CN105601268B - 综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法 - Google Patents

综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法 Download PDF

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CN105601268B
CN105601268B CN201510996947.7A CN201510996947A CN105601268B CN 105601268 B CN105601268 B CN 105601268B CN 201510996947 A CN201510996947 A CN 201510996947A CN 105601268 B CN105601268 B CN 105601268B
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何金良
胡军
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Abstract

一种综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法,配方成分包括氧化锌ZnO、氧化铋Bi2O3、二氧化锰MnO2、三氧化二锑Sb2O3、三氧化二钴Co2O3、二氧化硅SiO2、氧化铝Al2O3、三氧化二钇Y2O3、氧化铬Cr2O3。其有益效果是:泄漏电流得到抑制;Al和Y元素的共同添加使得本配方制作的ZnO压敏电阻的老化性能更加稳定,消除了单纯添加Al离子带来的压敏电阻老化性能不稳定的不足之处。

Description

综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及电工材料领域,特别是一种压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法。
背景技术
ZnO压敏电阻是以ZnO为主要原料,添加少量的Bi2O3、Sb2O3、MnO2、Cr2O3、Co2O3、和银玻璃粉等作为辅助成份,采用陶瓷烧结工艺制备而成。由于其良好的非线性性能和大通流容量的优点,19世纪70年代被发现以来,ZnO压敏电阻作为电力系统避雷器的核心元件被广泛的应用于电力系统防雷和电力设备的过电压保护。
随着输电电压等级的不断提高,特别是是特高压系统,设备绝缘问题日益突出,全面提高设备绝缘将付出高昂的代价。采用高梯度、低残压的ZnO压敏电阻组装而成的避雷器可降低系统的绝缘水平,减小输变电设备的重量和体积,提高输电系统的可靠性。
ZnO压敏电阻的非线性特性可分为三个区域:小电流区、中电流区以及大电流区。小电流区(<10-4A/cm2)又称为预击穿区,该区域内晶界呈现出高阻状态,I-V曲线表现为欧姆特性,在该区域的欧姆特性曲线斜率越大,则ZnO压敏电阻的小电流特性越稳定,压敏电压U1mA也就越高。中电流区为非线性电阻区,此区域电流急剧增大而电压增加缓慢,此区域I-V特性由ZnO晶粒与ZnO晶界共同影响而决定,是压敏电阻的工作区。大电流区(>103A/cm2)又变为欧姆特性,该区域ZnO晶粒的电阻决定了残压的高低,同时该区域在I-V特性平面出现的位置,决定了ZnO压敏电阻通流容量的大小。
不论是在中电流区还是大电流区,ZnO晶粒电阻都影响着I-V特性。要降低ZnO压敏电阻的残压,必须降低ZnO压敏电阻的电阻率。根据以往的研究表明,添加一定量的施主离子能够明显提高ZnO晶粒的电阻率,从而达到降低残压的目的。在实际的工业生产中大多采用Al离子作为施主离子添加到ZnO压敏电阻材料中,但是Al离子的添加往往伴随着泄漏电流的增加,同时导致非线性系数的降低,ZnO压敏电阻的老化特性也变得不稳定。在工业应用中,也有采用ZnO和部分辅助添加料预烧结的方式,使得部分混合原料预反应,以提高压敏材料的势垒和稳定性,这种方式使得生产工艺复杂化。目前主要通过提高晶粒的均匀程度,使得电流能够均匀的流过整个压敏电阻阀片,从而提高ZnO压敏电阻的通流容量,但晶粒的均匀程度受烧结工艺以及原料混合研磨工艺等的影响较大,做到晶粒的均一化有难度较大。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了解决上述问题,设计了一种综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法。具体设计方案为:
一种综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的配方,配方成分包括氧化锌ZnO、氧化铋Bi2O3、二氧化锰MnO2、三氧化二锑Sb2O3、三氧化二钴Co2O3、二氧化硅SiO2、氧化铝Al2O3、三氧化二钇Y2O3、氧化铬Cr2O3
各配方成分之间的摩尔比为ZnO:Bi2O3:MnO2:Sb2O3:Co2O3:SiO2:Al2O3:Y2O3:Cr2O3=90-92:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01。
制备步骤包括浆料制备、成型、烧结,所述浆料制备步骤包括初次球磨、二次球磨、三次球磨、喷雾造粒、自动含水。
所述初次球磨步骤中,所述初次球磨的成分包括Bi2O3、MnO2、Sb2O3、Co2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3、去离子水,所述初次球磨时间为270-330min,得到初次球磨辅助混合浆料,所加入的Bi2O3、MnO2、Sb2O3、Co2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3的摩尔比为1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01。
所述成型步骤为压片成型,使用液压压片机以及直径50mm的圆柱形模具,将干燥造粒后的颗粒料压片成型,成型压力为200MPa,成型时间3min。
使用高温电路完成所述烧结步骤,所述烧结步骤中,温度控制与时间控制为:
从室温至400℃,升温时间为110-130min;
在400℃时进行保温排胶,保温时间为160-200min;
从400℃至1000℃,升温时间为160-200min;
从1000℃至1200℃,升温时间为80-100min;
在1200℃时保持温度,保温时间为160-200min;
自然冷却,将至室温。
二次球磨步骤中,向所述初次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入ZnO、聚乙烯醇PVA、粉散剂、去离子水,并球磨混合至分散均匀,获得二次球磨辅助混合浆料,所述加入ZnO与初次球磨辅助混合浆料中Bi2O3的摩尔比为90-92:1.35-1.65。
三次球磨步骤中,向所述二次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入Al2O3、Y2O3、去离子水后进行三次球磨,所述三次球磨的时间为55-65min,得到浆料,所述加入Al2O3、Y2O3与二次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入的ZnO的摩尔比为0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:90-92。
通过本发明的上述技术方案得到的一种综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法,其有益效果是:
在ZnO及混合浆料中同时添加了Al和Y元素,Al和Y离子的共同作用下,使得大电流区的晶粒电阻下降,降低了ZnO压敏电阻的残压水平;在V-I特性曲线上,大电流区的拐点右移,提高了本配方制作的ZnO压敏电阻泄放电荷的能力;Al和Y离子的共同作用下,使得本配方制作的ZnO压敏电阻在小电流区的V-I特性更加稳定,电压梯度得以提高,非线性系数增加,与单纯添加Al离子相比,泄漏电流得到抑制;Al和Y元素的共同添加使得本配方制作的ZnO压敏电阻的老化性能更加稳定,消除了单纯添加Al离子带来的压敏电阻老化性能不稳定的不足之处。
具体实施方式
一种综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的配方,配方成分包括氧化锌ZnO、氧化铋Bi2O3、二氧化锰MnO2、三氧化二锑Sb2O3、三氧化二钴Co2O3、二氧化硅SiO2、氧化铝Al2O3、三氧化二钇Y2O3、氧化铬Cr2O3
各配方成分之间的摩尔比为ZnO:Bi2O3:MnO2:Sb2O3:Co2O3:SiO2:Al2O3:Y2O3:Cr2O3=90-92:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01。
制备步骤包括浆料制备、成型、烧结,所述浆料制备步骤包括初次球磨、二次球磨、三次球磨、喷雾造粒、自动含水。
所述初次球磨步骤中,所述初次球磨的成分包括Bi2O3、MnO2、Sb2O3、Co2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3、去离子水,所述初次球磨时间为270-330min,得到初次球磨辅助混合浆料,所加入的Bi2O3、MnO2、Sb2O3、Co2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3的摩尔比为1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01。
所述成型步骤为压片成型,使用液压压片机以及直径50mm的圆柱形模具,将干燥造粒后的颗粒料压片成型,成型压力为200MPa,成型时间3min。
使用高温电路完成所述烧结步骤,所述烧结步骤中,温度控制与时间控制为:
从室温至400℃,升温时间为110-130min;
在400℃时进行保温排胶,保温时间为160-200min;
从400℃至1000℃,升温时间为160-200min;
从1000℃至1200℃,升温时间为80-100min;
在1200℃时保持温度,保温时间为160-200min;
自然冷却,将至室温。
二次球磨步骤中,向所述初次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入ZnO、聚乙烯醇PVA、粉散剂、去离子水,并球磨混合至分散均匀,获得二次球磨辅助混合浆料,所述加入ZnO与初次球磨辅助混合浆料中Bi2O3的摩尔比为90-92:1.35-1.65。
三次球磨步骤中,向所述二次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入Al2O3、Y2O3、去离子水后进行三次球磨,所述三次球磨的时间为55-65min,得到浆料,所述加入Al2O3、Y2O3与二次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入的ZnO的摩尔比为0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:90-92。
实施例一
(1)浆料制备
球磨辅助添加料:
将Bi2O3(1.5mol%)、MnO2(1mol%)、Sb2O3(1mol%)、Co2O3(1mol%)、SiO2(1.5mol%)和Cr2O3(1mol%)放入进行星式球磨机的球磨罐中,加入适量的去离子水,球磨300min。
在球磨后的辅助混合浆料中加入90%mol的ZnO,添加PVA,分散剂和适量的去离子水,将所有混合原料混合球磨至分散均匀为止。
添加铝和钇离子
在混合均匀的ZnO和辅助添加料中,添加Al(NO3)3.9H2O(2mol%)、Y(NO3)3.9H2O(2mol%),继续球磨60min,喷雾造粒之后,含水。
(2)成型
将上一步中得到的粉料进行喷雾,自动含水后,采用压片成型工艺。使用液压压片机以及直径50mm的圆柱形模具,将干燥造粒后的颗粒料压片成型,成型压力为200MPa,保压时间3min。
(3)烧结
用高温电炉在封闭气氛中烧结坯体,具体温度和控制时间如下:
从室温至400℃,升温时间120min;
在400℃保温排胶180min;
从400℃至1000℃,升温时间180min;
从1000℃至1200℃,升温时间90min;
在1200℃保温180min;
自然降温。
对制备得到的的样品进行各项性能测试。其泄漏电流得到抑制,小于1μA/cm2,非线性系数大于70,而残压比小于1.5,2ms方波通流容量达到506J/cm3。其性能已经达到工业应用要求。
实施例二
(1)浆料制备
球磨辅助添加料:
将Bi2O3(1.55mol%)、MnO2(0.99mol%)、Sb2O3(0.99mol%)、Co2O3(1.01mol%)、SiO2(1.48mol%)和Cr2O3(1mol%)放入进行星式球磨机的球磨罐中,加入适量的去离子水,球磨300min。
在球磨后的辅助混合浆料中加入92%mol的ZnO,添加PVA,分散剂和适量的去离子水,将所有混合原料混合球磨至分散均匀为止。
添加铝和钇离子
在混合均匀的ZnO和辅助添加料中,添加Al(NO3)3.9H2O(2.6mol%)、Y(NO3)3.9H2O(2.1mol%),继续球磨60min,喷雾造粒之后,含水。
(2)成型
将上一步中得到的粉料进行喷雾,自动含水后,采用压片成型工艺。使用液压压片机以及直径50mm的圆柱形模具,将干燥造粒后的颗粒料压片成型,成型压力为200MPa,保压时间3min。
(3)烧结
用高温电炉在封闭气氛中烧结坯体,具体温度和控制时间如下:
从室温至400℃,升温时间120min;
在400℃保温排胶180min;
从400℃至1000℃,升温时间180min;
从1000℃至1200℃,升温时间90min;
在1200℃保温180min;
自然降温。
对制备得到的的样品进行各项性能测试,其泄漏电流得到抑制可以控制其泄漏电流在1A/cm2以下,非线性系数在70以上,残压比控制到1.5以下,2ms方波通流容量达到500J/cm3以上。完全可以满足工业应用的要求。
上述技术方案仅体现了本发明技术方案的优选技术方案,本技术领域的技术人员对其中某些部分所可能做出的一些变动均体现了本发明的原理,属于本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (5)

1.一种综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,配方成分包括氧化锌ZnO、氧化铋Bi2O3、二氧化锰MnO2、三氧化二锑Sb2O3、三氧化二钴Co2O3、二氧化硅SiO2、氧化铝Al2O3、三氧化二钇Y2O3、氧化铬Cr2O3,
各配方成分之间的摩尔比为ZnO:Bi2O3:MnO2:Sb2O3:Co2O3:SiO2:Al2O3:Y2O3:Cr2O3=90-92:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01;
制备步骤包括浆料制备、成型、烧结,所述浆料制备步骤包括初次球磨、二次球磨、三次球磨、喷雾造粒、自动含水;
所述初次球磨步骤中,所述初次球磨的成分包括Bi2O3、MnO2、Sb2O3、Co2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3、去离子水,所述初次球磨时间为270-330min,得到初次球磨辅助混合浆料,所加入的Bi2O3、MnO2、Sb2O3、Co2O3、SiO2、Cr2O3的摩尔比为1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:1.35-1.65:0.99-1.01。
2.根据权利要求1中所述的综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,所述成型步骤为压片成型,使用液压压片机以及直径50mm的圆柱形模具,将干燥造粒后的颗粒料压片成型,成型压力为200MPa,成型时间3min。
3.根据权利要求1中所述的综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,使用高温电路完成所述烧结步骤,所述烧结步骤中,温度控制与时间控制为:
从室温至400℃,升温时间为110-130min;
在400℃时进行保温排胶,保温时间为160-200min;
从400℃至1000℃,升温时间为160-200min;
从1000℃至1200℃,升温时间为80-100min;
在1200℃时保持温度,保温时间为160-200min;
自然冷却,降 至室温。
4.根据权利要求1中所述的综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,二次球磨步骤中,向所述初次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入ZnO、聚乙烯醇PVA、分 散剂、去离子水,并球磨混合至分散均匀,获得二次球磨辅助混合浆料,所述加入ZnO与初次球磨辅助混合浆料中Bi2O3的摩尔比为90-92:1.35-1.65。
5.根据权利要求3中所述的综合电气性能优良的氧化锌压敏电阻陶瓷的制备方法,其特征在于,三次球磨步骤中,向所述二次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入Al2O3、Y2O3、去离子水后进行三次球磨,所述三次球磨的时间为55-65min,得到浆料,所述加入Al2O3、Y2O3与二次球磨辅助混合浆料中加入的ZnO的摩尔比为0.99-1.01:0.99-1.01:90-92。
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