CN105794718A - 一种提高母猪繁殖性能的饲养管理方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种提高母猪繁殖性能的饲养管理方法,该方法具体为:将怀孕母猪放入限位栏后面带发酵床的猪舍中,哺乳母猪放于产床中,从母猪怀孕49天到产后哺乳,直至断奶期间,在母猪基础饲料中添加重量百分比为2%~5%西兰花茎叶粉和重量百分比为2%~5%青贮西兰花茎叶进行饲养。该方法绿色安全,成本低廉,并采用怀孕母猪后驱发酵床管理技术,饲养能繁母猪,降低猪舍内臭气和蚊蝇,可显著提高母猪的产仔数、产活仔数、断奶头数及断奶窝重,是一种提高母猪繁殖性能的良好饲养方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及动物营养学领域,尤其涉及是一种提高母猪繁殖性能的饲养管理方法。
背景技术
母猪繁殖性能的高低直接影响商品集约化养猪的生产成绩。影响母猪繁殖性能的因素很多,例如品种、管理、环境和营养等。当前,大多数规模猪场怀孕母猪饲养于限位栏内,粪尿进入沼气池发酵处理,饲喂的饲料为玉米-豆粕型配合饲料,缺少青绿饲料。西兰花(BrassicaoleraceaL.var.botrytisL)又名青花菜,为十字花科芸薹属一二年生植物,被誉为“蔬菜皇冠”,内含丰富的生物活性物质,其中包括萝卜硫素、多糖等抗肿瘤活性物质和多酚、黄酮等多种抗氧化活性物质,且蛋白和氨基酸含量也较高,具有非常高的食用和药用保健价值,西兰花采收花球后的植株茎叶是优质的青绿饲料和蛋白质饲料资源。西兰花茎叶经粉碎、压榨降低水份直接烘干制成西兰花茎叶粉,西兰花粉含粗蛋白18.68%,粗脂肪5.46%,灰分7.31%。另外,西兰花茎叶经粉碎、压榨降低水份后,加入玉米粉和麸皮,按7:3比例,加1~2%的微生物菌种(主要成分是酵母菌、乳酸菌和芽孢杆菌等),搅拌均匀后随即装入定制的发酵塑料袋中,在自然气温下厌氧发酵15天左右,经饲料菌种发酵后的青贮西兰花饲料呈金黄色泽,手感滑爽,气味清香,口感极佳,其蛋白含量6.86%。经过这样加工的西兰花茎叶,可用做猪、禽、兔、牛、羊的饲料原料,在配方中合理使用可大幅降低饲料成本,提高养殖经济效益。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种提高母猪繁殖性能的饲养管理方法,达到提高母猪繁殖性能的目标,进一步提高养猪业的生产效率。
为了达到上述目的,本发明采用的技术方案为:一种提高母猪繁殖性能的饲养管理方法,该方法具体为:将怀孕母猪放入限位栏后面带发酵床的猪舍中,哺乳母猪放于产床中,从母猪怀孕49天到产后哺乳,直至断奶期间,在母猪基础饲料中添加重量百分比为2%~5%西兰花茎叶粉和重量百分比为2%~5%青贮西兰花茎叶进行饲养。
进一步的,所述发酵床通过以下方法制备得到:
(1)发酵床菌种的制备:
(1.1)无菌水烧开后加入红糖,配制成重量百分比为5%的红糖水;
(1.2)将100重量份的菌种原液与500重量份的米糠混合均匀后,加入210~240重量份的步骤1.1配制的红糖水,拌匀,密封,发酵3~7天左右,得到发酵床菌种;
(2)发酵床的制备:
(2.1)发酵床的主料由木屑、稻壳、红土壤和食盐混合而成;其中,木屑和稻壳的重量比为40~50:50~60,木屑、红土壤和食盐的重量比为50:2:0.15;
(2.2)发酵床的辅料由8~11重量份的米糠或麸皮和1重量份步骤1制备得到的发酵床菌种均匀混合而成;
(2.3)将步骤2.2得到的辅料与步骤2.1得到的的主料等体积充分搅拌均匀,得到垫料,在搅拌过程中用1公斤发酵床菌种兑水500~1000公斤的混合溶液进行喷洒,使垫料的水分保持在39%~42%;
(2.4)将步骤2.3得到的垫料在圈舍内堆制发酵,发酵时间为夏秋季5~7天,冬春季10~15天;
(2.5)将步骤2.4发酵好的垫料摊开铺平,使得发酵床的厚度为60~80cm;将稻壳和木屑按任意比混合后覆盖在发酵床上面并整平,厚度约5~10cm左右,然后等待24小时后方可进猪。
与现有技术相比,本发明的有益效果是:
1.母猪饲料中添加2%~5%西兰花茎叶粉和2%~5%青贮西兰花茎叶,不会堵塞自动喂料管道,增加了母猪饲料中青绿饲料的含量,加之青贮西兰花茎叶含有有益的微生物,可改善母猪肠道微生物,提高母猪食欲,增加采食量,提高消化率。
2.怀孕母猪限位栏后面采用发酵床来吸收猪粪尿,每日翻耙管理,降低了猪舍内臭气和蚊蝇,减少病源微生物,给母猪提供了良好的饲养环境。
3.本发明采用的饲养方法,绿色、节能、环保、防病,提高了母猪繁殖性能,增加了猪场经济效益。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明。
1.1试验地点
浙江青田县浙江欣宏源养殖有限公司。
1.2试验材料与方法
发酵床菌种原液是一种活力强、发酵分解快、脱臭效果好的复合微生物菌种剂,用于猪圈舍脱臭发酵床,有很好的经济效益和生态环保效益。发酵床菌种原液主要有酵母菌、芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、丝状真菌、放线菌等及其代谢产物如消化酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶及淀粉酶等组成。
(1)发酵床菌种的制备:
(1.1)无菌水烧开后加入红糖,配制成重量百分比为5%的红糖水;
(1.2)将25kg的菌种原液与125kg的米糠混合均匀后,加入53kg的步骤1.1配制的红糖水,拌匀,密封,发酵3~7天左右,得到发酵床菌种;
(2)发酵床的制备:
(2.1)发酵床的主料由木屑、稻壳、红土壤和食盐混合而成;其中,木屑1000kg,稻壳1000kg,红土壤40kg,食盐3kg;
(2.2)发酵床的辅料由1800kg的米糠或麸皮和200kg步骤1制备得到的发酵床菌种均匀混合而成;
(2.3)将步骤2.2得到的辅料与步骤2.1得到的的主料等体积充分搅拌均匀,得到垫料,在搅拌过程中用1公斤发酵床菌种兑水500~1000公斤的混合溶液进行喷洒,使垫料的水分保持在40%左右;(其中水分多少是关键,一般40%左右比较合适,现场实践是用手抓垫料来判断,鉴别方法:手抓可成团,松手即散,手上有水的感觉,指缝无水渗出)
(2.4)将步骤2.3得到的垫料在圈舍内堆叠,用麻袋或稻草盖上,进行发酵,发酵时间为夏秋季5~7天,冬春季10~15天;
(2.5)将步骤2.4发酵好的垫料摊开铺平,使得发酵床的厚度为60~80cm;将稻壳和木屑按任意比混合后覆盖在发酵床上面并整平,厚度约5~10cm左右,然后等待24小时后方可进猪。
注意事项:
(1)垫料制作的原则:各种材料尽量搅拌均匀,水分控制在40%左右。
(2)制作面积比较大的垫料,尽量选择大空场地搅拌垫料,可以使用铲车,搅拌机、挖掘机等机械。
(3)搅拌制作好的垫料一定要打堆发酵,垫料床的厚度是决定温度的重要因素,一般要求发酵床垫料厚度为60~80cm,单个垫料区占地面积不少于40平方。如果垫料太薄,占地面积太小则发酵产生的热量迅速散失,发酵垫料温度难以达到适宜的温度,从而使发酵微生物增殖受限,导致不发酵。上面覆盖草苫子、编织袋等保温、透气性的物质。
(4)发酵期间,每天测量发酵温度,并作好记录。从第二天开始在不同角度的三个点,约20cm深处测量温度,温度可上升到40℃~50℃(注:第二天看垫料的初始温度是否上升到40℃~50℃,否则要查找原因,即查一查垫料有否加入防腐剂、杀虫剂,水分是否过高或不足造成的)。以后温度逐渐升高到60℃~70℃左右为止,则发酵成功(有发酵的香味和蒸汽散出)。如发酵一周后,如果温度还有上升、有臭味时,这是因为水分过多,故再次调整水分,加入一部份菌种发酵直至成功。
母猪的饲养管理:
(1)怀孕母猪限位栏饲养,限位栏后面铺上发酵床吸收粪尿,每日翻耙2次。哺乳母猪产床饲养管理。母猪每日饲喂2次,时间是5点和16点,猪栏每日上、下午打扫2次,猪食槽每日冲洗干净,保持猪栏清洁,干燥,通风,母猪每个季度用阿苯达唑伊维菌素驱虫一次。
(2)母猪防疫程序:产前40天,行性腹泻三联活疫苗1头份;产前30天,圆环病毒灭活苗1头份;产前20天,流行性腹泻二联灭活疫苗1头份;1~2胎母猪产前15天,K88-LTB双基因活苗。
母猪产后10天,猪瘟疫苗5头份;产后20天;蓝耳活苗1头份;1~2胎产后25天,乙脑1头份。
(3)能繁母猪基础日粮相同,选201头健康长大二元母猪为试验组1,168头健康长大二元母猪为试验组2,134头长大二元母猪为对照组,试验期(怀孕49天~断奶)为90天。各试验组的西兰花发酵饲料量逐步添加,在第10天达到各试验饲料添加料水平。各个试验组西兰花饲料添加见配方表1。各组的原配方日粮与西兰花饲料充分搅拌混匀。基础日粮由养殖场自行配方生产,主要成分有玉米62~65%,豆粕14%,麸皮2~20%,鱼粉2%,预混料4%等。西兰花茎叶干粉与青贮西兰花茎叶饲料由浙江省台州市天莱生物科技有限公司提供。能繁母猪采用人工授精技术,自动喂料,加强孕期管理,细致产后护理,从怀孕49天至产仔、断奶结束,共90天,测定母猪产仔数、产活仔数、死胎、木乃伊、弱仔及断奶头数、出生及断奶窝重等。
表1为西兰花茎叶饲料试验猪日粮组成
组别 | 原基础日粮(%) | 青贮西兰花茎叶(%) | 西兰花茎叶干粉(%) |
试验组1 | 94 | 0 | 6 |
试验组2 | 94 | 3 | 3 |
对照组 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
1.3结果与分析
长大二元母猪产仔哺乳25天断奶,试验结果数据见表2。
表2为西兰花茎叶粉及青贮西兰花茎叶饲料对长大二元母猪繁殖性能的影响
注:a,b不同的字母表示差异显著p<0.05
长大二元母猪饲料中添加西兰花茎叶饲料试验组的繁殖性能统计分析,结果表明,长大二元母猪产仔数、产活仔数试验2组与对照组差异显著(p<0.05),试验1组与对照组、试验1组与试验2组差异不显著(p>0.05);试验组与对照组在死胎、木乃伊、弱仔头数与出生窝重上差异不显著(p>0.05),但添加3%西兰花粉+3%青贮西兰花茎叶试验组出生窝重比对照组增加了4.6%;在断奶头数与断奶窝重上,试验2组与试验1组、对照组差异显著(p<0.05),试验1组与对照组差异不显著(p>0.05),说明长大二元母猪饲料中添加6%西兰花茎叶粉对其产仔数、产活仔数、出生窝重、断奶头数及断奶窝重有促进作用,而添加3%西兰花粉+3%青贮西兰花茎叶可以显著增加长大二元母猪的产仔数、产活仔数、断奶头数及断奶窝重,是一种提高母猪繁殖性能的良好饲喂方法。
Claims (2)
1.一种提高母猪繁殖性能的饲养管理方法,其特征在于,该方法具体为:将怀孕母猪放入限位栏后面带发酵床的猪舍中,哺乳母猪放于产床中,从母猪怀孕49天到产后哺乳,直至断奶期间,在母猪基础饲料中添加重量百分比为2%~5%西兰花茎叶粉和重量百分比为2%~5%青贮西兰花茎叶进行饲养。
2.根据权利要求1所述的提高母猪繁殖性能的饲养管理方法,其特征在于,所述发酵床通过以下方法制备得到:
(1)发酵床菌种的制备:
(1.1)无菌水烧开后加入红糖,配制成重量百分比为5%的红糖水;
(1.2)将100重量份的菌种原液与500重量份的米糠混合均匀后,加入210~240重量份的步骤1.1配制的红糖水,拌匀,密封,发酵3~7天左右,得到发酵床菌种;
(2)发酵床的制备:
(2.1)发酵床的主料由木屑、稻壳、红土壤和食盐混合而成;其中,木屑和稻壳的重量比为40~50:50~60,木屑、红土壤和食盐的重量比为50:2:0.15;
(2.2)发酵床的辅料由8~11重量份的米糠或麸皮和1重量份步骤1制备得到的发酵床菌种均匀混合而成;
(2.3)将步骤2.2得到的辅料与步骤2.1得到的的主料等体积充分搅拌均匀,得到垫料,在搅拌过程中用1公斤发酵床菌种兑水500~1000公斤的混合溶液进行喷洒,使垫料的水分保持在39%~42%;
(2.4)将步骤2.3得到的垫料在圈舍内堆制发酵,发酵时间为夏秋季5~7天,冬春季10~15天;
(2.5)将步骤2.4发酵好的垫料摊开铺平,使得发酵床的厚度为60~80cm;将稻壳和木屑按任意比混合后覆盖在发酵床上面并整平,厚度约5~10cm左右,然后等待24小时后方可进猪。
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