CN105646367B - 以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物 - Google Patents
以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105646367B CN105646367B CN201410690302.6A CN201410690302A CN105646367B CN 105646367 B CN105646367 B CN 105646367B CN 201410690302 A CN201410690302 A CN 201410690302A CN 105646367 B CN105646367 B CN 105646367B
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- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluorene Chemical compound C1=CC=C2CC3=CC=CC=C3C2=C1 NIHNNTQXNPWCJQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 13
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- 150000002220 fluorenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 45
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- HDWLUGYOLUHEMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dinobuton Chemical compound CCC(C)C1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1OC(=O)OC(C)C HDWLUGYOLUHEMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- WCXKTQVEKDHQIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[3-[3-(3,5-dipyridin-3-ylphenyl)phenyl]-5-pyridin-3-ylphenyl]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC(C=2C=C(C=C(C=2)C=2C=NC=CC=2)C=2C=C(C=CC=2)C=2C=C(C=C(C=2)C=2C=NC=CC=2)C=2C=NC=CC=2)=C1 WCXKTQVEKDHQIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 2
- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- POEOLRMDMUNLPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC2=CC=C(C=CC=N3)C3=C2N=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 POEOLRMDMUNLPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline Chemical compound C=12C=CC3=C(C=4C=CC=CC=4)C=C(C)N=C3C2=NC(C)=CC=1C1=CC=CC=C1 STTGYIUESPWXOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- BHMMHIHPBQFYOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)pyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC(C)=CC(C)=C1C1=CC=CN=C1 BHMMHIHPBQFYOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- CINYXYWQPZSTOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-[3-[3,5-bis(3-pyridin-3-ylphenyl)phenyl]phenyl]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CN=CC(C=2C=C(C=CC=2)C=2C=C(C=C(C=2)C=2C=C(C=CC=2)C=2C=NC=CC=2)C=2C=C(C=CC=2)C=2C=NC=CC=2)=C1 CINYXYWQPZSTOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZOKIJILZFXPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-n-[4-[1-[4-(4-methyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)anilino)phenyl]cyclohexyl]phenyl]-n-(4-methylphenyl)aniline Chemical compound C1=CC(C)=CC=C1N(C=1C=CC(=CC=1)C1(CCCCC1)C=1C=CC(=CC=1)N(C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C=1C=CC(C)=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 ZOKIJILZFXPFTO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZBGUCCABJBIQJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-(4-tert-butylpyridin-2-yl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylic acid Chemical compound CC(C)(C)C1=CC(=NC=C1)C2=NC(N=N2)(C(=O)O)C(F)(F)F ZBGUCCABJBIQJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VIJYEGDOKCKUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 9-phenylcarbazole Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N1C2=CC=CC=C2C2=CC=CC=C21 VIJYEGDOKCKUOL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 101000837344 Homo sapiens T-cell leukemia translocation-altered gene protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
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- 102100028692 T-cell leukemia translocation-altered gene protein Human genes 0.000 description 1
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- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium(3+) Chemical compound [Al+3] REDXJYDRNCIFBQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229940111121 antirheumatic drug quinolines Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004305 biphenyl Substances 0.000 description 1
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- HASCQPSFPAKVEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl(phenyl)phosphine Chemical compound CP(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 HASCQPSFPAKVEK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
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- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002561 ketenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-[4-(n-naphthalen-1-ylanilino)phenyl]phenyl]-n-phenylnaphthalen-1-amine Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1N(C=1C2=CC=CC=C2C=CC=1)C1=CC=C(C=2C=CC(=CC=2)N(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C3=CC=CC=C3C=CC=2)C=C1 IBHBKWKFFTZAHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001151 other effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001037 p-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(=C([H])C([H])=C1*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001467 poly(styrenesulfonates) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/615—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene
- H10K85/624—Polycyclic condensed aromatic hydrocarbons, e.g. anthracene containing six or more rings
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/36—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms
- C07D213/38—Radicals substituted by singly-bound nitrogen atoms having only hydrogen or hydrocarbon radicals attached to the substituent nitrogen atom
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
- C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
- C07D235/04—Benzimidazoles; Hydrogenated benzimidazoles
- C07D235/20—Two benzimidazolyl-2 radicals linked together directly or via a hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radical
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
- C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
- C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D239/26—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/002—Osmium compounds
- C07F15/0026—Osmium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
- C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
- C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
- C07F9/50—Organo-phosphines
- C07F9/53—Organo-phosphine oxides; Organo-phosphine thioxides
- C07F9/5329—Polyphosphine oxides or thioxides
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- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
- C09K11/02—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor
- C09K11/025—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor non-luminescent particle coatings or suspension media
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/654—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom comprising only nitrogen as heteroatom
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K85/00—Organic materials used in the body or electrodes of devices covered by this subclass
- H10K85/60—Organic compounds having low molecular weight
- H10K85/649—Aromatic compounds comprising a hetero atom
- H10K85/657—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons
- H10K85/6572—Polycyclic condensed heteroaromatic hydrocarbons comprising only nitrogen in the heteroaromatic polycondensed ring system, e.g. phenanthroline or carbazole
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- H10K2101/00—Properties of the organic materials covered by group H10K85/00
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Abstract
本发明提供一种以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物,其是包含一顺式二苯乙烯系化合物以及一芴系化合物的一顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物,并具有介于110℃至135℃之间的玻璃转换温度、介于380℃至425℃之间的热裂解温度、可逆电子传输特性、以及绝佳的电荷载子平衡传输特性。并且,实验结果也证实,以本发明的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物作为电子传输层的有机发光二极体,其外部量子效率、电流效率、功率效率、最大亮度、与元件寿命皆明显优于现有技术的有机发光二极体。
Description
技术领域
本发明关于载子传输材料的相关领域,尤指一种以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物;其中,此双极型化合物可作为具有空穴阻挡功能的一种新颖电子传输材料,也可作为一主体发光材料。
背景技术
1987年,柯达公司的C.W.Tang与S.A.VanSlyke发表关于有机发光二极体(OrganicLight Emitting Device,OLED)的创作,Tang与VanSlyke利用真空蒸镀的方式,分别将空穴传输材料与电子传输材料,例如Alq3,镀覆于ITO玻璃之上,其后再蒸镀一层金属电极,如此,即完成具有自发光性、高亮度、高速反应、重量轻、厚度薄、低耗电、广视角、可挠性、以及可全彩化的有机发光二极体(OLED)的制作。
目前所常用的有机发光二极体,通常会在有机发光二极体的阳极与阴极之间进一步增设其它功效层,例如:电子传输层与空穴传输层,借此方式增加有机发光二极体的电流效率或功率效率。例如图1所示的现有技术的有机发光二极体的结构,该有机发光二极体1’至少包括:一阴极11’、一电子注入层13’、一发光层14’、一空穴传输层16’、以及一阳极18’。
有机发光二极体是利用电子与空穴再结合所产生的激子扩散到发光层而发光。根据理论推测,由电荷的再结合而引起的单重激发态与三重激发态的比例为1∶3。因此,以小分子荧光材料作为发光材料时,能用于发光的比率仅为全部25%的能量,其余的75%的能量则在三重激发态经由非发光机制而损失掉,故一般荧光材料的内部量子效率的极限为25%。
研究发现,部分的空穴传输层16’同时具有局限电子的功能,例如具有如下化学式I’所示的空穴传输材料,其中,化学式I’所表示的空穴传输材料为3,6-Bis(4-vinylphenyl)-9-ethylcarbazole,中文名称为3,6-双(4-乙烯基苯基)-9-乙基咔唑,在此简称VPEC并编号为GK60。
[化学式I’]
近年来,为了有效提升配合磷光发光二极体的效能,有机发光二极体的制造商与研究人员同步致力于具有空穴阻挡特性的电子传输材料的开发。目前商业化的电子传输材料有TmPyPb{英文全名:3,3′-[5′-[3-(3-Pyridinyl)phenyl][1,1′:3′,1″-terphenyl]-3,3″-diyl]bispyridine;中文全名:3,3′-[5′-[3-(3-吡啶基)苯基][1,1′∶3′,1″-三联苯]-3,3″-二基]二吡啶}、与TPBi{英文全名:1,3,5-Tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene;中文全名:1,3,5-三(1-苯基-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯}、3TPYMB[英文全名:Tris(2,4,6-triMethyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)borane;中文全名:3TPYMB]、BmPyPb[英文全名:1,3-bis(3,5-dipyrid-3-yl-phenyl)benzene;中文全名:BmPyPb]、以及DPyPA[英文全名:9,10-bis(3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)anthracene;中文全名:DPyPA]等。
然而,即使目前已然发展出多种不同的具有空穴阻挡特性的电子传输材料,应用这些电子传输材料的磷光发光二极体仍无法展现出具有优势的发光效率与生命周期,显示现有的具有空穴阻挡特性的电子传输材料仍具有缺陷必须予以克服。
发明内容
本发明的主要目的,在于提供一种以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物,其是包含一顺式二苯乙烯系化合物(cis-Stilbene based compound)以及一芴系化合物(fluorene based compound)的一顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物,具有介于110℃至135℃之间的玻璃转换温度、介于380℃至425℃之间的热裂解温度、可逆电子传输特性、以及绝佳的电荷载子平衡传输特性。
因此,为了达成本发明的主要目的,本发明提出一种新颖电子传输材料,是包含一顺式二苯乙烯系化合物(cis-Stilbene based compound)以及一芴系化合物(fluorenebased compound)的一顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物,且该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物同时具有一空穴阻挡功能,有些则更兼具发光层主体材料的功能。
根据上述本发明的新颖电子传输材料的一实施例,该二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物的化学结构由下列化学式I所表示:
[化学式I]
在前述的化学式I之中,R1-R2选自于下列化学式I-1、化学式I-2、化学式I-3、化学式I-4、化学式I-5、与化学式I-6的任一者:
[化学式I-1]
[化学式I-2]
[化学式I-3]
[化学式I-4]
[化学式I-5]
[化学式I-6]
并且,在前述的化学式I之中,R3选自于下列化学式I-7与化学式I-8的任一者:
[化学式I-7]
-H
[化学式I-8]
根据上述本发明的新颖电子传输材料的一实施例,该二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物的化学结构由下列化学式II(以符号BSB表示)、化学式III(以符号BΦSΦB表示)、化学式IV(以符号PSP表示)、化学式V(以符号PΦSΦP表示)、化学式VI(以符号PySPy表示)或化学式VII(以符号PyΦSΦPy表示)所表示:
[化学式II]
[化学式III]
[化学式IV]
[化学式V]
[化学式VI]
[化学式VII]
在前述的化学式II至化学式VII之中,R为H或叔丁基(tert-butyl group)。
其中,以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物,具有一玻璃转换温度与一热裂解温度;该玻璃转换温度介于113℃至135℃之间,且该热裂解温度介于384℃至420℃之间。
其中,以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物的一氧化电位介于0.81V至1.07V之间,且顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物的一还原电位介于-1.65V至-2.27V之间。
其中,以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物可应用于一有机发光二极体之中,以作为一电子传输层与/或一空穴阻挡层。
其中,以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物可应用于一太阳能电池之中,以作为一载子传输层。
其中,该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物具有一最高占有分子轨道能级与一最低未占有分子轨道能级;并且,该最高占有分子轨道能级介于5.61eV与6.0eV之间,且该最低未占有分子轨道能级介于2.63eV与3.0eV之间。
其中,以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物,可应用于一有机发光二极体之中,以作为一主体发光材料。
并且,实验结果也证实,以本发明的新颖电子传输材料作为电子传输层(ElectronTransport Layer,ETL)的有机发光二极体,其外部量子效率(ηext)、电流效率(ηc)、功率效率(ηp)、最大亮度(Lmax)、与元件寿命皆明显优于现有技术的有机发光二极体。
附图说明
图1是现有技术的一种有机发光二极体的结构图。
符号说明:
1’有机发光二极体
11’阴极
13’电子注入层
14’发光层
16’空穴传输层
18’阳极
具体实施方式
为了能夠更清楚地描述本发明所提出的一种以顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物,以下将配合附图,详尽说明本发明的较佳实施例。
本发明的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生的双极型化合物是由一顺式二苯乙烯系化合物(cis-Stilbene based compound)以及一芴系化合物(fluorene based compound)所构成的一顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物,且该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物同时具有一空穴阻挡功能。因此,本发明所提出的新颖材料主要应用于一有机发光二极体之中,以作为一电子传输层与/或一空穴阻挡层。同时,本发明的新颖电子传输材料也可应用于一太阳能电池之中,以作为一载子传输层。
本发明的新颖电子传输材料,即顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物,其化学结构由下列化学式I所表示:
[化学式I]
在前述的化学式I之中,R1-R2选自于下列化学式I-1、化学式I-2、化学式I-3、化学式I-4、化学式I-5、与化学式I-6的任一者:
[化学式I-1]
[化学式I-2]
[化学式I-3]
[化学式I-4]
[化学式I-5]
[化学式I-6]
并且,在前述的化学式I之中,R3选自于下列化学式I-7与化学式I-8的任一者:
[化学式I-7]
-H
[化学式I-8]
本发明的新颖电子传输材料的粗产物的制造步骤如下所述:
(1)以100mL的无水四氢呋喃溶解5.2mL的2-溴联苯(30mM);
(2)将上述步骤(1)所得的产物静置于-78℃的环境中;
(3)将2.5M的四丁基锂的己烷溶液(30mM,12mL)逐滴加入上述步骤(2)所得的产物中,反应30分钟;
(4)以60mL的无水四氢呋喃溶解7.28g的3,7-双溴二卞环庚烯酮(20mM);
(5)将前述步骤(3)的产物逐滴加入前述步骤(4)所得的产物中;
(6)使用10mL的饱和碳酸氢钠向前述步骤(5)所得的产物进行一淬息反应,之后抽干四氢呋喃;
(7)使用二氯甲烷对前述步骤(6)所得的产物进行萃取,以得一萃取液;
(8)将5g的硫酸镁加入该萃取液之中,接着依序干燥与过滤该萃取液;以及
(9)将前述步骤(8)所得的产物进行回旋浓缩后,得到一中间产物。
继续地,借由以下步骤可进一步获得该中间产物的一无色晶体:
(10)以60mL的醋酸溶解该中间产物;
(11)将1mL的浓盐酸(12N)加入前述步骤(10)所得的产物中;
(12)使用回流装置在120℃的环境中令前述步骤(11)所得的产物反应2小时;
(13)将前述步骤(12)所得的产物冷卻至0℃;
(14)将60mL的正己烷加入前述步骤(13)所得的产物中;
(15)使用抽滤漏斗过滤前述步骤(14)所得的产物,以获得一过滤沉淀物;
(16)以正己烷清洗该过滤沉淀物3次,以获得一固体物;以及
(17)使用二氯甲烷/正己烷对该固体物进行再结晶,以获得一无色晶体;其中,该无色晶体的化学结构如下列化学式1所示。
[化学式1]
借由上述步骤(10)至步骤(17)获得所述的无色晶体之后,便可借由施予各种反应法于该无色晶体,以进一步获得本发明的新颖电子传输材料的各种实施例;其中,该新颖电子传输材料(即,顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物)的实施例1至实施例6的化学结构如下列化学式II至化学式VII所示:
[化学式II]
[化学式III]
[化学式IV]
[化学式V]
[化学式VI]
[化学式VII]
在前述之化学式II至化学式VII之中,R为H或叔丁基(tert-butyl group)。并且,所获得的实施例1至实施例6的新颖电子传输材料,其玻璃转换温度(Glass TransitionTemperature,Tg)、分解温度(Decomposition Temperature,Td)、吸收光谱峰值、以及光致发光光谱峰值整理于下列表(一)之中。由表(一),我们可得知此新颖电子传输材料的玻璃转换温度介于113℃至135℃之间,且该热裂解温度介于384℃至420℃之间;这表示本发明的新颖电子传输材料具有优良的热稳定性并且在高电压与高电流的操作下不易裂解或产生结晶态。
表(一)
此外,利用循环伏安法(Cyclic Voltammetry,CY)可获得实施例1至实施例6的新颖电子传输材料的氧化电位与还原电位;并且,由所测得的氧化电位与还原电位可进一步计算得到实施例1至实施例6的新颖电子传输材料的最高占有分子轨道能级(highoccupied molecular orbital energy level,EHOMO)与最低未占有分子轨道能级(lowestunoccupied molecular orbital energy level,ELUMO);其中,所获得的实施例1至实施例6的EHOMO与ELUMO整理于下列表(二)之中。由表(二),我们可得知此新颖电子传输材料的最高占有分子轨道能级(EHOMO)介于5.61eV与6.0eV之间,且最低未占有分子轨道能级(ELUMO)介于2.63eV与3.0eV之间。此新颖电子传输材料的一氧化电位介于0.81V至1.07V之间,且该新颖电子传输材料的一还原电位介于-1.65V至-2.27V之间。
表(二)
接着,为了证实上述呈现的新颖电子传输材料的确可用以作为一有机发光二极体的电子传输层与/或空穴阻挡层,以下将设计多个实验组与控制组的有机发光二极体元件,并量测、比较这些有机发光二极体元件的驱动电压(Turn-on voltage,Von)、外部量子效率(External Quantum Efficiency,ηext)、电流效率(Current Efficiency,ηc)、功率效率(Power Efficiency,ηp)、最大亮度(Maximum Luminance,Lmax)。其中,所述的多个实验组与控制组的有机发光二极体元件整理于下列表(三)之中。
表(三)
在上述表(三)之中,HIL/ITO表示为空穴注入层与氧化铟锡的复合层。
HT01的英文全名为N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis(9-phenyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4,4’-diamine,且中文全名为N,N-二苯基-N,N-双(9-苯基-9H-咔唑-3-基)联苯-4,4′-二胺。现有技术的空穴阻挡材料为BmPyPb[英文全名:1,3-bis(3,5-dipyrid-3-yl-phenyl)benzene;中文全名:1,3-双(3,5-dipyrid-3-基-苯基)苯]、DPyPA[英文全名:9,10-bis(3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)anthracene;中文全名:9,10-二(3-(吡啶-3-基)苯基)蒽]、TPBi{英文全名:1,3,5-Tris(1-phenyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzene;中文全名:1,3,5-三(1-苯基-1H-苯并咪唑-2-基)苯}、Alq3{英文全名:tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminium(iii);中文全名:三(8-羟基喹啉)铝}、以及ET01。其中,ET01的化学结构如下化学式2’所示:
[化学式2’]
当然,在上述表(三)之中,Alq3、TPBi、BmPyPb、与ET01等材料也同时被应用作为有机发光二极体的电子传输层。继续地,完成前述(三)所列的有机发光二极体的量测之后,这些有机发光二极体元件的驱动电压(Von)、外部量子效率(ηext)、电流效率(ηc)、功率效率(ηp)、最大亮度(Lmax)整理于下列表(四)之中。
表(四)
由表(四)可以发现,相较于使用单一空穴传输层的控制组的有机发光二极体而言(即,控制组1A、1B、1C、与1D),同样使用单一空穴传输层的实验组的有机发光二极体(即,实验组1至3)显现出明显优良的外部量子效率(ηext)、电流效率(ηc)、功率效率(ηp)、与最大亮度(Lmax)。
此外,相较于使用复合空穴传输层(双层)的控制组的有机发光二极体而言(即,控制组2与3),使用单一空穴传输层的实验组的有机发光二极体(即,实验组1至3)或使用复合空穴传输层的实验组(即,实验组4),同样显现出明显优良的外部量子效率(ηext)、电流效率(ηc)、功率效率(ηp)、与最大亮度(Lmax)。
另外,实验也同时进行绿色磷光有机发光二极体的寿命评估测试,其中,寿命评估测试的起始亮度为10000cd/m2。寿命评估测试的结果显示实验组1的绿色磷光有机发光二极体的半衰期(LT50)为14000小时;相对地,控制组1A与控制组3的绿色磷光有机发光二极体的半衰期(LT50)分别为1000小时以及20000小时。另外,若以TmPyPb取代控制组1A的绿色磷光有机发光二极体之中的BmPyPb,则对应的有机发光二极体的半衰期(LT50)也仅为210小时。
为了证实本发明的新颖电子传输材料PSP和PΦSΦP的确可用以作为一有机发光二极体的红色磷光发光层主体材料,以下将设计一个实验组与一个控制组的有机发光二极体元件,并量测、比较这些有机发光二极体元件的驱动电压(Turn-on voltage,Von)、外部量子效率(External Quantum Efficiency,ηext)、电流效率(Current Efficiency,ηc)、功率效率(Power Efficiency,ηp)、最大亮度(Maximum Luminance,Lmax)。其中,所述的多个实验组与控制组的有机发光二极体元件整理于下列表(五)之中。
表(五)
表(五)中,TAPC的英文全名为1,1-bis{4-[di(p-tolyl)amino]-phenyl}cyclohexane),且中文全名为1,1-双{4-[N,N-二(对甲苯)氨基]苯基}环己烷。BCP的英文全名为2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline,且中文全名为2,9-二甲基-4,7-二苯基-1,10-菲咯啉。由表(五)的实验资料可确定本发明所提出的具空穴阻挡特性的电子传输层材料PSP和PΦSΦP也适合作为红色磷光材料主体材料;特别地,以ITO[英文名称:Indium tin oxide;中文名称:氧化铟锡]/PEDOT:PSS[英文名称:Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate);中文名称:聚(3,4-亚乙基)-聚(苯乙烯磺酸盐)]作为上电极、以NPB[英文名称:N,N’-Di(1-naphthyl)-N,N’-diphenyl-(1,1’-biphenyl)-4,4’-diamine);中文名称:N,N′-二(1-萘基)-N,N′-二苯基-(1,1′-联苯)-4,4′-二胺](20nm)/TCTA[英文名称:4,4′,4″-Tri(9-carbazoyl)triphenylamine);中文名称:4,4′,4″-三(9-咔唑基)三苯胺](5nm)作为空穴传输层、以10%Ir(piq)3[英文名称:Tris[1-phenylisoquinolinato-C2,N]iridium(III));中文名称:三[1-苯基异喹啉的C2,N]铱(III))-1,1′-联苯](25nm)或10%OS1(25nm)作为发光材料、以PSP或PΦSΦP作为主体材料、以3TPYMB(50nm)作为电子传输层、且以LiF/Al作为下电极/基板的一有机发光二极体,其达到的效能规格为:驱动电压(Von)=2.5V、外部量子效率(External QuantumEfficiency,ηext)=12%@1000cd/m2、最高外部量子效率(Maximum External QuantumEfficiency,ηext,max)=16%、放光效能=16.7cd/A@1000cd/m2、最高电流效率(MaximumCurrent Efficiency,ηc,max)=22.2cd/A、功率效率=11.4lm/W@1000cd/m2、最高功率效率(Maximum Power Efficiency,ηp,max)=23.3lm/W、最长波长(λmax)=616nm、半高宽(Fullwidth at half maximum,FWHM)=76nm、色彩空间坐标CIE(x,y)=(0.63,0.36)。并且,放光和功率效能相对于以CBP[英文名称:4,4’-Bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1’-biphenyl);中文名称:4,4′-二(N-咔唑基)-1,1′-联苯]为主体材料时,分别提升了48%和78%。其中,上述材料OS1[英文全名:OsMiuM(II)bis(3-(trifluoroMethyl)-5-(4-tert-butylpyridyl)-1,2,4-triazolate)diMethylphenylphosphine;中文全名:三(2,4,6-三甲基-3-(吡啶-3-基)苯基)甲硼烷]与3TPYMB[英文全名:Tris(2,4,6-triMethyl-3-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)borane;中文全名:锇(II)二(3-(三氟甲基)-5-(4-叔butylpyridyl)-1,2,4-triazolate)二甲基苯基]的化学结构如下化学式3’与化学式4’所示。
[化学式3’]
[化学式4’]
完成前述表(五)所列的有机发光二极体的量测之后,这些有机发光二极体元件的驱动电压(Von)、外部量子效率(ηext)、电流效率(ηc)、功率效率(ηp)、最大亮度(Lmax)整理于下列表(六)之中。
表(六)
由表(六)可以发现,相较于使用CBP为发光层主体材料的控制组的有机发光二极体而言(即,控制组1),使用PSP或PΦSΦP的实验组的有机发光二极体(即,实验组1)显现出明显优良的外部量子效率(ηext)、电流效率(ηc)、功率效率(ηp)、与最大亮度(Lmax)。
如此上述说明已经借由多组有机发光二极体的元件架构及其相关实验,验证了本发明的新颖电子传输材料的确可应用为发光二极体的电子传输材料;并且,经由上述可以得知本发明的新颖电子传输材料具有以下主要优点:
本发明所提供的具空穴阻挡特性的新颖电子传输材料由一顺式二苯乙烯系化合物(cis-Stilbene based compound)以及一芴系化合物(fluorene based compound)所构成的一顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体衍生物,具有介于110℃至135℃之间的玻璃转换温度、介于380℃至425℃之间的热裂解温度、可逆电子传输特性、以及绝佳的电荷载子平衡传输特性。并且,实验结果也证实,以本发明的新颖电子传输材料作为电子传输层(ElectronTransport Layer,ETL)的有机发光二极体,有些则更兼具发光层主体材料的功能,其外部量子效率(ηext)、电流效率(ηc)、功率效率(ηp)、最大亮度(Lmax)、与元件寿命皆明显优于现有技术的有机发光二极体。
必须加以强调的是,上述的详细说明是针对本发明可行实施例的具体说明,惟该实施例并非用以限制本发明的专利范围,凡未脱离本发明技艺精神所为的等效实施或变更,均应包含在本发明的专利范围中。
Claims (8)
1.一种顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物,其特征在于,为包含一顺式二苯乙烯系化合物以及一芴系化合物的一顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体,且该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体同时具有一空穴阻挡功能,所述顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体的化学结构由下列化学式I所表示:
[化学式I]
在前述的化学式I之中,R1-R2选自于下列化学式I-1、化学式I-2、化学式I-3、化学式I-4、化学式I-5、与化学式I-6的任一者:
[化学式I-1]
[化学式I-2]
[化学式I-3]
[化学式I-4]
[化学式I-5]
[化学式I-6]
并且,在前述的化学式I之中,R3选自于下列化学式I-7与化学式I-8的任一者:
[化学式I-7]
-H
[化学式I-8]
2.根据权利要求1所述的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物,其特征在于,该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体的化学结构由下列化学式II、化学式III、化学式IV、化学式V、化学式VI或化学式VII所表示:
[化学式II]
[化学式III]
[化学式IV]
[化学式V]
[化学式VI]
[化学式VII]
在前述的化学式II至化学式VII之中,R为H或叔丁基。
3.根据权利要求1所述的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物,其特征在于,具有一玻璃转换温度与一热裂解温度,该玻璃转换温度介于113℃至135℃之间,且该热裂解温度介于384℃至420℃之间。
4.根据权利要求1所述的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物,其特征在于,该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体的一氧化电位介于0.81V至1.07V之间,且该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物的一还原电位介于-1.65V至-2.27V之间。
5.根据权利要求1所述的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物,其特征在于,该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体应用于一有机发光二极体之中,以作为一电子传输层与/或一空穴阻挡层。
6.根据权利要求1所述的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物,其特征在于,该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体应用于一太阳能电池之中,以作为一载子传输层。
7.根据权利要求1所述的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物,其特征在于,该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物具有一最高占有分子轨道能级与一最低未占有分子轨道能级;并且,该最高占有分子轨道能级介于5.61eV与6.0eV之间,且该最低未占有分子轨道能级介于2.63eV与3.0eV之间。
8.根据权利要求1所述的顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体双极型化合物,其特征在于,该顺式二苯乙烯/芴螺旋体应用于一有机发光二极体之中,以作为一主体发光材料。
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