CN102643966A - Method for forming nanometer gradient structure on surface layer of shaft metallic material - Google Patents
Method for forming nanometer gradient structure on surface layer of shaft metallic material Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a surface treatment method for forming a nanometer gradient structure on a surface layer of a shaft metallic material. The invention aims to solve the problems that the surface roughness of the material to be treated is higher, the surface smoothness is not high and a nanometer crystal structure is difficult to form on the surface of a workpiece in the prior art. A spherical treatment tool is adopted to roll on the surface of the rotary shaft metallic material, and meanwhile, the spherical treatment tool moves along the axial direction of the workpiece, and plastic deformation is generated on the surface layer of the material, so that grains on the surface layer of a workpiece material are refined to form the nanometer gradient structure, wherein the depth of the deformation layer of the nanometer gradient structure reaches 100-300 micrometers; and the grains on the surface layer of the workpiece material are nanometer grains, submicron grains, deformation grains and initial grains in sequence in size from the surface to the inside. According to the processing method provided by the invention, the integral mechanical property of the material is improved through improving the microstructure of the surface layer, thereby, the service life of the material is prolonged. The processing method provided by the invention is small in investment and is simple and convenient in operation.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to form the process for treating surface of nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer; The working method that produces viscous deformation at material surface is provided especially, has made the material surface grain-size be followed successively by nano-sized grains, submicron-scale crystal grain, deformed grains and initial grain structure by surface to inside.
Background technology
At present, the method at axle metalloid material surface formation gradient-structure mainly contains:
1. surface mechanical attrition treatment process
The surface mechanical attrition treatment process is the projectile impact treated material surface through high-speed motion; Produce the intensive viscous deformation at material surface; Introduce a large amount of defectives,, when dislocation desity is enough big, dislocation takes place and bury in oblivion, recombinate like dislocation, twin, shear zone etc.; Form nano-sized grains, grain-size is the gradient-structure that increases gradually along thickness direction.Advantage: the material monolithic fatigue property improves, and the nanostructure top layer has higher diffusibility, helps chemical treatments such as low temperature nitriding.Shortcoming: the treated material surfaceness is bigger.
2. rolling depression method
The subject of implementation of rolling depression method is a rolling tool; It is a kind of pressure polishing processing; Be to utilize the cold plasticity characteristics of metal, workpiece surface applied certain pressure, make the workpiece surface metal produce plastic flow through rolling tool at the normal temperature state; Be filled in the original residual indentation trough, and reach the raising workpiece surface finish.Because by the top layer metal plastic deformation of roll extrusion; Textura epidermoidea's cold hardening and crystal grain are attenuated; Form the fibrous of densification, and form the unrelieved stress layer, hardness and intensity improve; Thereby improved wear resistance, solidity to corrosion and the conformability of workpiece surface, roll extrusion is a kind of plastic processing method that does not have cutting.Advantage: workpiece surface roughness reduces, and improves surface hardness, improves fatigue property, reduces wear, and increases the service life.Shortcoming: the advantage of roll extrusion technology is to make the surface smoothness of workpiece to improve, and is limited as for improving surface hardness and fatigue property, because the roll extrusion technology is impossible make workpiece surface form nanocrystalline structure, even can not form submicrometer structure.According to Hall-Petch relation, the intensity of metallic substance reduces with grain-size and increases, so the roll extrusion technology is limited to the surface hardness that improves workpiece.
3. surperficial mechanical rolling method
The mechanical rolling method in surface is through cutter workpiece surface to be applied certain pressure, makes the generation plastic flow of workpiece surface metal and makes tissue that grain refining take place, thereby improve the intensity and the wear resistance of workpiece surface.Advantage: can make the surface of workpiece to be machined form the nanometer gradient tissue, surface smoothness specific surface mechanical mill treatment process will be got well, and ys after the processing and fatigue property are greatly improved before processing.Shortcoming: the surface smoothness of processing back workpiece should be inadequately.
Summary of the invention
Thereby the object of the invention is to provide a kind of surface treatment method that utilizes sintered carbide ball to form nanometer gradient tissue through viscous deformation on axle metalloid material top layer, solve the treated material surfaceness that exists in the prior art greatly, bad, the workpiece surface of surface smoothness is difficult to form problems such as nanocrystalline structure.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of method that forms the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer; Adopt the spherical cutter of handling to roll on the axle metalloid material surface of rotation; Spherical simultaneously processing cutter is along the processed workpiece end motion; Through produce the treatment process of viscous deformation at material surface,, make the generation grain refining of processed workpiece material surface crystal grain and form the gradient nano tissue through the intensive viscous deformation; The degree of depth of its deformation layer reaches the 100-300 micron, and processed workpiece material surface grain-size is followed successively by nano-sized grains, submicron-scale crystal grain, deformed grains and initial grain structure by surface to inside.
Wherein, the thickness of nanometer layer is 5 microns～30 microns, and the thickness of submicron layer is 50 microns～100 microns, and the thickness of crystal grain deformation layer is 50 microns～200 microns, and the thickness of initial grain structure depends on the diameter of a metalloid material.
This treatment process realizes through axle metalloid material rotation system, spherical cutter, cutter auto feed system and the cooling and lubricating system handled; Wherein: axle metalloid material rotation system and cutter auto feed system are to be realized by lathe; Processed workpiece is installed on an output terminal of metalloid material rotation system; The rotation of axle metalloid material rotation system drive processed workpiece, the spherical tool setting of handling is on the cutter auto feed system, and a side of spherical processing cutter and processed workpiece is relative; Through the spherical amount of feed of handling cutter on the processed workpiece surface of cutter auto feed system control; The opposite side of processed workpiece is provided with cooling and lubricating system, and cooling and lubricating system cools off processed workpiece with lubricating oil in the course of processing, reduces processed workpiece and the spherical frictional coefficient of handling between the cutter simultaneously.Spherical (processing) cutter of handling of the present invention can be made up of 1-4 sintered carbide ball, according to processed workpiece mechanical property (like hardness), shape, diameter, selects the diameter of corresponding cutter sizes and ball for use, and the diameter of ball is from 6 millimeters-20 millimeters.The processed workpiece high speed rotating, according to its diameter, the speed of rotation of processed workpiece is between 90 mm/second-300 mm/second.The spherical cutter of handling is done axial unidirectional motion on the knife rest of lathe tools auto feed system; To the draught of the each processing in processed workpiece (axle metalloid material) surface from 10 microns/inferior-40 microns/inferior; Spherical end motion speed 6 mm/min-50 mm/min of handling cutter, the processing number of times is from 3 times-20 times.Heat-eliminating medium and lubricant all adopt oil circulation sywtem to realize.
Among the present invention, the temperature of processed workpiece processing treatment is that room temperature is to subzero 100 ℃.
The present invention has following advantage:
1. working method is simple.The processing cutter that only needs appropriate design can be realized the present invention on present commercial lathe.
2. pass through to select suitable processing cutter, and reasonably depress the degree of depth and processing treatment number of times at every turn, the Deformation structure's thickness and the grain-size on control treated material top layer.
3. surfaceness is low.Working method of the present invention makes the processing workpiece stressed evenly, continuous, can accomplish not have the plastic working mode of cutting, and its surfaceness is low.
4. the present invention handles through axle metalloid material surface being carried out viscous deformation; Make axle metalloid material top layer form the nanometer gradient tissue; The degree of depth of its deformation layer can reach the 100-300 micron, is followed successively by nanometer layer and submicron layer, crystal grain deformation layer, initial grain structure.Micron layer and matrix bond are tight, not stripping layer phenomenon.Aspect the inhibition crack growth, small grains is superior to coarse grain.Otherwise aspect the resistance crack propagation, coarse grain is superior to small grains.Like this, the desirable combination of small grains top layer and coarse grain matrix is more favourable to the work-ing life that prolongs material.The present invention combines the excellent properties of nano material with the engineering metal material, give property for traditional metallic substance.
Description of drawings
Fig. 1 right part is divided into the pattern after technology of the present invention is processed the 316L stainless steel.
Fig. 2 processes 316L stainless steel top layer, back structure for transmission electron microscope bright field image.
Fig. 3 processes 316L stainless steel top layer, back structure grain-size statistics.(a) figure is the transmission electron microscope bright field image, and wherein illustration is the number statistical of surface layer grain size; (b) figure is the transmission electron microscope dark field image, and wherein illustration is the percentage ratio statistics of surface layer grain size.
Fig. 4 processes back 316L stainless steel submicron layer structure iron.Fig. 4 (a) and Fig. 4 (b) are apart from the surface and locate the sub-micron grain electromicroscopic photograph for 45 microns.
Fig. 5 left part is divided into the pattern after technology of the present invention is processed trade mark Z5CND16-4 steel crank shaft.
Fig. 6 technology of the present invention is to the transmission electron microscope bright field image of the trade mark for axial cross section, Z5CND16-4 steel crank shaft processing back.
Fig. 7 technology of the present invention is to the transmission electron microscope dark field image of the trade mark for axial cross section, Z5CND16-4 steel crank shaft processing back.
Fig. 8 technology of the present invention is to the transmission electron microscope diffraction photo of the trade mark for axial cross section, Z5CND16-4 steel crank shaft processing back.
Fig. 9 technology of the present invention is to the stereoscan photograph in cross section, metallic nickel processing back.
Figure 10 technology of the present invention is to the stereoscan photograph of the trade mark for cross section, Z5CND16-4 steel crank shaft processing back.
Figure 11 adopts the block diagram of the inventive method to the processing unit (plant) on axle metalloid material top layer.
Embodiment
Shown in figure 11, adopt the inventive method following to the axle metalloid material top layer course of processing:
This treatment process realizes that through axle metalloid material rotation system, spherical cutter, cutter auto feed system and the cooling and lubricating system handled wherein: axle metalloid material rotation system and cutter auto feed system are realized by commercial lathe.Processed workpiece is installed on an output terminal of metalloid material rotation system; Axle metalloid material rotation system drives the processed workpiece rotation; The spherical tool setting of handling is on the cutter auto feed system; One side of spherical processing cutter and processed workpiece is relative, and through the spherical amount of feed of handling cutter on the processed workpiece surface of cutter auto feed system control, the opposite side of processed workpiece is provided with cooling and lubricating system; Cooling and lubricating system cools off processed workpiece with lubricating oil in the course of processing, reduces processed workpiece and the spherical frictional coefficient of handling between the cutter simultaneously.Spherical (processing) cutter of handling can be made up of 1-4 sintered carbide ball, according to processed workpiece mechanical property (like hardness), shape, diameter, selects the diameter of corresponding cutter sizes and ball for use, and the diameter of ball is from 6 millimeters-20 millimeters.The processed workpiece high speed rotating, according to its diameter, the rotational line speed of processed workpiece is in 90 mm/second-300 mm/second.The spherical cutter of handling is done axial unidirectional motion on the knife rest of lathe tools auto feed system; To the draught (depth of cut) of the each processing in processed workpiece (axle metalloid material) surface from 10 microns/inferior-40 microns/inferior; Spherical end motion speed 6 mm/min-50 mm/min of handling cutter, the processing number of times is from 3 times-20 times.Heat-eliminating medium and lubricant all adopt oil circulation sywtem to realize.Through embodiment the present invention is detailed below.
Embodiment 1
Utilize working method of the present invention to handle the 316L stainless steel:
Equipment: digital controlled lathe;
316L stainless steel diameter: diameter 12mm;
Main shaft (processed workpiece) rotating speed: LV 300 mm/second;
Each depth of cut: 30 microns/inferior;
Axial feed speed: 20 mm/min;
The diameter of ball: 8 millimeters;
Texturing temperature: room temperature;
Processing number of times: 6 times;
316L stainless steel grain-size is the 2-3 micron before the processing.
It is as shown in Figure 1 to handle back 316L stainless steel; Top layer microtexture such as Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4; Deformation layer thickness after the processing is about 200 microns; Deformation layer is the nanometer gradient tissue, and workpiece material surface layer grain size is followed successively by nano-sized grains, submicron-scale crystal grain, deformed grains and initial grain structure by surface to inside.
Wherein, the thickness of nanometer layer is 30 microns, and the thickness of submicron layer is 100 microns, and the thickness of morphotropism granulosa is 50 microns.
Utilize working method of the present invention to handle metallic nickel:
Equipment: digital controlled lathe;
Metallic nickel diameter: 6 millimeters of diameters;
The speed of mainshaft: LV 100 mm/second;
Each depth of cut: 30 microns/inferior;
Axial feed speed: 6 mm/min;
The diameter of ball: 8 millimeters;
Texturing temperature: room temperature;
Processing number of times: 15 times;
The metallic nickel grain-size is the 20-40 micron before the processing.
Deformation layer thickness after the processing is about 210 microns (see figure 9)s, and deformation layer is the nanometer gradient tissue, and workpiece material surface layer grain size is followed successively by nano-sized grains, submicron-scale crystal grain, deformed grains and initial grain structure by surface to inside.Wherein, the thickness of nanometer layer is approximately 5 microns, and the thickness of submicron layer is approximately 80 microns, and the thickness of morphotropism granulosa is 120 microns.
Embodiment 3
Utilize the working method of surperficial high speed plastic distortion to handle trade mark Z5CND16-4 (French stainless refractory steel) steel axle:
Equipment: digital controlled lathe;
Steel shaft diameter: 120 millimeters;
The speed of mainshaft: LV 100 mm/second;
Each depth of cut: 20 microns/inferior;
Axial feed speed: 16 mm/min;
The diameter of ball: 8 millimeters;
Texturing temperature: room temperature;
Processing number of times: 6 times;
Z5CND16-4 steel axialite particle size is 250 nanometers before the processing.
Handle back surface structure refinement (like Fig. 5); Deformation layer thickness after the processing is about 160 microns; Deformation layer is the nanometer gradient tissue, and workpiece material surface layer grain size is followed successively by nano-sized grains, submicron-scale crystal grain, deformed grains and initial grain structure by surface to inside.
Wherein, the thickness of nanometer layer is 7 microns, and the thickness of submicron layer is 100 microns, and the thickness of crystal grain deformation layer is 50 microns.The surface structure of processing rear license plate Z5CND16-4 steel axle is seen transmission electron microscope photo Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, can find out that from Fig. 6, Fig. 7 the surface layer grain size is approximately 40 nanometers.Can find out the grain orientation stochastic distribution from the diffraction ring of Fig. 8.
Embodiment 4
Utilize the working method of surperficial high speed plastic distortion to handle trade mark Z5CND16-4 steel axle:
Equipment: digital controlled lathe;
Steel shaft diameter: 6 millimeters;
The speed of mainshaft: LV 200 mm/second;
Each depth of cut: 30 microns/inferior;
Axial feed speed: 20 mm/min;
The diameter of ball: 8 millimeters;
Texturing temperature: room temperature;
Processing number of times: 6 times;
Z5CND16-4 steel axialite particle size is 250 nanometers before the processing.
Deformation layer thickness after the processing is about 160 microns, (see figure 10), and deformation layer is the nanometer gradient tissue, workpiece material surface layer grain size is followed successively by nano-sized grains, submicron-scale crystal grain, deformed grains and initial grain structure by surface to inside.Wherein, the thickness of nanometer layer is approximately 8 microns, and the thickness of submicron layer is approximately 100 microns, and the thickness of crystal grain deformation layer is approximately 50 microns.
Comparative example 1
The roll extrusion technology is suitable in the surface smoothness of working shaft-like metallic substance with the present invention; But the deformation layer degree of depth of roll extrusion technology is more shallow; The surface microstructure size of its working shaft-like metallic substance is in sub-micrometer scale, and the hardness value of its metalloid material improves 15%-30%.The axle metalloid material of the present invention's processing is the meliority of roll extrusion technology: the deformation layer degree of depth of the present invention's processing is at 100 microns-300 microns, and the grain-size on surface is in nanometer scale.Be that hardness value before and after the example processing has improved (hardness value is 2.0GPa before the processing, and processing back hardness value is 5.4GPa) more than 1 times with 316L.
Comparative example 2
Surface mechanical attrition (SMAT) technology is suitable in the deformation layer degree of depth and the surface microstructure size of working shaft-like metallic substance with the present invention; But the surfaceness of surface mechanical attrition (SMAT) technology is very poor; Also there is a certain amount of tiny crack in surface after the processing, and tiny crack has bigger influence to fatigue property and corrosive nature.The axle metalloid material of the present invention's processing is the meliority of surface mechanical attrition (SMAT) treatment process: machined surface roughness is low, and roughness can reach about Ra≤0.08 μ m basically, and the surface does not have tiny crack to produce.
Embodiment and comparative example result show that the present invention is through the working method of sintered carbide ball in the high speed plastic deformation of axle metalloid material surface, makes the surface of axle metalloid material form the nanometer gradient structure.Because the present invention has formed the nanometer gradient tissue through the intensive viscous deformation on axle metalloid material surface, be again the plastic processing method that does not have cutting, make that the smooth finish on axle metalloid material top layer is very high.The present invention has " surface mechanical attrition is handled (SMAT) method " and " rolling depression method " common advantage, has overcome two kinds of method common shortcomings again, makes the present invention comparatively perfect.Technology of the present invention has advantages such as simple, convenient, less investment.
Claims (9)
1. method that forms the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer; It is characterized in that; Adopt the spherical cutter of handling to roll on the axle metalloid material surface of rotation; Simultaneously spherically handle cutter, produce viscous deformation, make the generation grain refining of processed workpiece material surface crystal grain and form the gradient nano tissue at material surface along the processed workpiece end motion; The degree of depth of its deformation layer reaches the 100-300 micron, and processed workpiece material surface grain-size is followed successively by nano-sized grains, submicron-scale crystal grain, deformed grains and initial grain structure by surface to inside.
2. according to the described method that forms the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer of claim 1; It is characterized in that; The thickness of nanometer layer is 5 microns～30 microns, and the thickness of submicron layer is 50 microns～100 microns, and the thickness of morphotropism granulosa is 50 microns～200 microns.
3. according to the described method that forms the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer of claim 1; It is characterized in that; This treatment process realizes through axle metalloid material rotation system, spherical cutter, cutter auto feed system and the cooling and lubricating system handled; Wherein: axle metalloid material rotation system and cutter auto feed system are to realize that by lathe processed workpiece is installed on an output terminal of metalloid material rotation system, and axle metalloid material rotation system drives the processed workpiece rotation; The spherical tool setting of handling is on the cutter auto feed system; One side of spherical processing cutter and processed workpiece is relative, and through the spherical amount of feed of handling cutter on the processed workpiece surface of cutter auto feed system control, the opposite side of processed workpiece is provided with cooling and lubricating system; Cooling and lubricating system cools off processed workpiece with lubricating oil in the course of processing, reduces processed workpiece and the spherical frictional coefficient of handling between the cutter simultaneously.
4. according to claim 1 or the 3 described methods that form the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer, it is characterized in that the spherical cutter of handling is made up of 1-4 sintered carbide ball, the diameter of ball is from 6 millimeters-20 millimeters.
5. according to claim 1 or the 3 described methods that form the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer, it is characterized in that, the processed workpiece high speed rotating, processed workpiece rotational line speed is in 90 mm/second-300 mm/second.
6. according to claim 1 or the 3 described methods that form the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer; It is characterized in that; The spherical cutter of handling is done axial unidirectional motion on the knife rest of lathe tools auto feed system; To the draught of the each processing in processed workpiece surface from 10 microns/inferior-40 microns/inferior, the processing number of times is from 3 times-20 times.
7. according to claim 1 or the 3 described methods that form the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer, it is characterized in that spherical axial velocity 6 mm/min-50 mm/min of handling cutter.
8. according to claim 1 or the 3 described methods that form the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer, it is characterized in that the temperature of processed workpiece processing treatment is that room temperature is to subzero 100 ℃.
9. according to the described method that forms the nanometer gradient tissue on axle metalloid material top layer of claim 3, it is characterized in that heat-eliminating medium and lubricant all adopt oil circulation sywtem to realize.
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