CN105556692A - 含有银纳米导线的组合物的图形化 - Google Patents
含有银纳米导线的组合物的图形化 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105556692A CN105556692A CN201480051496.3A CN201480051496A CN105556692A CN 105556692 A CN105556692 A CN 105556692A CN 201480051496 A CN201480051496 A CN 201480051496A CN 105556692 A CN105556692 A CN 105556692A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- conductive layer
- bromine
- processing step
- silver nanoparticle
- composition
- Prior art date
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- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
- 239000002042 Silver nanowire Substances 0.000 title abstract 3
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 44
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypochlorite Chemical compound Cl[O-] WQYVRQLZKVEZGA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 57
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- CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N hypobromous acid Chemical compound BrO CUILPNURFADTPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
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- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
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- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 5
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- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 9
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- 125000001273 sulfonato group Chemical group [O-]S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 7
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- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
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- BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M sulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)=O BDHFUVZGWQCTTF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- ORQYPOUSZINNCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;hypobromite Chemical compound [K+].Br[O-] ORQYPOUSZINNCB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl prop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C=C PNXMTCDJUBJHQJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013049 sediment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 description 1
- SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium hypochlorite Chemical compound [Na+].Cl[O-] SUKJFIGYRHOWBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZHIIIPPJJXYRY-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;2-methylprop-2-ene-1-sulfonate Chemical compound [Na+].CC(=C)CS([O-])(=O)=O SZHIIIPPJJXYRY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- CRWJEUDFKNYSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;hypobromite Chemical compound [Na+].Br[O-] CRWJEUDFKNYSBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
- B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
- C09D5/24—Electrically-conducting paints
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
- H05K3/02—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which the conductive material is applied to the surface of the insulating support and is thereafter removed from such areas of the surface which are not intended for current conducting or shielding
- H05K3/06—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits in which the conductive material is applied to the surface of the insulating support and is thereafter removed from such areas of the surface which are not intended for current conducting or shielding the conductive material being removed chemically or electrolytically, e.g. by photo-etch process
- H05K3/067—Etchants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K9/00—Screening of apparatus or components against electric or magnetic fields
- H05K9/0073—Shielding materials
- H05K9/0094—Shielding materials being light-transmitting, e.g. transparent, translucent
- H05K9/0096—Shielding materials being light-transmitting, e.g. transparent, translucent for television displays, e.g. plasma display panel
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K10/00—Organic devices specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching; Organic capacitors or resistors having potential barriers
- H10K10/80—Constructional details
- H10K10/82—Electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/80—Constructional details
- H10K30/81—Electrodes
- H10K30/82—Transparent electrodes, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
- H10K50/80—Constructional details
- H10K50/805—Electrodes
- H10K50/81—Anodes
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Abstract
本发明涉及制备层结构的方法,包括以下工艺步骤:·i)用至少含有银纳米导线和溶剂的组合物涂覆基材(2);·ii)至少部分地除去溶剂,从而得到被导电层涂覆的基材,所述导电层至少含有银纳米导线;·iii)使得导电层的选择区域与蚀刻组合物,从而降低在这些选择区域中的导电层的电导率,其中蚀刻组合物包含能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物,含有次氯酸根的化合物,含有次溴酸根的化合物,或至少两种这些化合物的混合物。本发明还涉及可通过此方法获得的层结构,层结构,层结构的用途,电子元件,以及有机化合物的用途。
Description
本发明涉及一种制备层结构的方法,可从所述方法获得的层结构,层结构,层结构的用途,电子元件,以及有机化合物的用途。
通过多元醇方法制备金属纳米导线、特别是银纳米导线的方法是公知的,例如参见DE-A-102010017706、US7,585,349和WO-A-2008/073143。多元醇用作溶剂,并用作银盐的还原剂,尤其是用于硝酸银,同时存在分散剂例如聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮和卤化物。选择这些组分以使得按照10:1至1000:1或更大的纵横比形成各向异性电线。
银纳米导线在基材上的沉积获得了具有低片材电阻和高透明性的导电膜。这些可以沉积在玻璃以及挠性基材上。所以,银纳米导线是对于现有透明导体例如ITO(=氧化铟锡层)的替代品。
十分需要能按照与ITO层相似的方式将导电层(包括基于银纳米导线的那些)形成图形,在这里和下文称为“图形化”,使得任何导电层的子区域或多个子区域实现这种图形化,从而至少部分地降低电导率和优选完全消除电导率。
一种制备基于银纳米导线的图形层的方法可以是通过特定印刷方法将这些结构按照图形方式施涂到表面上。除了使用印刷糊料,另一种从银纳米导线制备带图形涂层的可能方法是首先制备银纳米导线的均匀的无图形涂层,并且为了形成图形,随后用水洗涤经涂覆的基材,从而从相应区域除去银纳米导线。结果,获得了图形化结构,其中一些区域被银纳米导线涂覆,并且在一些区域中不含任何涂层。因为银纳米导线涂层对光学性能有影响,所以在特定区域中除去此涂层导致在图形化结构内的光学性能不均匀,这在大多数应用中、例如在触屏中是不利的。
WO-A-2011/106438描述了一种用于沉积和结构化银纳米导线的方法。从含水分散体沉积银纳米导线,所得的层可以随后用蚀刻溶液蚀刻,所述蚀刻溶液含有卤化物例如氯化物或碘化物,以及氧化剂例如FeCl3、CuCl2、HNO3、H2O2或O2。在WO-A-2011/106438的实施例中使用的蚀刻溶液还包含氧化剂,例如KMnO4。与在表面电阻方面变化极小或没有变化的未蚀刻区域相比,所得的蚀刻膜显示表面电阻增加。但是,这种方法的缺点是蚀刻物质例如FeCl3、CuCl2、HNO3、H2O2或KMnO4严重损害了涂层的颜色,这对涂层的外观有不利影响。
US-A-2012/0104374描述了含有PEDOT:PSS和银纳米导线的组合物,其可以用于制备高度透明和高度导电的膜。聚合物的存在获得了光滑的膜。但是,没有公开用于这些混合物的结构化方法。
本发明的目的是克服现有技术在基于银纳米导线的导电层的图形化方面的缺点。
特别是,本发明的目的是提供一种将基于银纳米导线的导电层图形化的方法,其中与现有技术的概念相比,可以在蚀刻区域和未蚀刻区域之间实现表面电阻的显著差异,且不会影响图形的光学外观。特别是,此方法应当允许制备透明和结构化的导电层,其中一些区域(即,未蚀刻的区域)的特征在于表面电阻优选不大于250Ω/□,并且其中其它区域(即,经蚀刻的区域)的特征在于表面电阻是至少1×106Ω/□,并且其中在这些区域之间的颜色差异尽可能低。
实现这些目的的一个方案是一种制备层结构的方法,包括以下工艺步骤:
i)用至少含有银纳米导线和溶剂的组合物涂覆基材;
ii)至少部分地除去溶剂,从而得到被导电层涂覆的基材,所述导电层至少含有银纳米导线;
iii)使得导电层的选择区域与蚀刻组合物接触,从而降低在这些选择区域中的导电层的电导率,其中蚀刻组合物包含能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物,含有次氯酸根的化合物,含有次溴酸根的化合物,或至少两种这些化合物的混合物。
特别令人惊奇的、但是有利的是发现,如果用能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物、含有次氯酸根的化合物、含有次溴酸根的化合物或至少两种这些化合物的混合物蚀刻含有银纳米导线的涂层,则可以获得图形化的结构,其特征不仅在于在经蚀刻的表面和未蚀刻的表面之间的表面电阻具有明显差异,而且在于非常均匀的光学外观。
在工艺步骤i)中,用至少含有银纳米导线和溶剂的组合物涂覆基材。
术语“用至少含有银纳米导线和溶剂的组合物涂覆基材”包括其中将组合物直接施涂到基材上的工艺步骤以及其中将组合物施涂到可涂覆在基材上的中间层上的工艺步骤。
在这方面,塑料膜特别优选用作基材,最特别优选透明塑料膜,其通常具有在5-5000μm范围内的厚度,特别优选在10-2500μm的范围内,最优选在25-1000μm的范围内。这种塑料膜可以例如基于聚合物,例如聚碳酸酯,聚酯例如PET和PEN(聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯和聚萘二甲酸乙二酯),共聚碳酸酯,聚砜,聚醚砜(PES),聚酰亚胺,聚酰胺,聚乙烯,聚丙烯或环状聚烯烃或环状烯烃共聚物(COC),聚氯乙烯,聚苯乙烯,氢化苯乙烯聚合物或氢化苯乙烯共聚物。除了塑料材料之外,特别是基于金属或金属氧化物的基材也适合用作基材,例如ITO层(氧化铟锡层)等。玻璃也优选用作基材。
此基材用至少含有银纳米导线和溶剂的组合物涂覆。基材的表面可以在施涂组合物之前进行预处理,例如通过用底漆处理,通过电晕处理、火焰处理、氟化或等离子体处理,从而改进表面的极性和进而改进润湿性和化学亲合性。
在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中的银纳米导线优选具有1-200μm的长度,直径为20-1300nm,并且纵横比(长度/直径)是至少5。
在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中的银纳米导线可以通过现有技术公知的方法制备。特别是,银纳米导线可以通过银盐(例如硝酸银)在多元醇(例如乙二醇)和聚(乙烯基吡咯烷酮)的存在下的溶液相还原合成。具有均匀尺寸的银纳米导线的大规模生产方法可以参见例如Xia,Y.等,Chem.Mater.(2002),14,4736-4745和Xia,Y.等,Nanoletters(2003)3(7),955-960中描述的方法。
根据用于工艺步骤i)中的银纳米导线的一个优选实施方案,这些纳米导线是用在DE-A-102010017706中公开的方法制备的。此方法包括以下步骤:
a)提供含有以下组分的反应混合物:
-多元醇,
-被吸附在银表面上的有机化学物质,
-形成卤离子的化学物质和/或形成拟卤离子的化学物质,其中形成卤离子的化学物质是卤离子Cl-、Br-和/或I-中的一种的盐,并且其中形成拟卤离子的化学物质是拟卤离子SCN-、CN-、OCN-和/或CNO-中的一种的盐,
-形成氧化还原对的化学物质,其选自溴、碘、钒和它们的混合物,和
-银盐,优选其含量是基于反应混合物总重量计的至少0.5重量%,
b)在反应期间将反应混合物加热到至少100℃的温度。
这种制备银纳米导线的方法的优选实施方案是在DE-A-102010017706中所述的优选实施方案。在这方面,特别优选的是:
-多元醇是优选选自乙二醇,四甘醇,1,2-丙二醇,双丙甘醇,1,2-丁二醇,1,3-丁二醇,1,4-丁二醇和2,3-丁二醇;
-被吸附在银表面上的有机化学物质是优选选自聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮(PVP),聚乙烯醇(PVA),和各种级别(分子量)的这些聚合物和共聚物。
根据本发明方法的一个优选实施方案,用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物还包含磺化聚合物。
在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中的磺化聚合物可以是任何含有磺酸基团或磺酸盐基团的聚合物。优选的磺化聚合物包含磺化聚醚醚酮(sPEEK),优选在WO-A-2011/113612中描述的那些,或具有聚亚烷基主链并带有磺酸基团或磺酸盐基团的聚合物。
优选的具有聚亚烷基主链并带有磺酸基团或磺酸盐基团的聚合物可以通过具有聚亚烷基主链的聚合物例如聚苯乙烯进行磺化而获得,或通过带有磺酸基团(或其盐)的烯属不饱和单体、任选地与不带磺酸基团(或磺酸盐基团)的烯属不饱和单体进行聚合而获得。带有磺酸基团或磺酸盐基团的烯属不饱和单体的例子是取代或未取代的乙烯磺酸化合物,例如乙烯基磺酸,乙烯基磺酸盐,烯丙基磺酸,烯丙基磺酸盐,甲代烯丙基磺酸,甲代烯丙基磺酸盐,甲基丙烯酸4-磺基丁基酯,甲基丙烯酸4-磺基丁基酯盐,甲代烯丙基氧基苯磺酸,甲代烯丙基氧基苯磺酸盐,烯丙基氧基苯磺酸和烯丙基氧基苯磺酸盐;取代或未取代的苯乙烯磺酸化合物,例如苯乙烯磺酸,苯乙烯磺酸盐,-甲基苯乙烯磺酸和甲基苯乙烯磺酸盐;取代的丙烯酰胺磺酸化合物,例如丙烯酰胺-叔丁基磺酸,丙烯酰胺-叔丁基磺酸盐,2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸和2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙烷-磺酸盐;取代或未取代的环亚乙烯基磺酸化合物,例如环丁烯-3-磺酸和环丁烯-3-磺酸盐;和取代或未取代的丁二烯磺酸化合物,例如异戊二烯磺酸、异戊二烯磺酸盐、1,3-丁二烯-1-磺酸、1,3-丁二烯-1-磺酸盐、1-甲基-1,3-丁二烯-2-磺酸、1-甲基-1,3-丁二烯-3-磺酸盐、1-甲基-1,3-丁二烯-4-磺酸和1-甲基-1,3-丁二烯-4-磺酸盐。
这些带有磺酸基团或磺酸盐基团的单体可以例如与以下单体共聚:乙烯,丙烯,1-丁烯,2-丁烯,1-戊烯,2-戊烯,1-己烯,2-己烯,苯乙烯,对-甲基苯乙烯,对-乙基苯乙烯,对-丁基苯乙烯,2,4,6-三甲基苯乙烯,对-甲氧基苯乙烯,2-乙烯基萘,6-甲基-2-乙烯基-萘,1-乙烯基咪唑,乙烯基吡啶,乙酸乙烯酯,丙烯醛,丙烯腈,N-乙烯基-2-吡咯烷酮,丙烯酰胺,N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺,丙烯酸甲基酯,丙烯酸乙基酯,丙烯酸丙基酯,丙烯酸丁基酯,丙烯酸异丁基酯,丙烯酸异辛基酯,丙烯酸异壬基丁基酯,丙烯酸烯丙基酯,甲基丙烯酸乙基酯,丙烯酸羟基乙基酯,丙烯酸甲氧基乙基酯,丙烯酸甲氧基丁基酯,丙烯酸硬脂基酯,丙烯酸酯,丙烯酰基吗啉,乙烯基胺,N,N-二甲基乙烯基胺,N,N-二乙基乙烯基胺,N,N-二丁基乙烯基胺,N,N-二叔丁基乙烯基胺,N,N-二苯基乙烯基胺,N-乙烯基咔唑,乙烯基醇,氯乙烯,氟乙烯,乙烯基醚,环丙烯,环丁烯,环戊烯,环己烯,环庚烯,环辛烯,2-甲基环己烯,乙烯基苯酚,1,3-丁二烯,1-甲基-1,3-丁二烯,2-甲基-1,3-丁二烯,1,4-二甲基-1,3-丁二烯,1,2-二甲基-1,3-丁二烯,1,3-二甲基-1,3-丁二烯,1-辛基-1,3-丁二烯,2-辛基-1,3-丁二烯,1-苯基-1,3-丁二烯,2-苯基-1,3-丁二烯,1-羟基-1,3-丁二烯,2-羟基-1,3-丁二烯,丙烯酸烯丙基酯,丙烯酰胺烯丙基,二乙烯基醚,邻-二乙烯基苯,间-二乙烯基苯和对-二乙烯基苯。
特别优选的磺化聚合物是聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS),以及苯乙烯和苯乙烯磺酸的共聚物,其磺化度为至少50%、优选至少75%和甚至更优选至少100%,其中最优选使用聚苯乙烯磺酸。
磺化聚合物、优选聚苯乙烯磺酸的分子量(Mw)优选是1000-2000000,特别优选2000-500000。分子量是通过凝胶渗透色谱法检测的,其中使用具有限定分子量的聚苯乙烯磺酸作为校准标准。聚酸或其碱金属盐可以商购,例如聚苯乙烯磺酸和聚丙烯酸,或可以通过任何公知的方法制备(参见例如HoubenWeyl,有机化学方法(MethodenderorganischenChemie),Vol.E20MakromolekulareStoffe,部分2,(1987),第1141页起)。
在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中,银纳米导线与磺化聚合物之间的重量比(银纳米导线:磺化聚合物)优选在50:1至1:50的范围内,更优选在25:1至1:25的范围内,最优选在10:1至1:10的范围内。在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中,磺酸盐聚合物的浓度优选在0.1-10重量%的范围内,更优选在0.2-4重量%的范围内。
在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中,溶剂可以是水,有机溶剂,例如甲醇、乙醇、1-丙醇或2-丙醇,或水和这些有机溶剂之一的混合物,其中特别优选使用水作为溶剂。用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物也可以含有已经用于制备银纳米导线的溶剂的特定残余物。
根据本发明的一个特别优选实施方案,用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物不仅包含磺化聚合物作为其它组分,而且包含导电聚合物,例如聚噻吩、聚吡咯或聚苯胺,其中聚噻吩是特别优选的。
优选的聚噻吩具有式(I):
其中
R1和R2各自独立地表示H、任选取代的C1-C18烷基或任选取代的C1-C18烷氧基,R1和R2一起表示选取代的C1-C8亚烷基,其中一个或多个碳原子可以被一个或多个相同或不同的选自O或S的杂原子代替,优选C1-C8二氧基亚烷基、任选取代的C1-C8氧基硫杂亚烷基或任选取代的C1-C8二硫杂亚烷基,或任选取代的C1-C8次烷基,其中任选地至少一个碳原子被选自O或S的杂原子代替。
在本发明的一个特别优选实施方案中,聚噻吩优选含有通式(I-a)和/或通式(I-b)的重复单元:
在本发明中,前缀“聚”表示在聚噻吩中包含多于一个相同或不同的重复单元。聚噻吩包含总共n个通式(I)的重复单元,其中n可以是2-2000的整数,优选2-100。在聚噻吩内的通式(I)重复单元可以在每种情况下是相同或不同的。在每种情况下含有相同的通式(I)重复单元的聚噻吩是优选的。
聚噻吩优选在端基上各自带有H。
在特别优选的实施方案中,聚噻吩是聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩)(PEDOT)、聚(3,4-亚乙基氧基硫杂噻吩)或聚(噻吩并-[3,4-b]噻吩,其中最优选的是聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩)。
聚噻吩优选是阳离子性的,其中“阳离子性”仅仅表示位于聚噻吩主链上的电荷。根据在R1和R2上的取代基,聚噻吩可以在结构单元中带有正电荷和负电荷,其中正电荷位于聚噻吩主链上,并且负电荷任选地位于被磺酸盐或羧酸盐基团取代的基团R上。
聚噻吩主链的正电荷可以部分地或完全地被任选存在于基团R1和R2上的阴离子性基团饱和。作为整体考虑,聚噻吩可以在这些情况下是阳离子性、中性或甚至阴离子性的。但是,在本发明中,它们都被视为阳离子性聚噻吩,这是因为在聚噻吩主链上的正电荷是决定性的。在式中没有显示正电荷,因为它们是内消旋离域的。但是,正电荷的数目是至少1和至多是n,其中n是在聚噻吩内的所有重复单元(相同或不同)的总数目。
但是,根据本发明特别优选的是,在聚噻吩主链上的正电荷被磺化聚合物的磺酸盐基团补偿。在这方面,特别优选的是,导电聚合物是以从聚噻吩和磺化聚合物形成的复合物形式存在,其中最优选的是,导电聚合物是聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩)(PEDOT),所述磺化聚合物是聚苯乙烯磺酸,并且这些组分是以PEDOT/PSS复合物的形式存在。这种PEDOT/PSS复合物可以例如通过3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩在聚苯乙烯磺酸存在下进行氧化性聚合而获得,细节可以参见第9章,Elschner等:“PEDOT原理和固有导电聚合物的应用(PEDOTPrinciplesandApplicationsofanIntrinsicallyConductivePolymers)”,CRCPress(2011)。
在这些复合物中,聚噻吩与磺化聚合物之间的重量比,优选PEDOT与PSS之间的重量比(PEDOT:PSS),优选是在1:0.3至1:100的范围内,优选在1:1至1:40的范围内,特别优选在1:2至1:20的范围内,最优选在1:2至1:15的范围内。
用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物可以还含有添加剂。合适的添加剂例如是能提高电导率的化合物,例如含醚基团的化合物,例如四氢呋喃;含内酯基团的化合物,例如丁内酯、戊内酯;含酰胺基团或内酰胺基团的化合物,例如己内酰胺、N-甲基己内酰胺、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺、N-甲基乙酰胺、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、N-甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基-N-甲酰苯胺,N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N-辛基吡咯烷酮、吡咯烷酮;砜和亚砜,例如环丁砜(四亚甲基砜)、二甲基亚砜(DMSO);糖或糖衍生物,例如蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、乳糖;糖醇,例如山梨糖、甘露糖;呋喃衍生物,例如2-呋喃羧酸,3-呋喃羧酸;和/或二元醇或多元醇,例如乙二醇、甘油、二甘醇或三甘醇。四氢呋喃、N-甲基甲酰胺、N-甲基吡咯烷酮、乙二醇、二甲基亚砜或山梨醇特别优选用作提高电导率的添加剂。
一种或多种粘合剂也可以作为添加剂加入组合物中,例如聚乙酸乙烯酯,聚碳酸酯,聚乙烯基丁醛,聚丙烯酸酯,聚丙烯酰胺,聚甲基丙烯酸酯,聚甲基丙烯酰胺,聚苯乙烯,聚丙烯腈,聚氯乙烯,聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮,聚丁二烯,聚异戊二烯,聚醚,聚酯,聚氨酯,聚酰胺,聚酰亚胺,聚砜,硅氧烷,环氧树脂,苯乙烯/丙烯酸酯共聚物,乙酸乙烯酯/丙烯酸酯共聚物,以及乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物,聚乙烯醇或纤维素。若使用的话,聚合物粘合剂的比例通常在0.1-90重量%的范围内,优选0.5-30重量%,最特别优选0.5-10重量%,基于组合物的总重量计。
碱或酸例如可以作为添加剂加入组合物中以调节pH。在这方面,对分散体的成膜没有不利影响的化合物是优选的,例如属于碱的2-(二甲基氨基)乙醇、2,2’-亚氨基二乙醇或2,2’,2”-次氮基三乙醇。
另外,表面活性试剂可以用作添加剂,例如阴离子性表面活性剂,例如烷基苯基磺酸和盐,链烷磺酸盐,醇磺酸盐,醚磺酸盐,磺基琥珀酸盐,磷酸盐酯,烷基醚羧酸或羧酸盐;阳离子性表面活性剂,例如烷基季铵盐;非离子性表面活性剂,例如直链醇乙氧基化物,羰基合成醇乙氧基化物,烷基酚乙氧基化物或烷基聚葡糖苷。
在本发明方法优选实施方案中的用于工艺步骤i)的组合物(即其中在此实施方案中用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物还包含磺化聚合物)可以通过将银纳米导线、优选以通过DE-A-102010017706所述方法得到的分散体形式的银纳米导线与磺化聚合物简单地混合而获得,其也可以以溶液或分散体的形式存在。如果磺化聚合物是以与导电聚合物的上述复合物形式使用,则用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物可以通过将含有银纳米导线的分散体和含有这些复合物的分散体、优选PEDOT/PSS-分散体例如CleviosPH1000简单地一起混合而获得。
用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物可以通过公知方法施涂到基材上,例如通过旋涂、浸渍、倾倒、滴液、注射、喷洒、刮刀涂覆、铺展或印刷,例如喷墨印刷、丝网印刷、凹版印刷、胶版印刷或轧染印刷,这按照0.5-250μm、优选2-50μm的湿膜厚度进行。
在本发明方法的工艺步骤ii)中,至少部分的溶剂被除去,从而得到被导电层涂覆的基材,所述导电层至少含有银纳米导线,以及如果用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物还包含磺化聚合物的话,则还含有磺化聚合物,所述除去操作优选通过简单蒸发进行。
在工艺步骤ii)中得到的导电层厚度优选是1nm至50μm,特别优选在1nm至5μm的范围内,最优选在10-500nm的范围内。
在本发明方法的工艺步骤iii)中,使得导电层的选择区域与蚀刻组合物接触,从而降低在这些选择区域中的导电层的电导率。
根据本发明方法的一个优选实施方案,蚀刻组合物包含能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物,含有次氯酸根的化合物,例如次氯酸钠或次氯酸钾,含有次溴酸根的化合物,例如次溴酸钠或次溴酸钾,或至少两种这些化合物的混合物。这些化合物在下文中称为“蚀刻化合物”。
术语“能释放氯、溴或碘的”优选在本发明中表示一种有机化合物,其在添加溶剂、优选添加水之后,能以Cl2、HOCl、OCl-或至少两种这些氯化合物的混合物的形式释放氯,或以Br2、HOBr、OBr-或至少两种这些溴化合物的混合物的形式释放溴,或以I2、HIO、IO-或至少两种这些碘化合物的混合物的形式释放碘。
根据本发明的一个特别优选的实施方案,能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物是包含至少一个结构单元(II)的有机化合物:
其中
-Hal是选自氯、溴或碘的卤素,但优选表示氯或溴,
-Y是选自N、S和P,但优选表示N,
和
-X1和X2可以是相同或不同的,并各自表示卤素、优选氯或溴,碳原子或硫原子,其中一个多个其它原子可以任选地与X1和X2键接。与X1和X2键接的其它原子的数目取决于X1和X2的价键。
根据本发明方法的第一个具体实施方案,能释放氯或溴的有机化合物包含至少两个结构单元(III),其中Hal表示氯原子或溴原子,并且Y表示氮,其中所述至少两个结构单元(III)也可以任选地彼此不同。这方面,本发明方法的第一个变型中最特别优选的是,能释放氯或溴的有机化合物含有结构单元(III):
其中氯原子或溴原子与至少两个氮原子键接。在这些有机化合物中,二氯二异氰脲酸钠、二溴二异氰脲酸钠、三溴异氰脲酸和三氯异氰脲酸是特别优选的。
根据本发明方法所述第一个具体实施方案的第二个工艺变型,优选的是,能释放氯或溴的有机化合物含有结构单元(IV):
其中氯原子或溴原子与两个氮原子键接,其中R3和R4可以是相同或不同的并表示氢原子或C1-C4烷基,特别是甲基或乙基。
在这方面,特别优选的能释放氯或溴的有机化合物是选自溴-3-氯-5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲,1-氯-3-溴-5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲,1,3-二氯-5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲和1,3-二溴-5,5-二甲基乙内酰脲。
根据本发明方法的第二个具体实施方案,能释放氯或溴的有机化合物包含仅仅一个结构单元(II)。在这种情况下,Y也优选表示N。
根据本发明方法所述第二个具体实施方案的第一个工艺变型,能释放氯或溴的有机化合物是N-氯代琥珀酰亚胺或N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺。
根据本发明方法所述第二个具体实施方案的第二个工艺变型,能释放氯或溴的有机化合物包含结构单元(V):
其中氯原子或溴原子与氮原子键接,其中R5、R6、R7和R8可以是相同或不同的,并表示氢原子或C1-C4烷基,其可以任选地被溴或氯取代。在这方面,合适有机化合物的例子是3-溴-5-氯甲基-2-唑烷酮,3-氯-5-氯甲基-2-唑烷酮,3-溴-5-溴甲基-2-唑烷酮和3-氯-5-溴甲基-2-唑烷酮。
另外,根据本发明方法的第二个具体实施方案,能释放氯或溴的有机化合物可以例如是卤胺宗、N,N-二氯磺酰胺、N-氯-N-烷基磺酰胺或N-溴-N-烷基磺酰胺,其中烷基是C1-C4烷基,特别优选甲基或乙基。
根据本发明方法的第三个具体实施方案,也适合作为能释放氯、溴或碘的有机蚀刻化合物是选自以下的有机化合物:5-氯-2-甲基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮,4,5-二氯-2-N-辛基-4-异噻唑啉-3-酮,溴-2-硝基-1,3-丙二醇(BNPD),2,2-二溴-3-次氮基丙酰胺,丙酸二溴硝基乙基酯,甲酸二溴硝基乙基酯,钠-N-氯-(4-甲基苯)磺酰胺或氢全碘化四甘氨酸。
用于工艺步骤iii)中的蚀刻组合物优选是水溶液或含水分散体,其中蚀刻化合物被溶剂或分散。在这方面,水溶液或含水分散体特别优选具有在25℃下检测的pH是在1-12的范围内。
蚀刻组合物,特别优选水溶液或含水分散体,优选含有的蚀刻化合物浓度是在0.1-50重量%的范围内,特别优选在0.5-35重量%的范围内,最优选在1-20重量%的范围内,在每种情况下基于蚀刻组合物的总重量计。
在工艺步骤iii)中使得导电层与蚀刻组合物接触的操作优选通过将导电层浸入蚀刻组合物中或通过用蚀刻组合物印刷导电层进行。为了确保充足的图形化,导电层在再次取出之前或在再次除去蚀刻组合物之前保持与蚀刻组合物、优选水溶液或含水分散体接触约1秒至30分钟的时间,特别优选约30秒至15分钟,最优选约1-5分钟。在与导电层接触期间,蚀刻组合物的温度优选在10-40℃的范围内,特别优选在20-30℃的范围内,其中最优选在室温(25℃)下使用蚀刻组合物。
各种方法适合用于使得层结构中的仅仅部分导电层与蚀刻组合物接触以进行图形化。在最简单的情况下,图形化可以通过将仅仅部分的层结构浸入蚀刻组合物中、并相应地也使得仅仅部分导电层与蚀刻组合物接触而实现。但是,蚀刻组合物也可以例如通过在层结构上的导电层的仅仅特定区域上印刷来施涂。也可以考虑使用能覆盖层结构的模板,并且其具有切割区域,蚀刻组合物可以经由此切割区域与导电层的特定区域接触。此外也可以使用光刻蚀法以实现图形化。
本发明方法可以包括以下步骤作为额外工艺步骤:
iv)洗涤与蚀刻组合物接触的导电层,
其中洗涤优选通过将层结构浸入溶剂例如水中进行,随后可以进行干燥步骤。
在本发明方法中还优选的是,导电层与蚀刻组合物接触的操作是在使得在与蚀刻组合物接触的区域中在导电层中的银纳米导线的直径降低至多50%、特别优选降低至多25%和最优选降低至多10%的条件下进行。
实现在上文介绍中所述目的的一个方案也是可根据上述本发明方法获得的层结构。
实现在上文介绍中所述目的的一个方案也是一种层结构,其含有基材和在基材顶部上的导电层,其中导电层至少包含银纳米导线,其中层结构包含:
A)至少一个区域A,其中在基材顶部上的导电层具有表面电阻R;
B)至少一个区域B,其中在基材上的导电层具有比R大至少10倍、优选大至少100倍、再优选大至少1000倍、更优选大至少10000倍和最优选大至少100,000倍的表面电阻,
其中颜色差异ΔE区域A,区域B是至多4.5,特别优选至多3.0,最优选至多1.5。颜色差异ΔE区域A,区域B是如下计算的:
L*区域A、a*区域A和b*区域A分别是在区域A的L*a*b*颜色空间中的L、a和b值,并且L*区域B、a*区域B和b*区域B分别是在区域B的L*a*b*颜色空间中的L、a和b值。
优选的基材和银纳米导线是已经在上述本发明方法内容中描述的那些基材和银纳米导线。导电层的厚度也优选对应于上述在本发明方法内容中关于优选膜厚度描述的导电层厚度。
根据本发明层结构的一个优选实施方案,导电层还包含磺化聚合物,其中磺化聚合物是上述在本发明方法内容中所述的那些优选磺化聚合物。另外,在本发明层结构中的导电层可以还包含导电聚合物,优选聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩),其如上述在本发明方法内容中所述的那样优选以与磺化聚合物的复合物形式存在,优选以PEDOT/PSS复合物的形式存在。
另外关于本发明层结构优选的是,区域A和B具有几何形状,优选选自圆形、长方形或三角形的几何形状。在这方面,特别优选的是,区域A和B一起形成电路设计图形。在这方面,另外优选区域A和B各自具有至少0.00001mm2的表面积,优选至少0.0001mm2,更优选至少0.001mm2,再更优选至少0.01mm2,再更优选至少0.1mm2,再更优选至少1mm2,最优选至少10mm2。
实现在上文介绍中所述目的的一个方案也是可通过本发明方法获得的层结构或本发明的层结构用于生产电子元件的用途,特别是有机发光二极管、有机太阳能电池或电容器,用于生产接触面板或触屏,或用于生产抗静电涂层。
实现在上文介绍中所述目的的一个方案也是电子元件,特别是有机发光二极管、有机太阳能电池或电容器,或是接触面板或触屏,它们包含可通过本发明方法获得的层结构或本发明的层结构。
实现在介绍中所述目的的贡献也是能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物、含有次氯酸根的化合物、含有次溴酸根的化合物或至少两种这些化合物的混合物用于处理至少含有银纳米导线、优选至少含有银纳米导线和磺化聚合物、更优选至少含有银纳米导线和PEDOT/PSS复合物的导电层的用途。上述在本发明方法中所述优选的有机化合物也优选用作能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物,含有次氯酸根的化合物,或含有次溴酸根的化合物。
下面参考附图、实验方法和非限制性实施例更详细地描述本发明。
图1显示根据本发明的通用层结构1的结构截面图,例如抗静电膜。在基材2上施涂涂层,其包括具有表面电阻R的区域3和具有比R大至少10倍的表面电阻的区域4。图2显示与上述相同的层结构1。
实验方法:
检测表面电阻:
此检测是使用所谓的四点探针检测方法进行的,例如参见US6,943,571B1。这些数值的单位是Ω/□。
检测色值L、a和b和透射率:
对涂覆的PET膜的透射光谱的检测是在来自PerkinElmer的Lambda900双通道分光光度计上检测的。此仪器配备15-cm测光球,检测是在此球中进行的,从而确保不会检测到散射光的干扰。所以这里测得的透射率数值也包括散射光,或为此目的,透射率是1-吸收。
按照5nm的步长记录在320-780nm可见光范围内的光谱。没有在参比光束中的样品,所以光谱是相对于空气记录的。
首先,未涂覆的基材的透射率是作为参比检测的,其中作为基材使用膜厚度为175μm的Melinex506膜。然后检测经涂覆的基材。
从上述光谱,在10°-观察仪和光类型D65的基础上,根据DIN5033检测样品的标准色值Y(亮度)。内部透射率是从带涂层的基材的亮度(Y)与不带涂层的基材的亮度(Y0)之比计算的:
内部透射率对应于Y/Y0×100%。
为了方便,以下透射率表示内部透射率。
使用仪器制造者提供的软件WinColVersion1.2进行透射光谱的颜色评价。在这里,在380-780nm波长范围内的透射光谱中的CIE三色值(标准色值)X、Y和Z是根据ASTM308-94a和DIN503计算的。从标准色值,根据ASTM308-94a和DIN5033计算CIELAB坐标L*、a*和b*。
实施例
实施例1:
银纳米导线(AgNW)是使用例如在WO-A-2012/022332所述的多元醇合成法合成的。将50g的所得混合物与130mL丙酮混合。将混合物搅拌30分钟。除去上清液,并得到沉淀物。
将沉淀物与20g的水混合并振动。然后将混合物进行离心(2500rpm/20min)。再次除去上清液。与水混合、振动、离心和沉降的操作重复进行四次。
实施例2:
准备配制剂CleviosPH1000,其具有用于透明导电涂层的银纳米导线。将2.77g银纳米导线(2.7%银重量含量,75mg银)与5.71g的水、7.85gCleviosPH1000(86mgPEDOT/PSS,HeraeusPreciousMetalsGmbH&Co.KG,Leverkusen)、0.755g二甲基亚砜(DMSO,ACS试剂,SigmaAldrich,Munich)和50μLTritonX100(SigmaAldrich,Munich)混合。将此配制剂用6μm湿膜厚度刮刀(ErichsenKHandCoater620)涂覆到Melinex506膜(PützGmbH+Co.FolienKG.Taunusstein)上。将此涂层于120℃干燥5分钟。
实施例3:
将来自实施例2的涂膜切成约5×10cm的样品。将这些样条的下半部浸入不同的水基蚀刻溶液中达到2分钟,随后在水浴中清洗1分钟,并于120℃干燥5分钟。在用四点探针技术处理之前和之后检测表面电阻。表1中列出了结果。
表1:蚀刻结果
n.d.不可检测(>1×108Ω/□)
在L*a*b坐标体系中的颜色坐标是在经蚀刻的膜样品和未处理的膜样品上检测的。表2中显示了差异(ΔL、Δa*和Δb*)。
表2:L*a*b值
蚀刻剂 | ΔL* | Δa* | Δb* |
水 | 0.05 | 0 | 0.03 |
KMnO4[1%] | 2.45 | 0.74 | 2.72 |
KMnO4[0.1%] | 1.44 | 0.4 | 1.8 |
KMnO4[0.01%] | 1.03 | 0.32 | 1.31 |
HNO3[10%] | 0.1 | 0 | 0.07 |
CuCl2[7%] | 0.16 | 0.1 | 0.29 |
H2O2[10%] | 0.34 | 0.1 | 0.26 |
二氯异氰脲酸[10%] | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.05 |
另外,检测经蚀刻的膜样品和未处理的膜样品的透射率(YD65/10°值)。表3中显示了结果。
表3:透射率
从表1、2和3的结果可见,使用能释放氯的有机化合物例如二氯异氰脲酸用于蚀刻含银纳米导线的导电层,能显著降低表面电阻(参见表1)且不会显著影响蚀刻区域的光学性能(参见表2和3)。使用现有技术的蚀刻化合物用于蚀刻含有银纳米导线的导电层例如CuCl2、HNO3、H2O2或KMnO4,会导致光学性能显著变差(从表2和3中对于KMnO4的结果可见)或较小程度地降低表面电阻(从表1中对于CuCl2、HNO3和H2O2的结果可见)。
实施例4:
将已经用10%二氯异氰脲酸溶液蚀刻的膜在气候室中于85℃和85%湿度下储存2或4天,并且再次检测表面电阻。对于所有样品,经蚀刻部件的表面电阻是不能检测的(>1×108Ω/□)。
Claims (23)
1.一种制备层结构的方法,包括以下工艺步骤:
i)用至少含有银纳米导线和溶剂的组合物涂覆基材;
ii)至少部分地除去溶剂,从而得到被导电层涂覆的基材,所述导电层至少含有银纳米导线;
iii)使得导电层的选择区域与蚀刻组合物,从而降低在这些选择区域中的导电层的电导率,其中蚀刻组合物包含能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物,含有次氯酸根的化合物,含有次溴酸根的化合物,或至少两种这些化合物的混合物。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中的银纳米导线具有1-200μm的长度,直径是20-1300nm,并且纵横比(长度/直径)是至少5。
3.根据上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中的银纳米导线是通过包括以下工艺步骤的方法得到的:
a)提供含有以下组分的反应混合物:
-多元醇,
-被吸附在银表面上的有机化学物质,
-形成卤离子的化学物质和/或形成拟卤离子的化学物质,其中形成卤离子的化学物质是卤离子Cl-、Br-和/或I-中的一种的盐,并且其中形成拟卤离子的化学物质是拟卤离子SCN-、CN-、OCN-和/或CNO-中的一种的盐,
-形成氧化还原对的化学物质,其选自溴、碘、钒和它们的混合物,和
-银盐,
b)在反应期间将反应混合物加热到至少100℃的温度。
4.根据上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物还包含磺化聚合物。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其中在用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物中的磺化聚合物是聚苯乙烯磺酸(PSS)。
6.根据权利要求4或5的方法,其中用于工艺步骤i)中的组合物还包含导电聚合物。
7.根据权利要求6的方法,其中导电聚合物是聚噻吩。
8.根据权利要求4-7中任一项的方法,其中导电聚合物是以从聚噻吩和磺化聚合物形成的复合物的形式存在。
9.根据权利要求8的方法,其中导电聚合物是聚(3,4-亚乙基二氧基噻吩)(PEDOT),并且以PEDOT/PSS复合物的形式存在。
10.根据上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物包含至少一个结构单元(II):
其中:
-Hal是选自氯、溴或碘的卤素,
-Y是选自N、S和P,和
-X1和X2可以是相同或不同的,并且各自表示卤素、碳原子或硫原子,和其中一个或多个其它原子可以任选地与X1和X2键接。
11.根据权利要求10的方法,其中能释放氯或溴的有机化合物包含至少两个结构单元(II),其中Hal表示氯原子或溴原子,Y表示氮,并且其中至少两个结构单元(II)可以任选地彼此不同。
12.根据权利要求11的方法,其中能释放氯或溴的有机化合物包含结构单元(III):
其中氯原子或溴原子与至少两个氮原子键接。
13.根据权利要求12的方法,其中能释放氯或溴的有机化合物是二氯二异氰脲酸钠、二溴二异氰脲酸钠、三溴异氰脲酸或三氯异氰脲酸。
14.根据上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中用于工艺步骤iii)中的蚀刻组合物包含能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物,含有次氯酸根的化合物,含有次溴酸根的化合物,或至少两种这些化合物的混合物,它们的浓度是基于蚀刻组合物总重量计的0.01-50重量%。
15.根据上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中导电层与蚀刻组合物接触的操作是通过将导电层浸入蚀刻组合物中进行,或通过用蚀刻组合物印刷导电层进行。
16.根据上述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中此方法包括以下额外工艺步骤:
iv)洗涤与蚀刻组合物接触的导电层。
17.一种层结构,其可以通过上述权利要求中任一项的方法获得。
18.一种层结构(1),其含有基材(2)和在基材顶部上的导电层,其中导电层至少包含银纳米导线,其中层结构包含:
A)至少一个区域A(3),其中在基材(2)顶部上的导电层具有表面电阻R;
B)至少一个区域B(4),其中在基材(2)上的导电层具有比R大至少10倍的表面电阻,
其中颜色差异ΔE区域A,区域B是至多4.5。
19.根据权利要求18的层结构(1),其中区域A(3)和B(4)具有几何形状。
20.根据权利要求19的层结构(1),其中区域A(3)和B(4)一起形成电路设计图形。
21.根据权利要求17-20中任一项的层结构(1)用于生产电子元件、接触面板、触屏或抗静电涂层的用途。
22.一种电子元件、接触面板或触屏,其包含根据权利要求17-20中任一项的层结构(1)。
23.能释放氯、溴或碘的有机化合物、含有次氯酸根的化合物、含有次溴酸根的化合物或至少两种这些化合物的混合物用于处理至少含有银纳米导线的导电层的用途。
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CN107342220A (zh) * | 2017-06-26 | 2017-11-10 | 云谷(固安)科技有限公司 | 金属材料图形化方法 |
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KR101637920B1 (ko) * | 2015-01-06 | 2016-07-08 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | 투명필름히터 및 그의 제조방법 |
US9530534B2 (en) | 2015-04-03 | 2016-12-27 | C3Nano Inc. | Transparent conductive film |
US10829605B2 (en) | 2015-07-02 | 2020-11-10 | Sabic Global Technologies B.V. | Process and material for growth of adsorbed compound via nanoscale-controlled resistive heating and uses thereof |
DE102015115549A1 (de) | 2015-09-15 | 2017-03-16 | Leibniz-Institut Für Neue Materialien Gemeinnützige Gmbh | Leitfähige Nanokomposite |
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US10714230B2 (en) | 2017-12-06 | 2020-07-14 | C3Nano Inc. | Thin and uniform silver nanowires, method of synthesis and transparent conductive films formed from the nanowires |
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- 2014-07-18 KR KR1020167003135A patent/KR102253646B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2014-07-18 JP JP2016528374A patent/JP2016534505A/ja active Pending
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JP2019114549A (ja) | 2019-07-11 |
EP2830110A1 (en) | 2015-01-28 |
TWI645740B (zh) | 2018-12-21 |
US20160162063A1 (en) | 2016-06-09 |
CN105556692B (zh) | 2018-11-06 |
WO2015010778A1 (en) | 2015-01-29 |
KR20160033713A (ko) | 2016-03-28 |
KR102253646B1 (ko) | 2021-05-20 |
US10073549B2 (en) | 2018-09-11 |
JP2016534505A (ja) | 2016-11-04 |
TW201511605A (zh) | 2015-03-16 |
US20180341346A1 (en) | 2018-11-29 |
US10983615B2 (en) | 2021-04-20 |
JP6786644B2 (ja) | 2020-11-18 |
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