锥形扩大；并且具有将在转子背面的供料孔道(6，7)中流动的塑料引导到延长部分(12，13)的外表面，与在转子前面的供料孔道(8，9)中流动的塑料相混合的装置(22，23)；和将在延长部分的外表面的塑料进一步引导通过延长部分(12，13)进入其内部的装置(24)。
8.根据权利要求7所述的设备，其特征在于上述引导塑料流动的装置包括一个接近位于背面的供料孔道(6，7)的定子延长部分(22)；穿过定子(1，2)并且接近定子延长部分的孔(23)；和穿过转子延长部分(12)的孔(24)。
9.根据上述任一权利要求所述的挤压设备，其特征在于为了提供几个薄塑料层，该设备至少包括具有周围的定子(3，4，5)的两个转子(1，2)；顺序的两个转子(1，2)总是以相反的方向转动，并且至少一个转子(1，2)具有上述纤维分离和/或取向装置。
10.根据权利要求9所述的挤压设备，其特征在于上述转子、(1，2)之间具有中间冷却设备用于确保薄层的取向被冻结。
11.根据上述任一权利要求所述的用于对现有制品，如电缆，涂敷的挤压设备，其特征在于在挤压导管(10)的入口端具有一个对进入导管的制品进行预冷却的冷却装置。
12.根据权利要求1至10中任一所述的，用于制造圆柱形塑料制品的挤压设备，其特征在于具有一个心轴(11，26，27)，该心轴可被加热和/或冷却，并且置于与挤压导管(10，25)相应的位置。
13.根据权利要求12所述的挤压设备，其特征在于心轴是一个可以轴向移动的杆(27)，它位于中心孔或贯穿挤压设备的挤导管(10)中，并且在其端部有一个可被加热和/或冷却的心轴锥形体(29)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的挤压设备，其特征在于杆(27)包括至少一个密封层(28)，它可以相对于挤压设备或要被挤压的制品的内表面扩大。
15.根据权利要求14所述的挤压设备，其特征在于杆(27)为中空的并且包括加热和/或冷却用的装置(35，36)；用于扩大至少一个密封层(28)的装置；和在两个密封层(28)中形成一个回火区的装置(28，32，33，34)。
16.根据上述任一权利要求所述的挤压设备，其特征在于在挤压导管(10)的输出端有一个隔热层(16)而在该隔热层后有一个冷却喷嘴。
17.一种在以挤压设备制造或涂敷圆柱形塑料制品时使塑料取向的方法，该挤压设备包括至少一个圆锥形定子(3，4，5)，至少一个圆锥形转子(1，2)，与至少一个位于它们之间的圆锥形的供料孔道(6，7，8，9)；定子(3，4，5)和转子(1，2)将要被挤压的塑料(M)由供料孔道(6，7，8，9)压进一个挤压孔道(10，25)，其特征在于在圆锥形转子(1，2)具有用于纤维分离和/或使塑料(M)取向的装置(23；12，13；24；38，39)，转子(1，2)以高速旋转以致于螺旋线的取向几乎与圆周具有同一个方向，并且排出挤压设备的圆柱形塑料制品被一个拖出装置(18)拖拽使得塑料分子在圆周方向的取向减少，从而使得制成品的取向角变小。
18.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于排出挤压设备的圆柱形的预制型坯被拖出装置(18)拖拽至位于挤压设备后的回火心轴使得塑料分子在圆周方向的伸长进一步增加，但是由于同时产生的轴向伸长，取向角将比原来的要小。
19.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于塑料纤维(F)在通过一个冷的心轴或挤压设备的制品上被旋压和结晶。
20.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于交叉耦合的和非交叉耦合的塑料的混合物(S’)被用一个热的心轴(26)加热到交叉耦合的温度。
21.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于心轴的长度和相应的回火和/或作用时间根据挤压速率加以调节。
22.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于该方法是在一个更高的温度开始，从而制成一个具有标准尺寸的制品并被拖到生产线上的其他装置，如冷却槽，此后制品的制造温度被降到取向温度附近，从而使取向被固定。
23.根据权利要求22所述的方法，其特征在于利用增加回火部分降低温度。
24.根据权利要求17所述的方法，其特征在于所述取向角约在50至60度之间。
25.根据权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于取向角在50至60度之间。
CN96195095A 1995-06-26 1996-05-08 挤压设备和利用挤压设备使塑料取向的方法 Expired - Fee Related CN1058214C (zh)

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FI953162A FI953162A0 (fi) 1995-06-26 1995-06-26 Extrusionanordning foer framstaellning av ett plastroer
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SE9503272A SE521725C2 (sv) 1995-09-20 1995-09-20 Ihålig produkt av termoplastmaterial samt sätt för extrudering av densamma
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