CN105441651A - Method for improving rotating bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel - Google Patents
Method for improving rotating bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a method for improving rotating bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel, and belongs to the technical field of metal material surface nanocrystallization. The method uses surface mechanical rolling treatment technology for surface nanocrystallization of locomotive axle LZ50 steel, and the treatment process is performed on a numerical control surface nanocrystallization treatment system. After the surface nanocrystallization treatment, a LZ50 steel surface structure is transformed into a gradient nano structure, the outermost layer crystal grain size is 10-50nm, the grain size gradually increases with the increase of the layer depth to the original grain size; the LZ50 steel surface nanocrystallization treatment state surface hardness is in a gradient distribution state, the outermost layer microhardness value is greater than 3.0GPa, and is significantly improved compared with the matrix hardness value; and the LZ50 steel surface nanocrystallization treatment state surface roughness is less than 0.4mum, and is significantly improved compared with the turning sate surface roughness. The rotating bending fatigue performance of the locomotive axle LZ50 steel is significantly improved by the surface nanocrystallization treatment.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to making Nano surface of metal material technical field, be specifically related to a kind of method improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance.
Background technology
As one of parts most important in rail vehicle operational process, the quality of locomotive axle and usage performance are directly connected to the security of rail vehicle.Locomotive axle is the main effect by rotoflector load in usage process, very likely there is the fatigure failure that fatigue cracking brings out, if rolling stock in operational process once there is the repeated stress failure of wheel shaft, the strict liability accident such as certainly will cause that derail is even overturned.Therefore, the safe operation of fatigue property to rolling stock improving locomotive axle has great importance.Current orbit Vehicle Industry generally adopts the diameter increasing locomotive axle to prevent the generation of fatigure failure, although this method effectively improves the usage life-span of locomotive axle, runs counter to the target of the lightweight of current orbit vehicle and energy-saving and emission-reduction.Although locomotive axle novel high-strength alloy steel material may improve the fatigue property of wheel shaft, the exploitation of type material and the research and development of follow-up supporting wheel shaft manufacturing process bring again the increase of implicit costs.How become at the fatigue property realizing improving under rail vehicle lightweight and the prerequisite that reduces costs locomotive axle the technical problem needing solution badly.
The method improving axle class fatigue of materials performance in current industry mainly comprises: utilize the heat treating methods such as surperficial medium frequency quenching to obtain quench-hardened case at material surface; Utilize surface carburization, surface cementation, alitizing etc. surface alloying process to change composition and the phase composite of material surface, prepare the alloying top layer with excellent properties at material surface; Utilization spraying, surface diposition (as electroplating surface hard chrome etc.) method prepare hard coat at material surface; The method of the surperficial mechanical treatment such as surface mechanical attrition treatment, shot-peening, ultrasonic shot peening, dark roll extrusion is utilized to prepare strengthening layer in material surface original position.But all there is limitation in varying degrees in the method for above several raising axle class fatigue of materials performance.First, utilize surperficial medium frequency quenching to obtain quench-hardened case fragility at material surface high, mechanical workout difficulty, and be easy to ftracture in usage process and come off.There is larger difference in the alloying top layer (cementation zone, nitride layer, aluminized coating etc.) utilizing surface alloying process to obtain and body material (linear expansivity, Young's modulus etc.) in heat physical properties, the bonding properties of alloying layer and matrix is the key factor determining material usage performance, under severe rugged environment, easily coming off of alloying layer occurs; And process for alloying surface is complicated, there is the shortcomings such as high energy consumption, high pollution, cycle length.The hard coat utilizing the method such as spraying, surface diposition to prepare at material surface and the combination normally mechanical bond of matrix, unrealized metallurgical binding closely, therefore coating also faces the problem come off in usage process.Although surface mechanical attrition treatment can obtain certain thickness nanostructured layers at axle class material surface, after process, material surface roughness value is higher, and processing efficiency is lower, and cost is higher, there is problem of noise pollution in treating processes.The methods such as shot-peening, ultrasonic shot peening and dark roll extrusion can obtain thickness residual compressive stress layer not etc. at axle class material surface, with the fatigue property of lift shaft class material, but these methods are to the limited extent of material structure refinement, the most top layer of treated rear axle class material the most only can reach submicron order, if its fatigue property will be difficult to reach service requirements after in use residual compressive stress release; In addition, also there is the problem such as noise and dust disposal in shot-peening and ultrasonic shot peening.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a kind of method improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, the method implementation is simple, by carrying out Surface Nanocrystalline to locomotive axle steel, the rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel is significantly improved.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
Improve a method for locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, the method adopts surperficial cal rolling treatment technology (SMGT) to carry out Surface Nanocrystalline to locomotive axle steel, and the rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel is got a promotion.Described locomotive axle steel is LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel.
Described surperficial cal rolling treatment technology (SMGT) realizes in Surface Nanocrystalline system; This treatment system comprises process cutter head and cooling and lubricating system, the front end of described process cutter head is arranged can free rolling WC-Co hard alloy ball, by cooling and lubricating system, Cooling and Lubricator is carried out to described WC-Co hard alloy ball, can high speed Free-rolling when rolling machine axletree steel with the WC-Co hard alloy ball ensureing to process cutter head, and reduce to roll the temperature rise processing and bring.
Described surperficial cal rolling treating processes is: the locomotive axle steel revolving meber surface certain depth a of described WC-Co hard alloy ball press-in high speed rotating
pwhile, described process cutter head along the axis direction of the surface profile line parallel of locomotive axle steel revolving meber (or with) of locomotive axle steel with speed of feed v
2feeding, described WC-Co hard alloy ball carries out high speed scroll on locomotive axle steel surface and rolls, thus make locomotive axle steel textura epidermoidea intense plastic strain occur to obtain gradient nano structure and to make surface structure homogenizing, reduce the roughness Ra value on locomotive axle steel surface simultaneously.
The processing parameter of described surperficial cal rolling process is chosen as: the linear velocity v that locomotive axle steel revolving meber rotates
1be 8 × 10
3-5 × 10
4mm/min, speed of feed (the forward travel distance calculating of the process cutter head that often rotates a circle with the locomotive axle steel revolving meber) v of described process cutter head
2be 7.5 × 10
-3-4.7 × 10
-2mm/r, process passage (i.e. locomotive axle steel revolving meber treated length scope internal recycle number of processes) n is 2-6, and described in each process passage, WC-Co hard alloy ball is at the compression distance a on locomotive axle steel surface
pfor 25-150 μm.
The WC-Co hard alloy spherical diameter of described process cutter head is 4-8mm.Described cooling and lubricating system comprises cooling-lubricant, cooling channel and oil-pressure pump, described cooling channel is opened in axial direction due in described process cutter head, passes into cooling-lubricant carry out Cooling and Lubricator to described hard ball and locomotive axle steel surface contact position by oil-pressure pump in cooling channel.
After locomotive axle steel adopts the process of surperficial cal rolling treatment technology, surfaceness (Ra is lower than 0.4 μm) comparatively turning state surface is significantly improved; Most surface layer grain is refined as nano level (grain-size is 10-50nm), and gradient structure refinement layer thickness reaches 90-500 μm; Surface hardness distribution gradient state, most surface layer microhardness value is greater than 3.0GPa, significantly improves than matrix hardness value (2.3GPa); Rotary bending fatigue performance is significantly improved (rotary bending fatigue breakdown point is greater than 320MPa, significantly improves than fine grinding state).
The present invention has following advantage compared with the method for existing raising axle class fatigue of materials performance:
(1) way of realization is simple, and stable technical process is high, and processing efficiency is high, easily carries out Industry Promotion application.The mechanical rolling technique in surface of the present invention belongs to environmentally friendly surface nano treatment technology, and treating processes is carried out in Surface Nanocrystalline system.This system can with the machining tool slitless connections such as common manual lathe, digital controlled lathe, grinding machine; do not need metallic particles as energy carrier in treating processes; therefore can not relate to the problem such as dust disposal and metallic particles recovery, substantially increase processing efficiency, saved cost.
(2), after adopting the present invention to process, axle class material surface microstructure homogenization degree is high, and surface smoothness is good.The present invention is to after axle class material processing, and textura epidermoidea realizes homogenizing, is better than the interrupted processing modes loaded such as person of outstanding talent's gram energy.Pass through after material surface process, surface smoothness significantly improves, and surface roughness value Ra can reach between 0.05-0.4 μm.
(3) surface layer ferrite grain refinement successful.After method for making Nano surface process of the present invention, material surface defines gradient nano structure under being organized in the effect of large sstrain amount, high strain rate and strain gradient, most surface layer grain size can reach 10-50nm, the thickness of gradient nano structural sheet reaches 20-50 μm, and gradient structure refinement layer thickness can reach 150-500 μm.And adopting the surperficial mechanical processing methods such as shot-peening, ultrasonic shot peening, person of outstanding talent's gram energy and dark roll extrusion to be generally difficult to obtain nanostructure, the thickness of structure refinement layer is also less.
(4) gradient nano structural sheet and matrix are without sharp interface.There is obvious interface in the alloying layer adopting the method such as surface alloying, spraying, surface deposition to obtain or coating and body material, larger difference is there is in the matrix of both sides, interface and alloying layer in heat physical properties, therefore easily there is the Interface Cracking even phenomenon that comes off of alloying layer and matrix under arms in process, limit the lifting of axle class fatigue of materials performance.Without sharp interface between the gradient nano structural sheet adopting the present invention to obtain and matrix, there is not the problem that gradient nano structural sheet is combined with matrix, the Performance Match degree of gradient nano structural sheet and matrix is high, effectively improves the fatigue property of material.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is locomotive axle steel surface cal rolling handling principle schematic diagram; Wherein: figure (b) is the right view (part) of figure (a).
In figure: 1-WC-Co sintered carbide ball; 2-base for supporting; 3-oversheath; 4-cooling-lubricant; 5-locomotive axle steel revolving meber; 6-gradient nano structural sheet.
Fig. 2 is the microtexture photo of locomotive axle steel supply of material state.
Fig. 3 is locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue specimen size and Surface Nanocrystalline position schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is the surface topography after the process of locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue specimen surface nanometer.
Fig. 5 is that the microtexture of locomotive axle steel Surface Nanocrystalline front and rear surfaces and profilograph contrast; Wherein: the surface microscopic tissue before (a) Surface Nanocrystalline; Surface microscopic tissue after (b) Surface Nanocrystalline; Surface outline curves before (c) Surface Nanocrystalline; Surface outline curves after (d) Surface Nanocrystalline.
Fig. 6 is the top layer transverse section microtexture photo of locomotive axle steel after Surface Nanocrystalline.
Fig. 7 is locomotive axle steel most top layer TEM (transmission electron microscope) analysis result after Surface Nanocrystalline; Wherein: (a) most top layer bright field image; (b) most top layer dark field image; The selected area electron diffraction photo in (c) (a) region; (d) most surface layer grain size statistic distribution plan.
Fig. 8 is the surface layer microhardness distribution after Surface Nanocrystalline of locomotive axle steel.
Fig. 9 is locomotive axle steel Surface Nanocrystalline state and fine grinding state sample rotary bending fatigue S-N curve comparison.
Figure 10 is locomotive axle steel fine grinding state rotary bending fatigue sample fracture position.
Figure 11 is locomotive axle steel fine grinding state rotary bending fatigue fracture surface of sample surface scan electromicroscopic photograph; Wherein: (a) fatigue crack initiation position; B () is the intensified image in A district in (a).
Figure 12 is locomotive axle steel Surface Nanocrystalline state rotary bending fatigue sample fracture position.
Figure 13 is locomotive axle steel Surface Nanocrystalline state rotary bending fatigue fracture surface of sample surface scan electromicroscopic photograph; Wherein: (a) fatigue crack initiation position; The intensified image in A district in (b) (a).
Embodiment
The present invention adopts surperficial cal rolling treatment technology (SMGT) to carry out Surface Nanocrystalline to locomotive axle steel, thus the rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel is significantly improved.Treating processes is carried out in Surface Nanocrystalline system, and the principle schematic of Surface Nanocrystalline as shown in Figure 1.This Surface Nanocrystalline system is made up of process cutter head and cooling and lubricating system.Process cutter head front end arranges one can free rolling WC-Co hard alloy ball 1, between the base for supporting 2 that WC-Co hard alloy ball is embedded into process cutter head and oversheath 3, is threaded connection between base for supporting 2 and oversheath 3.Suitably can adjust the matching relationship between base for supporting 2 and oversheath 3 by degree of tightness screw thread, thus make the position of WC-Co hard alloy ball 1 centre of sphere keep fixing, simultaneously again can in Surface Nanocrystalline process Free-rolling.Cooling and lubricating system comprises oil-pressure pump, cooling-lubricant and cooling channel 4.Cooling channel 4 is opened in axial direction due in described process cutter head, passes into cooling-lubricant carry out Cooling and Lubricator to described WC-Co hard alloy ball 1 and locomotive axle steel 5 surface contact position by oil-pressure pump in cooling channel 4.Wherein, cooling-lubricant has the effect of Cooling and Lubricator concurrently, and its choice criteria ensures reducing friction resistance more than 20%, reduces treatment temp more than 200 DEG C.
The specific implementation process that the present invention improves locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance is as follows:
By Surface Nanocrystalline system embedment on centre numerically controlled lathe.Utilize dehydrated alcohol to carry out cleaning oil removing to locomotive axle steel revolving meber surface, then by locomotive axle steel revolving meber clamping on digital controlled lathe.Successively rough turn and finish turning is carried out to locomotive axle steel, until obtain the size set.Turning operation is mainly for ensureing the form tolerance control after locomotive axle steel revolving meber clamping within the specific limits (10 μm), and the precision of walking for next step Surface Nanocrystalline path lays the foundation.Carry out Surface Nanocrystalline program editing, the main technologic parameters of accurate control surface nanometer process, that is: the external circe speed v of locomotive axle steel 5
1, the compression distance a of WC-Co hard alloy ball 1 on locomotive axle steel 5 surface
p, process cutter head axis (or surface profile line direction of locomotive axle steel revolving meber) speed of feed v
2with process passage n (i.e. locomotive axle steel revolving meber treated length scope internal recycle number of processes).Open oil-pressure pump, according to setting program, Surface Nanocrystalline is carried out to locomotive axle steel revolving meber.The WC-Co hard alloy ball 1 of process cutter head is in press-in high speed rotating (external circe speed v1=8 × 10
3-5 × 10
4mm/min) the surperficial certain depth a of locomotive axle steel 5
pwhile (25-150 μm), process cutter head along locomotive axle steel 5 axial (or surface profile line direction of locomotive axle steel revolving meber) with speed of feed v
2(7.5 × 10
-3-4.7 × 10
-2mm/r) feeding.After each process passage completes, carry out the process of next passage, wherein a of each passage
p (i)(25-150 μm, 1≤i≤n) programmes respectively according to predetermined numerical value.After the individual process passage of n (2-6), locomotive axle steel 5 surface structure generation intense plastic strain also obtains gradient nano structure 6 and surface structure homogenizing; Meanwhile, the roughness Ra value on locomotive axle steel surface reduces (0.1-0.4 μm), and most surface layer grain is refined as nano level (grain-size is 10-50nm), and gradient structure refinement layer thickness reaches 90-500 μm; Surface hardness distribution gradient state, most surface layer microhardness value is greater than 3.0GPa, significantly improves than matrix hardness value (2.3GPa); Rotary bending fatigue breakdown point is greater than 320MPa, significantly improves, finally realize the raising of locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance than fine grinding state.
The present invention is described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiment.
Embodiment 1
Locomotive axle steel is the medium carbon alloy steel of trade mark LZ50, and its chemical composition is (wt.%): C0.47%, Si0.17%, Mn0.6%, S0.03%, P0.03%, Cr0.03%, Ni0.03%, Cu0.25%, Al0.02%, Fe surplus.The initial supply of material state of LZ50 steel is double normalizing+tempering.As shown in Figure 2, as seen from the figure, the microtexture of LZ50 steel forms primarily of ferrite and pearlite the microtexture of LZ50 steel supply of material state.The size of LZ50 steel standard rotary bending fatigue sample as shown in Figure 3.Adopt Surface Nanocrystalline method of the present invention to process locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel fatiguespecimen, the WC-Co hard alloy spherical diameter of process cutter head is 8mm, and cooling-lubricant selects CastrolCN008/04 type, and treatment sites as shown in Figure 3.The selection of Surface Nanocrystalline processing parameter is as follows:
The external circe speed v that locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel fatiguespecimen rotates
1=1.9 × 10
4mm/min;
The compression distance a of each process passage WC-Co hard alloy ball on locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel fatiguespecimen surface
p (i)be respectively: a
p (1)=25 μm, a
p (2)=50 μm, a
p (3)=75 μm, a
p (4)=100 μm.
Process cutter head is along locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel fatiguespecimen axially (arc transition section is surface profile line direction) speed of feed v
2=2 × 10
-2mm/r;
Process passage n=4 time.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example select locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel the supply of material state and structural constituent all identical with embodiment 1, adopt the mode of fine grinding to process LZ50 steel standard rotary bending fatigue sample, its size is identical with the LZ50 steel rotary bending fatigue sample of Surface Nanocrystalline in embodiment 1.
The rotary bending fatigue test of above-described embodiment 1 and comparative example 1 is all adopted PQ-1 type rotating bending fatigue machine, and fatigue test is at room temperature carried out, and fatigue stress loading frequency is 83.33Hz (namely fatiguespecimen rotating speed is 5000r/min).
Test-results shows, after method for making Nano surface process of the present invention, locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel shaping surface quality is good, and surface smoothness comparatively turning state has remarkable lifting (Fig. 4).Locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel Surface Nanocrystalline rear surface roughness Ra is 0.39 μm, and obvious rough pattern (Fig. 5) does not appear in surface topography flat, smooth.After Surface Nanocrystalline, locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel upper layer generation intense plastic strain, occurs that thickness is about gradient nano structural sheet and the gradient structure refinement layer (Fig. 6) of 230 μm; Along with the increase with surface distance, degree of refinement reduces gradually, until matrix region (following about 230 μm of places, surface).TEM and choose electron diffraction analysis result and show, the grain refining on locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel most top layer after Surface Nanocrystalline is the equiax crystal of nanoscale, and its size is about 14nm (Fig. 7).
The hardness value on most top layer, LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel Surface Nanocrystalline state transverse section is up to 3.9Gpa, improves about 70% than matrix hardness value (2.3GPa); Along with the increase with surface distance, transverse section hardness presents downward trend, and when distance is about 230 μm, transverse section hardness value is reduced to and matrix hardness value quite (2.3GPa) (Fig. 8).The rotary bending fatigue S-N curve of LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel Surface Nanocrystalline state and grinding state as shown in Figure 9.The rotary bending fatigue breakdown point of LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel grinding state is 300MPa, and as shown in Figure 10, fatigue cracking is on surface germinating (Figure 11) for fracture position; The rotary bending fatigue breakdown point of LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel Surface Nanocrystalline state is 340MPa, comparatively refines state and improves 13.3%, and as shown in figure 12, fatigue cracking is on surface germinating (Figure 13) for fracture position.After this illustrates and utilizes method for making Nano surface process of the present invention, the gradient nano structure on top layer effectively can improve the rotoflector intensity to locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel.
Claims (8)
1. one kind is improved the method for locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, it is characterized in that: the method adopts surperficial cal rolling treatment technology (SMGT) to carry out Surface Nanocrystalline to locomotive axle steel, and the rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel is got a promotion.
2. the method for raising locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described locomotive axle steel is LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel.
3. the method for raising locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described surperficial cal rolling treatment technology (SMGT) realizes in Surface Nanocrystalline system; This treatment system comprises process cutter head and cooling and lubricating system, the front end of described process cutter head is arranged can free rolling WC-Co hard alloy ball, by cooling and lubricating system, Cooling and Lubricator is carried out to described WC-Co hard alloy ball, can high speed Free-rolling when rolling machine axletree steel with the WC-Co hard alloy ball ensureing to process cutter head, and reduce to roll the temperature rise processing and bring.
4. the method for raising locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance according to claim 3, is characterized in that: described surperficial cal rolling treating processes is: the locomotive axle steel revolving meber surface certain depth a of described WC-Co hard alloy ball press-in high speed rotating
pwhile, described process cutter head along the axis direction of the surface profile line parallel of locomotive axle steel revolving meber (or with) of locomotive axle steel with speed of feed v
2feeding, described WC-Co hard alloy ball carries out high speed scroll on locomotive axle steel surface and rolls, thus make locomotive axle steel textura epidermoidea intense plastic strain occur to obtain gradient nano structure and to make surface structure homogenizing, reduce the roughness Ra value on locomotive axle steel surface simultaneously.
5. the method for raising locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance according to claim 4, is characterized in that: the processing parameter of described surperficial cal rolling process is chosen as: the linear velocity v that locomotive axle steel revolving meber rotates
1be 8 × 10
3-5 × 10
4mm/min, the speed of feed v of described process cutter head
2be 7.5 × 10
-3-4.7 × 10
-2mm/r, process passage n is 2-6, and described in each process passage, WC-Co hard alloy ball is at the compression distance a on locomotive axle steel surface
pfor 25-150 μm.
6. the method for raising locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance according to claim 3, is characterized in that: the WC-Co hard alloy spherical diameter of described process cutter head is 4-8mm.
7. the method for raising locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance according to claim 3, it is characterized in that: described cooling and lubricating system comprises cooling-lubricant, cooling channel and oil-pressure pump, described cooling channel is opened in axial direction due in described process cutter head, passes into cooling-lubricant carry out Cooling and Lubricator to described WC-Co hard ball and locomotive axle steel surface contact position by oil-pressure pump in cooling channel.
8. the method for raising locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance according to claim 1, is characterized in that: after locomotive axle steel adopts the process of surperficial cal rolling treatment technology, surface roughness Ra is lower than 0.4 μm; Most surface layer grain is refined as nano level, and most surface layer grain is of a size of 10-50nm, and gradient structure refinement layer thickness reaches 90-500 μm; Surface hardness distribution gradient state, most surface layer microhardness value is greater than 3.0GPa; Rotary bending fatigue breakdown point is greater than 320MPa.
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| CN111944971A (en) * | 2020-07-29 | 2020-11-17 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Surface nanocrystallization processing method for metal workpiece with curved surface structure |
| CN111944971B (en) * | 2020-07-29 | 2022-05-06 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Surface nanocrystallization processing method for metal workpiece with curved surface structure |
| CN115807200A (en) * | 2022-07-07 | 2023-03-17 | 太原科技大学 | Preparation method of magnesium alloy bar with controllable radial gradient structure |
| CN115807200B (en) * | 2022-07-07 | 2024-02-20 | 太原科技大学 | Preparation method of magnesium alloy bar with controllable radial gradient structure |
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