CN105721311A - 用于使用信息中心网络中的链路状态信息进行有效的基于名称的内容路由的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于使用信息中心网络中的链路状态信息进行有效的基于名称的内容路由的系统和方法 Download PDF

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CN105721311A
CN105721311A CN201510896249.XA CN201510896249A CN105721311A CN 105721311 A CN105721311 A CN 105721311A CN 201510896249 A CN201510896249 A CN 201510896249A CN 105721311 A CN105721311 A CN 105721311A
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CN105721311B (zh
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J·J·加西亚-鲁娜-阿塞韦斯
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Vihana Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/12—Shortest path evaluation
    • H04L45/122—Shortest path evaluation by minimising distances, e.g. by selecting a route with minimum of number of hops
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/12—Shortest path evaluation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/302—Route determination based on requested QoS
    • H04L45/306—Route determination based on the nature of the carried application
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/38—Flow based routing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/63—Routing a service request depending on the request content or context

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  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的前缀相关联的链路状态信息的系统。在操作期间，所述ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收链路状态公告(LSA)消息，其中所述LSA消息指定前缀并且锚节点播发所述指定前缀。所述系统基于存储在所述第一节点上的拓扑信息确定是否符合最短路径条件，并且响应于符合所述最短路径条件而将所述接收到的LSA消息转发到所述第一节点的其它相邻节点。

Description

用于使用信息中心网络中的链路状态信息进行有效的基于名称的内容路由的系统和方法
技术领域
本发明大体上涉及一种信息中心网络(ICN)。更确切地说，本发明涉及一种用于使用ICN中的链路状态信息进行内容路由的系统和方法。
背景技术
因特网和电子商务的激增持续激发网络行业中的革命性改变。现今，从在线电影观看到每日新闻传送、零售销售和即时消息接发，大量的信息交换是在线进行的。越来越多数目的因特网应用也在变成移动的。然而，当前因特网依靠主要基于位置的寻址方案来操作。两种最普遍存在的协议：因特网协议(IP)和以太网协议，都基于终端主机地址。也就是说，内容的消费者仅可以通过从通常与物理对象或位置相关联的地址(例如，IP地址或以太网媒体接入控制(MAC)地址)明确请求内容来接收所述内容。这种限制性寻址方案正变得逐渐更加不足以满足不断改变的网络需求。
近年来，行业中已经提出了信息中心网络(ICN)架构，其中直接对内容进行命名和寻址。内容中心网络(CCN)，即示例性ICN架构，引入了一种新的内容传输方法。并非在应用级将网络业务视为内容在其上行进的端到端对话，而是基于内容的唯一名称来请求或返回内容，且网络负责将内容从提供商路由到消费者。应注意，内容包含可以在通信系统中传输的数据，包含例如文本、图像、视频和/或音频等任何形式的数据。消费者和提供商可以为在计算机旁的人或在ICN内部或外部的自动化过程。一条内容可以指全部内容或内容的相应部分。例如，报纸文章可能由体现为数据包的多条内容表示。一条内容也可以与元数据相关联，所述元数据以例如认证数据、创建日期、内容所有者等信息来描述或增补所述条内容。
在所有ICN架构的核心处为内容的名称解析和路由，且已经提出若干方法。在一些ICN架构中，数据对象的名称借助于目录服务器映射到地址中，且接着基于地址的路由用于内容传递。相比之下，大量ICN架构使用内容的基于名称的路由，其集成了名称解析和内容路由。通过基于名称的路由，路由器(生产者或高速缓存站点)中的一些播发表示具有共用常用前缀的名称的一组对象的命名的数据对象(NDO)或名称前缀的本地副本的存在，且建立到其的路线；内容的消费者发出沿着到发布NDO或名称前缀广告的路由器的路线转发的内容请求。
在各种ICN架构之中，CCN使用分布式路由协议以建立路线，经由所述路线转发内容请求。在CCN中，内容请求(称为“兴趣”)可以经由一个或多个路径发送到名称前缀。一些CCN方案使用现有的因特网路由协议，例如，链路状态内部网关协议(IGP)用于域内路由，其中路由器描述其局部连接性和相邻资源(内容)。还提出将域级内容前缀集成到现有边界网关协议(BGP)中以解决域间内容路由的问题。
ICN中的示例性内容路由方案包含NLSR(命名数据链路状态路由协议)和OSPFN(用于命名数据的OSPN)。在两个协议中，路由器通过溢流两种类型的链路状态公告(LSA)而交换拓扑信息。仅当LSA在传统的链路状态路由协议中完成时，其可以描述物理链路的状态。另外，路由器溢流关于前缀的LSA，路由器具有所述前缀的本地副本。还可以使用通过叠加方式在物理基础设施上运行的分布式散列表(DHT)以实现基于名称的路由，并且在此类情况下，用于底层中的路由协议通常由链路状态协议组成。
面对现有的基于链路状态的路由协议的问题之一是，所述路由协议要求每个路由器接收关于每个所公开命名数据对象或在网络中播发的名称前缀的所有副本的信息，例如，LSA，并且因此不可扩展。
发明内容
本发明的一个实施例提供一种用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的前缀相关联的链路状态信息的系统。在操作期间，ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收链路状态公告(LSA)消息，其中LSA消息指定前缀并且锚节点播发指定前缀。所述系统基于存储在第一节点上的拓扑信息确定是否符合最短路径条件，并且响应于符合最短路径条件而将接收到的LSA消息转发到第一节点的其它相邻节点。
在此实施例的变体中，确定是否符合最短路径条件涉及使用最短路径优先(SPF)算法计算从第一节点到指定前缀的最短距离。
在此实施例的变体中，第一节点产生将状态变化反映到本地前缀的LSA消息并且将所产生的LSA消息转发到第一节点的相邻节点。
在此实施例的变体中，第一节点基于接收到的LSA消息更新路由表。
在另一变体中，更新路由表涉及识别前缀的有效下一跳相邻节点的集合，并且识别相应的有效下一跳相邻节点涉及确定所述有效下一跳相邻节点与第一节点相比是否更靠近锚节点，由此防止在经更新路由表中形成回路。
在另一变体中，响应于有效下一跳相邻节点到锚节点的距离与第一节点到锚节点的距离相同，系统确定有效下一跳相邻节点与第一节点相比是否具有较小词典值。
在此实施例的变体中，LSA消息进一步包含由锚节点产生的序列号，并且每当锚节点更新指定前缀的LSA消息时所述序列号递增。
附图说明
图1说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的示例性架构。
图2呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的示例性拓扑表的图。
图3呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的示例性路由表的图。
图4呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的示例性锚表的图。
图5呈现展示根据本发明的实施例的实施LCR的路由器的示例性架构的图。
图6呈现根据本发明的实施例的LCR路由实例。
图7说明根据本发明的实施例的用于链路状态内容路由的示例性系统。
在图式中，相同参考标号指代相同图式元件。
具体实施方式
概述
本发明的实施例提供一种用于基于信息中心网络(ICN)中的链路状态信息进行内容路由的系统。更确切地说，链路状态内容路由(LCR)系统通过使路由器保持多个表来操作，所述表包含链路成本表、拓扑表、路由表和锚表。存储在这些表中的信息可以通过路由器周期性地更新。当路由器从其相邻路由器接收链路状态公告(LSA)时更新拓扑表。路由表可以借助于最短路径优先(SPF)算法计算和更新。与常规的基于链路状态的路由相比，在LCR系统中，路由器未溢流关于名称前缀的所有副本的网络LSA。替代地，以使得每个路由器仅报告每个名称前缀的一个副本(通常最接近的)的方式设定关于名称前缀的LSA。
示例性CCN架构
为了展现链路状态内容路由(LCR)系统的操作，本发明使用CCN作为一个实例。然而，LCR系统的操作不限于CCN。一般来说，LCR可以应用于任何其它类型的ICN网络。
CCN使用两种类型的消息：兴趣和内容对象。兴趣携载内容对象的分层结构化的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)，也称为“名称”，且充当针对所述对象的请求。如果网络元件(例如路由器)接收到针对相同名称的多个兴趣，则网络元件可以聚合那些兴趣。沿着具有匹配内容对象的兴趣的路径的网络元件可以高速缓冲存储且返回所述对象，从而满足所述兴趣。内容对象遵循兴趣到所述兴趣的起点的反向路径。
本发明中使用的术语大体上定义如下(但其解释不限于此)：
“HSVLI”：分层结构化的可变长度标识符，也称为名称。它是名称组成部分的有序列表，其可以是可变长度的八位字节串。使用人可读形式，其可以用例如ccnx：/path/part的格式表示。HSVLI也可以是人不可读的。如上所述，HSVLI指代内容，且需要HSVLI能够表示用于内容的组织结构且至少部分对人有意义。HSVLI的个别组成部分可以具有任意长度。此外，HSVLI可以具有明确定界的组成部分，可以包含任何字节序列，且不限于人可读的字符。最长前缀匹配查找在转发带有HSVLI的包时至关重要。例如，指示对“/parc/home/bob”的兴趣的HSVLI将匹配“/parc/home/bob/test.txt”和“/parc/home/bob/bar.txt”两者。在名称组成部分的数目方面，最长匹配被视为最佳的，因为它是最具体的。可以在由发明人范L.雅各布森(VanL.Jacobson)和詹姆斯D.桑顿(JamesD.Thornton)在2009年9月23日提交的发明名称为“用于转发带有分层结构化的可变长度标识符的包的系统(SYSTEMFORFORWARIDNGAPACKETWITHAHIERARCHICHALLYSTRUCTUREDVARIABLE-LENGTHIDENTIFIER)”的第8,160,069号美国专利中找到HSVLI的详细描述，所述专利的揭示内容以引用的方式全文并入本文中。
“兴趣”：对内容对象的请求。兴趣指定HSVLI名称前缀和其它任选的选择符，所述选择符可以用于在具有相同名称前缀的多个对象当中进行挑选。其名称与兴趣名称前缀(以及任选地其它所请求的参数，例如发布者密钥-ID匹配)匹配的任何内容对象都满足所述兴趣。
“内容对象”：响应于兴趣而发送的数据对象。其具有经由加密签名而绑定在一起的HSVLI名称和内容有效负载。任选地，所有内容对象具有由内容对象的SHA-256摘要组成的隐式终端名称组成部分。在一个实施例中，隐式摘要不在线上传送，但在需要时在每一跃点处计算。在本发明中，术语“内容对象”和术语“命名数据对象(NDO)”是可互换的。
“面”：在CCN中，术语“面”是接口概念的一般化形式。面可以是与网络的连接，或直接与应用程序方的连接。面可以经配置以在特定网络接口上发送和接收广播或多播包，或者使用底层传输中的点到点寻址或使用隧道(举例来说，TCP隧道)来发送和接收包。面还可以是经由封装，例如UDP或OS特定的过程间通信路径与在相同机器上运行的单个应用程序过程的连接。所有消息经由面到达并且经由面发送出去。在本发明中，术语“相邻者”与术语“面”可互换，指代兴趣的传入或传出接口。
“前缀”：在本发明中，术语“前缀”可以用于指代特定内容对象的名称或内容对象的名称前缀。
“锚”：在本发明中，术语“锚”用于指代播发内容的路由器。更确切地说，播发对应于前缀的一些或所有内容的路由器(或节点)被称作前缀的锚。
如之前所提及，HSVLI指示一条内容，是分层结构化的，且包含从最一般层级到最特定层级排序的连续组成部分。相应HSVLI的长度不是固定的。在内容中心网络中，不同于常规IP网络，包可以由HSVLI识别。例如，“abcd/bob/papers/ccn/news”可以是内容的名称且识别对应包，即，在名为“ABCD”的组织处针对名为“Bob”的用户的来自“ccn”论文合集的“news”文章。为了请求一条内容，节点通过内容的名称来表达(例如，广播)对所述内容的兴趣。对一条内容的兴趣可以是根据所述内容的名称或标识符对所述内容的查询。内容如果在网络中是可用的，则从存储内容的任何节点将所述内容发回到请求节点。路由基础结构将兴趣智能地传播到很可能具有所述信息的预期节点，且随后沿着所述兴趣消息穿过的反向路径携载可用的内容返回。基本上，内容对象遵循兴趣消息留下的痕迹，并且因而到达请求节点。
图1说明根据本发明的实施例的网络的示例性架构。在此实例中，网络180包括节点100-145。所述网络中的每一节点耦合到一个或多个其它节点。网络连接185是此种连接的一个实例。网络连接被示为实线，但每一条线也可以表示可以将一个节点耦合到另一节点的子网或超网。网络180可以是内容中心的本地网、超网或子网。这些网络中的每一个可以互连使得一个网络中的节点可以到达其它网络中的节点。网络连接可以是宽带、无线、电话、卫星或任何类型的网络连接。节点可以是计算机系统、表示用户的端点和/或可以产生兴趣或发源内容的装置。
根据本发明的实施例，消费者可以产生对一条内容的兴趣且将所述兴趣转发到网络180中的节点。所述条内容可以由可以位于网络内部或外部的发布者或内容提供商存储在网络180中的节点处。例如，在图1中，对一条内容的兴趣在节点105处发源。如果所述内容在所述节点处不可用，那么所述兴趣流动到耦合到所述第一节点的一个或多个节点。例如，在图1中，兴趣流动(兴趣流150)到并不具有可用的所述内容的节点115。随后，所述兴趣从节点115流动(兴趣流155)到节点125，节点125也不具有所述内容。所述兴趣随后流动(兴趣流160)到确实具有可用的所述内容的节点130。内容对象的所述流随后反向地回溯其路径(内容流165、170和175)直到其到达节点105为止，在节点105处传递所述内容。在所述内容流中可以涉及例如认证等其它过程。
在网络180中，在内容持有者(节点130)与兴趣产生节点(节点105)之间的路径中的任何数目的中间节点(节点100到145)可以参与在内容在网络上行进时高速缓冲存储所述内容的本地副本。高速缓冲存储通过隐式地共享对本地高速缓冲存储内容的存取而减少对接近其它订户定位的第二订户的网络负载。
链路状态内容路由(LCR)系统
LCR系统的操作假设：(a)将具有平面或分层结构的名称指派给每个网络节点；(b)每条内容是可以由名称请求的命名数据对象(NDO)；(c)可以使用平面或分层命名(例如，基于HSVLI的命名)来表示NDO，并且相同命名规则用于整个系统；以及(d)路由器机会性地高速缓冲存储内容。
当使用分层命名时，存在路由器播发其NDO的不同方法。例如，仅当路由器具有与名称前缀相关联的所有NDO的本地副本时，才可以允许路由器播发所述名称前缀。或者，可以允许具有名称前缀的NDO的子集的路由器播发名称前缀。在本发明中，播发存储对应于名称或名称前缀的内容中的一些或全部的路由器被称为名称或名称前缀的锚。
为了实施LCR，ICN中的路由器保持多个数据结构，包含链路成本表、拓扑表(TTi)、路由表(RTi)和锚表(ATi)。
路由器i的链路成本表(LTi)列举了从路由器i到其相邻路由器中的每一个的链路的成本。在本发明中，从路由器i到路由器k的链路表示为(i，k)且链路的成本表示为在一些实施例中，假设链路的成本为正数，其可为通过链路中的路由器i制定的管理限制和性能测量的函数。
通过路由器i保持的拓扑表(TTi)阐述由每一路由器的每个相邻路由器和每一已知前缀报告或转发的链路状态信息。在一些实施例中，存储于TTi中的信息包含从i到每一相邻路由器和到每一本地可用的前缀的链路，以及到通过相邻路由器转发的节点或前缀的链路。应注意，到节点的链路被视为物理链路，而到前缀的链路被视为虚拟链路。例如，TTi内的子表包含到通过相邻路由器m转发的节点或前缀的链路。
图2呈现根据本发明的实施例的说明保持在路由器处的示例性拓扑表的图。在图2中，通过路由器i保持的拓扑表200包含两个不同类型的链路状态公告(LSA)条目。第一类型的LSA条目用于存储与物理链路相关联的信息，并且通过链路标识符索引化。此类LSA条目可以包含链路标识符、链路的成本函数、序列号和使用寿命。例如，条目202表示存储在路由器i中的链路(u，v)的LSA，并且包含链路标识符(u，v)、链路成本通过链路的u产生的通过i已知的最近序列号，以及的使用年限(剩余使用寿命)。在一些实施例中，存储在路由器i中的链路(u，v)的LSA表示为
另一方面，第二类型的LSA条目用于存储与虚拟链路(前缀)相关联的信息，并且通过前缀索引化。此类LSA条目可以包含前缀、前缀的锚、序列号和使用寿命。例如，条目204表示通过锚路由器k播发的存储在路由器i中的前缀j的LSA。所述条目包含前缀j的名称、用作前缀j的锚的路由器的名称、通过前缀的k产生的通过i已知的最近序列号，以及的使用年限(剩余使用寿命)。在一些实施例中，通过锚路由器k播发的存储在路由器i中的前缀j的LSA表示为
应注意，在LSA存储于拓扑表中时，LSA的使用年限单调地递减。当LSA的使用年限达到零值(也称为到期)时，将删除物理链路或虚拟链路任一个的LSA。为了反映内容(前缀)的网络拓扑或位置的变化，网络中的路由器周期性地发送更新消息。例如，路由器i可以周期性地将更新消息发送到其相邻路由器k，其中所述更新消息含有对路由器的拓扑表TTi作出的改变。
存储在TTi的图表使得两个路由器u与v之间的每个物理链路对应于两个引导链路(u，v)和(v，u)，并且对于保持在路由器u处的前缀j的每个副本，仅存在引导链路(u，j)。因此，可以在TTi中执行最短路径优先算法或任何其它最短路径算法以计算到前缀或物理路由器的最短路径，其中到达任何目的地(前缀或物理路由器)的路径不会作为沿着路径的中继器穿过前缀节点。
在一些实施例中，当任何相邻链路改变其状态、新内容变为本地可用或接收到LSA时，路由器i更新其拓扑表TTi。如果路由器i从相邻路由器k接收链路LSA(与物理链路相关联的LSA)，例如那么仅当LSA不是到期LSA时，即，当(u，v)不在中或LSA中的高于存储用于中的(u，v)的序列号时，路由器i才更新每个相邻路由器m的换句话说，当路由器i接收链路LSA时，仅当所述链路是新链路或LSA中的序列号高于存储在相同链路的拓扑表中的序列号时且LSA尚未到期时，路由器才更新其拓扑表。
类似地，如果路由器i从相邻路由器k接收前缀LSA(与前缀相关联的LSA)，例如那么在来自k的LSA中并且(u，j)不在TTi中或LSA中的高于存储用于中的(u，j)的序列号的情况下，路由器i更新TTi。换句话说，当路由器i接收前缀LSA时，仅当虚拟链路是新链路或LSA中的序列号高于存储在相同虚拟链路的拓扑表中的序列号时且LSA尚未到期时，路由器才更新其拓扑表TTi。
保持在路由器i处的路由表(RTi)存储在路由器i处已知的每一前缀的路由信息。在一些实施例中，路由表可以包含通过前缀索引化的多个条目。图3呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的示例性路由表的图。在图3中，通过路由器i保持的路由表300包含多个条目。每个条目包含前缀的名称、为前缀的有效下一跳的相邻前缀的集合以及提供到前缀的最短距离的相邻前缀。例如，条目302包含前缀(j)、到j的有效下一跳相邻前缀的集合以及到j的最短路径相邻前缀
所述路由表可以通过运行最短路径优先(SPF)算法来更新。在一些实施例中，路由器i通过运行以路由器i作为起点的SPF来计算到每一前缀的最短路径。计算出的从路由器i到每一前缀j的最短距离表示为路由器i随后以其相邻路由器中的每一个作为起点来运行SPF。计算出的经由路由器i的相邻路由器k到每一前缀j的最短距离表示为在一些实施例中，将计算出的到每一前缀的最短距离(包含从路由器i到每一前缀的最短距离以及从其相邻路由器到每一前缀的最短距离)存储在路由表中。
保持在路由器i处的锚表(ATi)存储路由器i处已知的每一前缀的最接近锚的列表。在一些实施例中，锚表包含通过前缀索引化的多个条目。图4呈现说明根据本发明的实施例的保持在路由器处的示例性锚表的图。在图4中，通过路由器i保持的锚表400包含多个条目。每个条目包含前缀的名称、前缀的最接近锚(所述锚是具有最短距离和报告前缀的最小标识符的路由器)、通过前缀的最接近锚指派给前缀的序列号；以及通过任何下一跳相邻路由器报告的有效锚的集合。应注意，对于每个有效锚，锚表存储阐述锚的名称以及通过锚报告的序列号的元组。例如，条目402包含前缀(j)、j的最接近锚通过锚指派给j的序列号以及锚集合应注意，存储通过任何下一跳相邻路由器报告的不同有效锚的元组其中m为有效锚的名称且sn(m)为通过m报告的序列号。序列号可以用于在更新路由表时避免路由表回路。应注意，仅允许前缀的锚改变与到它们所通知的前缀的距离相关联的序列号。
锚表的更新可以作为更新路由表的一部分来完成。更确切地说，当SPF以相邻路由器k作为起点在路由器i处运行且获得到前缀j的最短距离时，路由器i存储相邻路由器的名称，所述相邻路由器是通过到前缀j的链路处于到前缀j的最短路径中的路由器，以及由所述路由器产生的序列号。在一次运行作为起点的路由器i的每个相邻路由器的SPF之后，路由器i获得应该由每一前缀j的每个相邻前缀根据存储在TTi中的拓扑信息报告的锚。如先前所论述，通过路由器i的相邻路由器报告的前缀j的锚的集合表示为并且存储在锚表ATi中。
需要具有不包含任何回路的路由表。为此，在一些实施例中，仅当路由器到前缀的有效锚的距离更短或与从路由器i到前缀的距离相同但具有按字典序较小的名称时，路由器i可以选择相邻路由器作为给定前缀的下一跳。在操作期间，锚周期性地发送关于本地可用的前缀的更新且递增锚指派给前缀的序列号，并且路由器因此更新其路由表。应注意，为了充分确保在路由器改变其下一跳时不会一直产生路由表回路，必须满足后续设定排序条件(SOC)。SOC阐述仅当以下两个表述正确时，相邻路由器k才(所述路由器属于含有路由器i和其相邻路由器的集合Ni)可以变成的成员(即，路由器i到前缀j的有效下一跳)：
表述(1)：且
表述(2)：
应注意，sn(m)表示通过锚m指派给前缀j的路由器i已知的锚的集合中的前缀j的序列号，表示通过k报告的到j的最接近锚，表示由指派的j的序列号，并且|i|表示名称i的字典序值。
表述(1)指明仅报告距前缀j的已知锚最近的序列号的那些相邻路由器可以被视为下一跳。表述(2)指示那些相邻路由器基于其到前缀j的距离以及其名称按字典序排序。更确切地说，如果路由器i具有到前缀j的有限距离，那么在路由器k与路由器i相比更靠近前缀或与路由器i相比到前缀的距离相同但具有较小字典序值(如通过表述(2)的第一条线指定)的情况下，路由器i可以选择相邻者路由器k作为前缀j的下一跳。另一方面，如果路由器i具有到前缀j的无限距离，那么仅当k报告在所有相邻路由器之中到j的最小有限距离，或k在报告到j的最小有限距离的那些相邻路由器之中具有最小标识符(如通过表述(2)的最后三条线指定)时，路由器i可以选择路由器k作为前缀j的下一跳。
图5呈现展示根据本发明的实施例的实施LCR的路由器的示例性架构的图。在图5中，LCR路由器500包含拓扑表模块502、锚表模块504、路由表模块506、LSA接收模块508、LSA处理模块510、LSA转发模块512和LSA产生模块514。
拓扑表模块502负责保持和更新拓扑表。如先前所论述，拓扑表可以包含两种类型的LSA，即，链路LSA和前缀LSA。在一些实施例中，当任何相邻链路改变其状态、新内容变为可用的或当LSA接收模块508接收LSA时，拓扑表模块502更新拓扑表。锚表模块504负责保持和更新锚表。在一些实施例中，更新锚表涉及在拓扑表中运行最短路径优先(SPF)算法以便找到最接近锚。在其它实施例中，将最接近锚存储在锚表中。除了前缀的最接近锚之外，锚表还存储由相邻路由器报告的前缀的锚的集合。路由表模块506负责保持和更新路由表，所述路由表指定每个前缀的下一跳相邻路由器以及到前缀的最短路径相邻路由器。类似地，路由表的更新涉及运行不仅使用路由器作为起点，而且使用路由器的相邻路由器作为起点的SPF算法。在一些实施例中，为了避免路由表回路，当更新路由表时，路由器的相邻路由器需要符合SOC(两个表述是正确的)，以便被视为特定前缀的有效下一跳。
LSA接收模块508负责从相邻路由器接收LSA；LSA处理模块510负责处理接收到的LSA；并且LSA转发模块512负责转发LSA。在一些实施例中，LSA处理模块510检查序列号和接收到的LSA的使用年限。在一些实施例中，LSA处理模块510可以确定接收到的LSA是链路LSA还是前缀LSA。如果在路由器i处从相邻路由器k接收到的LSA是关于链路(u，v)的，那么其可以表示为应注意，链路LSA可以包含链路标识符、链路成本、由路由器u产生的序列号以及LSA的使用年限。
在操作期间，LSA处理模块510可以进一步确定是否已将LSA中识别的链路列入拓扑表中。如果没有，那么链路是新链路且LSA转发模块512转发LSA。在另一实施例中，LSA在整个网络中溢流。如果已将链路列入拓扑表中，那么LSA处理模块510确定LSA中指定的序列号是否大于由拓扑表中的对应条目指定的序列号。如果是并且如果LSA的使用年限大于0，那么LSA转发模块512将接收到的链路LSA转发到其它相邻路由器。否则，路由器i可以终止LSA。
如果在路由器i处从相邻路由器k接收到的LSA是关于前缀j的，表示为那么处理模块510将确定从路由器i到前缀j的最短距离是否通过包含虚拟链路(u，j)的路径；换句话说，锚u是否是前缀j的最接近锚。在一些实施例中，运行最短路径优先(SPF)算法，以便计算到前缀的最短路径，这还更新路由表和锚表。如果锚u是最接近锚并且如果LSA的使用年限大于0，那么LSA转发模块512将前缀LSA转发到其它相邻路由器。否则，路由器i可以终止LSA(如果其使用年限到期)或将LSA存储在其拓扑表中(如果包含在LSA中的序列号大于用于相同虚拟链路的拓扑表中的现有条目的序列号)。
LSA产生模块514负责产生LSA。在一些实施例中，LSA产生模块514周期性地并且每当链路中存在状态变化时产生关于物理链路到其相邻路由器的链路LSA。例如，路由器i可以产生关于物理链路(i，v)到其相邻路由器v的链路LSA，表示为应注意，每当路由器i更新LSA并且LSA阐述使用年限的最大值时，链路LSA的序列号递增。在一些实施例中，LSA产生模块514周期性地且每当本地可用前缀中存在状态变化时产生关于前缀的前缀LSA。例如，路由器i可以产生关于前缀j的LSA，表示为应注意，每当路由器i更新LSA并且LSA阐述使用年限的最大值时，LSA的序列号递增。可以通过LSA转发模块512将所产生的LSA转发到相邻路由器。还应注意，仅LSA的来源可以改变指派给LSA的序列号。
LCR路由实例
当路由到前缀的最接近副本时，实施LCR的路由器使用保持在拓扑表和锚表中的信息来计算路由表，并且周期性地或每当存在对其拓扑表的更新时将更新发送到相邻路由器。在一些实施例中，更新呈LSA的形式。如先前所论述，在操作期间，实施LCR的路由器将LSA发出到彼此以更新其链路状态信息。然而，LCR中LSA的扩散不同于传统链路状态路由(LSR)协议。在传统LSR协议中，所有LSA在整个网络中溢流；而在LCR中，仅关于物理链路的LSA在整个网络中溢流，并且关于前缀的LSA通过网络传播，其方式为使得每个路由器仅报告任何已知前缀的一个锚(通常最短路径锚)。
图6呈现根据本发明的实施例的LCR路由实例。在图6中，网络600包含多个路由器，每个通过其名称识别，例如，路由器a、b、c、...、x、y和z。应注意，网络600不包含命名为g或j的路由器。在图6示出的实例中，四个路由器(在图中加阴影的路由器d、u、o和r)充当特定前缀的锚。应注意，阴影越暗，则路由器的字典序值越小。换句话说，路由器d具有最小字典序值，而路由器r具有最大字典序值。应注意，在图6中，假设每个链路具有单位成本。
在图6中，一个或多个元组紧邻每一路由器按字典序列出，其中每一元组阐述到前缀的锚和所述锚的标识符的距离。列表中的第一元组(以较暗字体示出)阐述到前缀的最小距离以及在处于相同距离处的所有锚之间具有最小名称的锚。例如，三个元组紧邻路由器q列出，阐述从路由器q到锚u的距离为1(1跳数)；到锚r的距离为2(2跳数)；且到锚d的距离为3(3跳数)。换句话说，从路由器q到前缀的锚的最小距离为1，且所述最小距离是对于锚u来说的。另一方面，存在紧邻路由器h列出的两个元组，阐述从路由器h到锚d的距离为2(2跳数)且到锚u的距离为2(2跳数)。应注意，由于路由器d与路由器u相比具有较小字典序值，因此即使距离相同，路由器d也在第一元组中列出。
在一些实施例中，来自每个路由器的更新仅阐述优选的锚(第一命名的锚)。换句话说，每个路由器预先过滤所述路由器向其相邻路由器报告的信息。例如，当网络变化导致路由器r变成前缀的锚，而不是报告路由器e处已知的所有锚时，来自路由器e的更新可以仅将路由器r阐述为锚且将到路由器r的距离阐述为1。在图6中，紧邻路由器的每个额外元组(如果存在的话)阐述前缀的替代锚以及到所述前缀的距离。不通过路由器将这些额外元组报告给其相邻路由器。在图6中示出的实例中，假设所有路由器已从前缀的锚的任一个中接收最近序列号。
由锚产生的更新传播，只要所述更新向路由器提供到前缀的更短路径。换句话说，锚通过发布LSA并且通过将LSA转发到其相邻路由器而更新与本地前缀相关联的状态信息。然而，仅当此LSA指示到前缀的更短路径时，相邻路由器才将此LSA转发到其自身的相邻路由器。因此，当远离起始锚转发LSA时，在网络中存在其它副本的条件下不大可能提供更短路径。在图6中示出的实例中，关于前缀的路由更新不会传播超过三跳数，即使网络直径是八。一般来说，与网络中存在多少用于给定前缀的锚无关，路由器仅具有与其相邻路由器一样多的前缀的主动锚。这是每个路由器仅报告其针对每个前缀所知道的最佳锚的结果。在图6中，链接中节点之间的箭头指示路由器(即，朝向前缀的下一跳)，并且通过链路的阴影和形状识别链路。具有深实线的箭头指示出那些链路指向路由器d，具有浅实线的箭头指示出那些链路指向路由器o，具有双线的箭头指示出那些链路指向路由器r，并且具有虚线的箭头指示出那些链路指向路由器u。
应注意，即使在仅24个路由器的此小网络中，大部分路由器具有到前缀的多个路径，其中至少一个是最短路径。在图6中，所有链路可以用于转发对内容的请求。可以从图6中看到，路由器均不了解前缀的所有四个锚(路由器n、q和e中的每一个各自知道三个锚)。还可以从图6中看到，穿过任何可能的引导路径必定在锚(锚d、o、r或u)中的一个处终止，而不穿过回路。应注意，尽管在协议完成更新所有路由表之后通过LCR获得的路由是无回路的，但是在网络中的路由表不一致时可以产生临时回路。
取决于ICN架构，LCR可以使用不同的基于名称的信号传递方法来实施。当在ICN网络中实施LCR时，需要决定路由器的命名规则、更新消息的语法以及如何在相邻路由器之中交换更新消息。
在一些实施例中，路由器可以使用分层名称空间命名。例如，特定路由器可以具有分层名称，例如，“/<network>/<site>/<router>”并且在路由器上运行的LCR后台程序可以命名为“/<network>/<site>/<router>/LCR”。
LCR中的更新过程的语义可以包含将关于其拓扑表的递增更新发送到其所有相邻路由器的路由器。在一些实施例中，此更新消息通过路由器的名称、协议(LCR)、消息的类型以及通过发送路由器递增的序列号识别。更新消息可以周期性地发送并且充当路由器可操作的指示。更新消息的语法以及消息如何确切地在路由器之间互换可以取决于LCR在其中操作的ICN架构中定义的基本信号传递。路由器之中的信号传递可以是接收器启动的或发送器启动的。
通过接收器启动的信号传递，数据遵循由接收器阐述的兴趣。路由器中使用NDN或CCN的LCR过程必须周期性地发送“路由兴趣”(RI)以从其相邻路由器引发路由更新。与NLSR相比，每个相邻路由器的状态是不同的；因此，LCR信号传递无法基于同步消息。在一些实施例中，路由器将RI发送到每个相邻路由器以请求路由信息。RI可以具有例如：“/<network>/<site>/<router>/LCR/update/seq_no”的格式。接收RI的路由器可以用对应于“路由更新”(RU)的内容对象作出响应，所述内容对象具有自最后一个RI起对路由器的路由表作出的更新。
发送器启动的信号传递可以包含每个路由器将RU发送到其所有相邻路由器，而不需要通过任何一个相邻路由器明确要求。实施此信号传递方法更有效，但是需要在一些ICN架构的数据面中添加“推动”机构或改变兴趣的语义。例如，阐述路由器的存在的“Hello”消息可以作为长期RI发送，多个RU可以视需要通过相同路由器发送到所述RI。或者，RU可以作为含有更新作为属性的兴趣发送。从路由器发送的RI或RU告知其相邻路由器所述路由器是有效的。
在一些实施例中，CCN或NDN中的LCR更新由发起更新的锚进行数字签名，并且所述更新阐述可以用于签名验证的信息。因此，LCR可以证实关于本地内容的前缀的LSA是有效的。另外，各个安全机构可以实施用于LCR。
开销比较
此部分基于控制平面中的时间、通信和存储复杂性而将LCR的性能与其它基于名称的内容路由方法相比较。在以下论述中，网络中的路由器的数目表示为N并且网络链路的数目表示为E。此外，网络中可用的不同名称前缀的数目表示为C，给定名称前缀的副本的平均数为R，每路由器的相邻路由器的平均数为l并且网络直径为d。
为简单起见，我们假定针对任何给定LSA或距离更新发送单独的控制消息。实际上，可以集中多个LSA和距离更新以节省带宽。事实上，集中多个前缀的距离更新比集中来自多个源的LSA更容易。然而，在控制消息的最大大小是与N或C的增长无关的恒定值的条件下，此集中并不会改变通过路由协议引发的开销的订购量。
路由协议的通信复杂性(CC)是针对每个路由器必须成功传输以具有关于所有C前缀的正确路由信息的消息的数目。路由协议的时间复杂性(TC)是当成功传输所有消息时所有路由器具有所有前缀的正确路由信息所需的最大时间。路由协议的存储复杂性(SC)是任意路由器的路由表中的条目的最大数目。假设在相邻路由器之间通过接收器启动或发送器启动的信号传递互换的消息的数目差与N、C和R无关，那么此处展现的结果可以应用于两种类型的信号传递方法。
如背景技术部分中所论述，NLSR和OSPFN使用链路状态路由(LSR)方法。通过LSR，必须将通过路由器发起的关于链路或名称前缀的LSA发送到网络中的所有其它路由器。此外，路由器必须传输每个相邻链路以及本地存储的每个前缀的LSA，每个LSA必须在网络中溢流，并且每个路由器必须将每个链路和前缀副本的记录存储在网络中。因此，LSR的时间、通信和存储复杂性为：
TCLSR＝O(d)；
CCLSR＝O(E×R×C+l×E×N)；
SCLSR＝O(R×C+E)
目前考虑路由方法仅依赖于分布式散列表(DHT)。最有效的DHT方案是具有单跳路由的虚拟DHT，其中路由器本地运行DHT并且保持到网络中的所有路由器的路由。假设没有回路，那么与在DHT中发布前缀相关联且使r站点与前缀相关联(以支持到前缀的任何或所有副本的路由)的通信复杂性是O(d*R×C)。在通常使用链路状态路由的条件下，保持到所有路由器的路由的通信复杂性是O(l*N×E)。到所有路由器的路由的最快可能传播是顺序O(d)，并且每个路由器必须存储与网络中存在的前缀同样多的前缀的记录。因此，DHT的时间、通信和存储复杂性为：
TCDHT＝O(d)；
CCDHT＝O(d×R×C+l×E×N)；
SCDHT＝O(C+E)
现在考虑传统的距离向量路由(DVR)方法。由于DVR信号传递可以穿过长路径，并且可以出现长期回路和“无穷计数”，因此已知基本距离向量方法具有时间复杂性O(N)和通信复杂性O(N2)。此外，每个路由器必须存储和传送关于网络中的所有前缀副本和目的地节点的距离信息。因此，DVR的时间、通信和存储复杂性为：
TCDVR＝O(N)；
CCDVR＝O(N2×R×C)；
SCDVR＝O(R×C+N)
如可以看到，DVR的复杂性比LSR和DHT方法更糟。这解释了过去尚未考虑使用距离向量的基于名称的路由的原因。
另一方面，通过LCR方法，路由器针对给定前缀传送的信息与用于网络中的给定前缀或路由器的锚的数目无关。更确切地说，在LCR中，路由器针对给定前缀仅传送其到前缀的最接近锚的距离，加上锚名称以及通过锚产生的最近序列号。由于副本的数目增加，因此从路由器到前缀的最接近副本的距离实际上减小，并且通常来说从任何路由器到前缀的最接近副本的跳数(x)至多是d跳。此外，如先前所论述，LCR不产生任何路由表回路。这表示：(1)任何路由信息与其起源与接收者之间的最短路径一样快地传播；以及(2)所有路由器具有到给定前缀的正确距离所需的消息数目是O(E)，与复制(R)前缀的次数无关。在网络中存在C个前缀的条件下，LCR的复杂性为：
TCLCR＝O(x)；
CCLCR＝O(E×C)；
SCLCR＝O(l×C+E)
以上分析清楚地示出LCR具有远小于LSR或DVR的存储复杂性，因为LCR路由器仅需要存储前缀的一个条目，而不是每个前缀副本的一个条目，并且不需要存储任何拓扑信息。由于R变为O(N)，因此LCR需要小于LSR或DVR的存储开销的数量级，尤其在大型网络中。应注意，就大型网络中的存储复杂性而言，LCR与DHT方法类似。另一方面，当与另一方法相比时，LCR具有小得多的时间复杂性以及较小的通信复杂性数量级。更确切地说，LCR允许路由器与通过DVR、LSR和DHT相比快得多地获得正确路由表，因为路由器仅交换关于最接近前缀副本而不是所有副本的更新，并且此类更新需要在内容副本激增时穿过比网络直径短得多的路径。
计算机和通信系统
图7说明根据本发明的实施例的用于链路状态内容路由的示例性系统。用于链路状态内容路由的系统700包括处理器710、存储器720和存储装置730。存储装置730通常存储可以加载到存储器720中且通过处理器710实施以执行上述方法的指令。在一个实施例中，存储装置730中的指令可以实施拓扑表模块732、锚表模块734、路由表模块736、LSA接收模块738、LSA处理模块740、LSA转发模块742和LSA产生模块744，所有这些模块可以通过各个构件彼此通信。
在一些实施例中，模块732到744在硬件中可以部分或完全地实施且可以为处理器710的部分。此外，在一些实施例中，所述系统可以不包含单独的处理器和存储器。替代地，除执行其特定任务之外，模块732到744还单独地或协同地可以是通用或专用计算引擎的一部分。
存储装置730存储有待由处理器710执行的程序。确切地说，存储装置730存储实施用于链路状态内容路由的系统(应用程序)的程序。在操作期间，可以将所述应用程序从存储装置730加载到存储器720中并且由处理器710执行。因此，系统700可以执行上述功能。系统700可以耦合到任选的显示器780(其可以是触摸屏显示器)、键盘760和指针装置770，并且还可以经由一个或多个网络接口耦合到网络782。
此具体实施方式中所描述的数据结构和代码通常存储在计算机可读存储媒体上，所述计算机可读存储媒体可以是能存储由计算机系统使用的代码和/或数据的任何装置或媒体。计算机可读存储媒体包含但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁性和光学存储装置，例如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用光盘或数字视频光盘)，或能够存储目前已知或稍后研发的计算机可读媒体的其它媒体。
在具体实施方式部分中所描述的方法和过程可以代码和/或数据形式体现，所述代码和/或数据可以存储于如上文所描述的计算机可读存储媒体中。当计算机系统读取并且执行存储于计算机可读存储媒体上的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行以数据结构以及代码形式实施且存储在计算机可读存储媒体内的方法和过程。
此外，本文中所描述的方法和过程可以包含在硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可以包含但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或一段代码的专用处理器或共用处理器、和/或目前已知或稍后开发的其它可编程逻辑装置。当激活硬件模块或设备时，这些硬件模块或设备执行其内部所包含的方法和过程。
呈现以上描述以使所属领域的技术人员能够制备并且使用实施例，并且在特定应用及其要求的背景下提供以上描述。所属领域的技术人员将易于了解对所揭示的实施例的各种修改，并且在不脱离本发明的精神和范围的情况下，本文本所定义的一般原理可以应用于其它实施例和应用。因此，本发明不限于所示出的实施例，而是应符合与本文中所揭示的原理以及特征一致的最广范围。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的前缀相关联的链路状态信息的计算机可执行方法，所述方法包括：
通过所述ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收链路状态公告(LSA)消息，其中所述LSA消息指定前缀并且锚节点播发所述指定前缀；
基于存储在所述第一节点上的拓扑信息确定是否符合最短路径条件；以及
响应于符合所述最短路径条件，将所述接收到的LSA消息转发到所述第一节点的其它相邻节点。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中确定是否符合所述最短路径条件涉及使用最短路径优先(SPF)算法计算从所述第一节点到所述指定前缀的最短距离。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其进一步包括：
通过所述第一节点产生将状态变化反映到本地前缀的LSA消息；以及
将所述所产生的LSA消息转发到所述第一节点的相邻节点。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其进一步包括：
基于所述接收到的LSA消息通过所述第一节点更新路由表。
5.一种非暂时性计算机可读存储媒体，所述非暂时性计算机可读存储媒体存储在由计算装置执行时致使所述计算装置执行用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的前缀相关联的链路状态信息的方法的指令，所述方法包括：
通过所述ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收链路状态公告(LSA)消息，其中所述LSA消息指定前缀并且锚节点播发所述指定前缀；
基于存储在所述第一节点上的拓扑信息确定是否符合最短路径条件；以及
响应于符合所述最短路径条件，将所述接收到的LSA消息转发到所述第一节点的其它相邻节点。
6.根据权利要求5所述的计算机可读存储媒体，其中确定是否符合所述最短路径条件涉及使用最短路径优先(SPF)算法计算从所述第一节点到所述指定前缀的最短距离。
7.根据权利要求5所述的计算机可读存储媒体，其中所述方法进一步包括：
通过所述第一节点产生将状态变化反映到本地前缀的LSA消息；以及
将所述所产生的LSA消息转发到所述第一节点的相邻节点。
8.一种用于更新与信息中心网络(ICN)中的前缀相关联的链路状态信息的计算机系统，所述系统包括：
处理器；以及
存储装置，所述存储装置耦合到所述处理器并且存储当通过所述处理器执行时致使所述处理器执行方法的指令，所述方法包括：
通过所述ICN中的第一节点从相邻节点接收链路状态公告(LSA)消息，其中所述LSA消息指定前缀并且锚节点播发所述指定前缀；
基于存储在所述第一节点上的拓扑信息确定是否符合最短路径条件；以及
响应于符合所述最短路径条件，将所述接收到的LSA消息转发到所述第一节点的其它相邻节点。
9.根据权利要求8所述的系统，其中确定是否符合所述最短路径条件涉及使用最短路径优先(SPF)算法计算从所述第一节点到所述指定前缀的最短距离。
10.根据权利要求8所述的系统，其中所述方法进一步包括：
通过所述第一节点产生将状态变化反映到本地前缀的LSA消息；以及
将所述所产生的LSA消息转发到所述第一节点的相邻节点。
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