CN105441651B - A kind of method for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance - Google Patents
A kind of method for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of methods for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, belong to making Nano surface of metal material technical field.This method carries out Surface Nanocrystalline using surface cal rolling treatment technology to locomotive axle LZ50 steel, and processing procedure carries out in numerical control Surface Nanocrystalline system.After Surface Nanocrystalline, LZ50 steel textura epidermoidea is changed into gradient nano structure, i.e., most 10 50nm of surface layer grain size, crystallite dimension are gradually increased to initial grain size with the increase of layer depth；LZ50 steel surfaces nanosizing handles the case hardness distribution gradient state of state, and most surface layer microhardness value is more than 3.0GPa, is significantly improved than matrix hardness value；The surface roughness of LZ50 steel surfaces nanosizing processing state is significantly improved less than 0.4 μm compared with turning state surface.The rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle LZ50 steel is significantly improved after Surface Nanocrystalline.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to making Nano surface of metal material technical fields, and in particular to a kind of raising locomotive axle steel rotation is curved
The method of bent fatigue behaviour.
Background technology
As one of most important component in rail vehicle operational process, the quality and usage performance of locomotive axle are directly closed
It is the safety to rail vehicle.Locomotive axle is mainly acted on during usage by rotoflector load, it is most likely that hair
The fatigue rupture that raw fatigue crack induces, if the fatigue fracture of wheel shaft, Shi Biyin once occur in the process of running for rolling stock
Play the train derailing even strict liabilities accident such as overturning.Therefore, safety of the fatigue behaviour to rolling stock of locomotive axle is improved
Operation has great importance.Current orbit Vehicle Industry, which generally uses, increases the diameter of locomotive axle to prevent fatigue rupture
Occur, although this method effectively increases the usage service life of locomotive axle, with current orbit vehicle lightweight and energy saving
The target of emission reduction is runed counter to.Although locomotive axle novel high-strength alloy steel material may improve the fatigue behaviour of wheel shaft,
But the exploitation of new material and the research and development of follow-up mating wheel shaft manufacturing process bring the increase of implicit costs again.How in reality
The fatigue behaviour for showing rail vehicle lightweight and locomotive axle being improved under the premise of reducing cost becomes the technology of urgent need to resolve
Problem.
The method for improving axis class fatigue of materials performance in industry at present mainly includes：Utilize the heat treatments such as surface mid frequency induction hardening
Method obtains quench-hardened case in material surface；Changed using surface carburization, case-carbonizing, alitizing etc. surface alloying process
The ingredient of material surface and phase composition prepare the alloying surface layer with excellent properties in material surface；Utilize spraying, surface
Deposition technique (such as electroplating surface hard chrome) method prepares hard coat in material surface；Utilize surface mechanical attrition treatment, spray
Strengthening layer is prepared in situ out in material surface in the method for the surfaces mechanical treatments such as ball, ultrasonic shot peening, deep rolling.It is several more than but
There are limitations to varying degrees for the method for kind raising axis class fatigue of materials performance.First, existed using surface mid frequency induction hardening
Material surface obtains quench-hardened case brittleness height, and mechanical processing is difficult, and is easy to crack during usage and come off.Utilize surface
The alloying surface layer (carburized layer, nitration case, aluminized coating etc.) that alloyage process obtains and basis material (line in thermophysical property
The coefficient of expansion, elasticity modulus etc.) there are larger difference, the binding performance of alloying layer and matrix is to determine material usage performance
Key factor, coming off for alloying layer easily occurs under harsh environment；And process for alloying surface is complicated, has high energy
The shortcomings of consumption, high pollution, long period.Using spraying, surface diposition the methods of material surface prepare hard coat with
The combination of matrix is typically mechanical bond, close metallurgical binding is not implemented, therefore coating also faces usage and takes off in the process
The problem of falling.Although surface mechanical attrition treatment can obtain certain thickness nanostructured layers in axis class material surface,
Material surface roughness value is higher after processing, and treatment effeciency is relatively low, and cost is higher, and there are noise pollutions in processing procedure to ask
Topic.The methods of shot-peening, ultrasonic shot peening and deep rolling, can obtain residual compressive stress layer of varying thickness in axis class material surface, with
Promote the fatigue behaviour of axis class material, but the limited extent that these methods refine material structure, axis class material after processing
Most surface layer is most carefully only capable of reaching submicron order, if its fatigue behaviour will be difficult to reach after residual compressive stress release in use
Requirement；In addition, the problems such as shot-peening and ultrasonic shot peening are also handled there are noise and dust.
Invention content
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of method for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, this method is realized
Mode is simple, can make the rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel by carrying out Surface Nanocrystalline to locomotive axle steel
It is significantly improved.
The technical scheme is that：
A kind of method for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, this method handle skill using surface cal rolling
Art (SMGT) carries out Surface Nanocrystalline to locomotive axle steel, is put forward the rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel
It rises.The locomotive axle steel is LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels.
The surface cal rolling treatment technology (SMGT) is realized in Surface Nanocrystalline system；The processing system packet
Include processing cutter head and cooling and lubricating system, the front end setting of the processing cutter head can free rolling WC-Co hard alloy ball,
The WC-Co hard alloy ball is cooled down and lubricated by cooling and lubricating system, to ensure the WC-Co hard of processing cutter head
Alloying pellet can be rolled freely at a high speed when rolling locomotive axle steel, and reduced and rolled the Wen Sheng that processing is brought.
The surface cal rolling processing procedure is：The WC-Co hard alloy ball is pressed into high-speed rotating locomotive axle
Steel revolving meber surface certain depth apWhile, the processing cutter head (or is returned along the axial direction of locomotive axle steel with locomotive axle steel
Turn the parallel direction of the surface profile line of part) with feed speed v2Feeding, the WC-Co hard alloy ball is in locomotive axle steel table
Face carries out high speed scroll and simultaneously rolls, so as to make locomotive axle steel textura epidermoidea that intense plastic strain occur to obtain gradient nano knot
Structure simultaneously homogenizes surface texture, while reduces the roughness Ra value of locomotive axle steel surface.
The technological parameter selected as of the surface cal rolling processing：The linear velocity v of locomotive axle steel revolving meber rotation1For
8×103-5×104Mm/min, (often rotated a circle the feed speed of the processing cutter head processing knife with locomotive axle steel revolving meber
The forward travel distance of head calculates) v2It is 7.5 × 10-3-4.7×10-2Mm/r, processing passage (i.e. locomotive axle steel revolving meber processing length
Circular treatment number in the range of degree) n is 2-6, it is each to handle WC-Co hard alloy ball described in passage in locomotive axle steel surface
Compression distance apIt is 25-150 μm.
The WC-Co hard alloy bulb diameter of the processing cutter head is 4-8mm.The cooling and lubricating system includes cooling and lubricating
Liquid, cooling duct and oil pressure pump, the cooling duct is opened in axial direction in the processing cutter head, by oil pressure pump to cooling
It is passed through cooling-lubricant in channel the hard ball and locomotive axle steel surface contact site are cooled down and lubricated.
After locomotive axle steel is using the processing of surface cal rolling treatment technology, surface roughness (Ra is less than 0.4 μm) is compared with vehicle
State surface is cut to be significantly improved；Most surface layer grain is refined as nanoscale (crystallite dimension 10-50nm), gradient structure refinement thickness
Degree is up to 90-500 μm；Case hardness distribution gradient state, most surface layer microhardness value are more than 3.0GPa, than matrix hardness value
(2.3GPa) is greatly improved；Rotary bending fatigue performance be significantly improved (rotary bending fatigue strength degree be more than 320MPa,
It is significantly improved than fine grinding state).
It is of the invention to be had the advantage that compared with the existing method for improving axis class fatigue of materials performance：
(1) way of realization is simple, and stable technical process is high, and treatment effeciency is high, easily carries out industrialization promotion application.This
The surface cal rolling technology of invention belongs to environmentally friendly surface nano treatment technology, and processing procedure is in making Nano surface
It is carried out in processing system.The system can be with the machining tools slitless connection such as common manual lathe, numerically controlled lathe, grinding machine, processing
Not the problems such as metallic particles is not needed in the process as energy carrier, therefore will not relate to dust processing and metallic particles recycling,
Treatment effeciency is substantially increased, has saved cost.
(2) after being handled using the present invention, axis class material surface microstructure homogenization degree is high, and surface smoothness is good.This
After invention is to axis class material processing, textura epidermoidea realizes homogenization, the processing mode discontinuously loaded better than bold and unconstrained gram energy etc..By pair
After material surface processing, surface smoothness significantly improves, and surface roughness value Ra is up between 0.05-0.4 μm.
(3) surface layer ferrite grain refinement is with obvious effects.After method for making Nano surface processing by the present invention, material surface tissue
Gradient nano structure is formd under the action of large strain, high strain rate and strain gradient, most surface layer grain size is reachable
10-50nm, for the thickness of gradient nano structure sheaf up to 20-50 μm, gradient structure refines layer thickness up to 150-500 μm.And it uses
The surfaces mechanical processing methods such as shot-peening, ultrasonic shot peening, bold and unconstrained gram energy and deep rolling are generally difficult to obtain nanostructured, structure refinement layer
Thickness it is also smaller.
(4) gradient nano structure sheaf and matrix are without sharp interface.The methods of using surface alloying, spraying, surface deposition
There are apparent interfaces with basis material for obtained alloying layer or coating, and the matrix and alloying layer of interface both sides are in ermal physics
There are larger difference in performance, therefore easily occur what Interface Cracking even alloying layer came off with matrix during being on active service
Phenomenon limits the promotion of axis class fatigue of materials performance.Nothing between the gradient nano structure sheaf and matrix that are obtained using the present invention
Sharp interface, the problem of combination there is no gradient nano structure sheaf with matrix, the Performance Match of gradient nano structure sheaf and matrix
Degree is high, effectively improves the fatigue behaviour of material.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is locomotive axle steel surface cal rolling handling principle schematic diagram；Wherein：Figure (b) is the right view for scheming (a)
(part).
In figure：1-WC-Co sintered carbide balls；2- support bases；3- oversheaths；4- cooling-lubricants；5- locomotive axle steel
Revolving meber；6- gradient nano structure sheafs.
Fig. 2 is the microstructure photo of locomotive axle steel supply of material state.
Fig. 3 is locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue specimen size and Surface Nanocrystalline position schematic diagram.
Fig. 4 is locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue specimen surface nanosizing treated surface topography.
For locomotive axle steel surface nanosizing, the microstructure on surface compares Fig. 5 with contour curve before and after the processing；Wherein：
(a) the surface microscopic tissue before Surface Nanocrystalline；(b) the surface microscopic tissue after Surface Nanocrystalline；(c) surface is received
The surface outline curves of riceization before processing；(d) surface outline curves after Surface Nanocrystalline.
Fig. 6 is surface layer cross section microstructure photo of the locomotive axle steel after Surface Nanocrystalline.
Fig. 7 is locomotive axle steel most surface layer transmission electron microscope analysis result after Surface Nanocrystalline；Wherein：(a) most table
Layer bright field image；(b) most surface layer dark field image；(c) the selective electron diffraction photo in (a) region；(d) most surface layer grain size statistic point
Butut.
For locomotive axle steel, the surface layer microhardness after Surface Nanocrystalline is distributed Fig. 8.
Fig. 9 handles state and fine grinding state sample rotary bending fatigue S-N curve comparisons for locomotive axle steel surface nanosizing.
Figure 10 refines state rotary bending fatigue sample fracture position for locomotive axle steel.
Figure 11 refines state rotary bending fatigue fracture surface of sample surface scan electromicroscopic photograph for locomotive axle steel；Wherein：(a) it is tired
Labor crack initiation position；(b) intensified image for A areas in (a).
Figure 12 handles state rotary bending fatigue sample fracture position for locomotive axle steel surface nanosizing.
Figure 13 handles state rotary bending fatigue fracture surface of sample surface scan electromicroscopic photograph for locomotive axle steel surface nanosizing；
Wherein：(a) fatigue crack initiation position；(b) in (a) A areas intensified image.
Specific embodiment
The present invention carries out Surface Nanocrystalline using surface cal rolling treatment technology (SMGT) to locomotive axle steel, from
And the rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel is made to be significantly improved.Processing procedure is enterprising in Surface Nanocrystalline system
Row, the principle schematic of Surface Nanocrystalline are as shown in Figure 1.The Surface Nanocrystalline system is by processing cutter head and cooling
Lubricating system composition.Handle cutter head front end set one can free rolling WC-Co hard alloy ball 1, WC-Co hard alloy
Ball is embedded between the processing support base 2 of cutter head and oversheath 3, is to be connected through a screw thread between support base 2 and oversheath 3
's.Matching relationship between support base 2 and oversheath 3 can suitably be adjusted by elastic screw thread, so as to close WC-Co hard
The position of 1 centre of sphere of gold goal remains fixed, while can freely be rolled during Surface Nanocrystalline again.Cooling and lubricating system
Including oil pressure pump, cooling-lubricant and cooling duct 4.Cooling duct 4 is opened in axial direction in the processing cutter head, passes through oil
Press pump is passed through cooling-lubricant into cooling duct 4 to 5 surface contact of the WC-Co hard alloy ball 1 and locomotive axle steel
Position is cooled down and is lubricated.Wherein, cooling-lubricant has both cooling and the effect of lubrication, and selection criteria is to ensure to reduce friction
More than 20% resistance reduces by 200 DEG C for the treatment of temperature or more.
The specific implementation process that the present invention improves locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance is as follows：
It will be on Surface Nanocrystalline system embedment to centre numerically controlled lathe.Locomotive axle steel is turned round using absolute ethyl alcohol
Part surface clean and oil removing, then will be on locomotive axle steel revolving meber clamping to numerically controlled lathe.Successively to locomotive axle steel
Rough turn and smart car is carried out, until the size set.After turning process is mainly for ensureing locomotive axle steel revolving meber clamping
Form tolerance control in a certain range (10 μm), for next step Surface Nanocrystalline path walking precision establish base
Plinth.Progress Surface Nanocrystalline program editing, the main technologic parameters of accurate control surface nanosizing processing, i.e.,：Locomotive wheel
The external circe speed v of axis steel 51, WC-Co hard alloy ball 15 surface of locomotive axle steel compression distance ap, processing cutter head axis
To (or surface profile line direction of locomotive axle steel revolving meber) feed speed v2(i.e. locomotive axle steel turns round with processing passage n
Circular treatment number in the range of part treated length).Oil pressure pump is opened, table is carried out to locomotive axle steel revolving meber according to setting program
Face nanosizing processing.The WC-Co hard alloy ball 1 of cutter head is handled in press-in high speed rotation (external circe speed v1=8 × 103-5
×104Mm/min 5 surface certain depth a of locomotive axle steel)pWhile (25-150 μm), cutter head is handled along locomotive axle steel 5
Axial (or surface profile line direction of locomotive axle steel revolving meber) is with feed speed v2(7.5×10-3-4.7×10-2Mm/r) into
It gives.After the completion of each processing passage, the processing of next passage is carried out, wherein a of each passagep(i)(25-150 μm, 1≤i≤
N) it is programmed respectively according to scheduled numerical value.After a processing passages of n (2-6), 5 surface texture of locomotive axle steel occurs strong
Be plastically deformed and obtain gradient nano structure 6 and surface texture homogenize；Meanwhile the roughness Ra value of locomotive axle steel surface
Reduce (0.1-0.4 μm), most surface layer grain is refined as nanoscale (crystallite dimension 10-50nm), gradient structure refinement layer thickness
Up to 90-500 μm；Case hardness distribution gradient state, most surface layer microhardness value are more than 3.0GPa, than matrix hardness value
(2.3GPa) is significantly improved；Rotary bending fatigue strength degree is more than 320MPa, is significantly improved than fine grinding state, finally realizes locomotive
The raising of wheel shaft steel rotary bending fatigue performance.
With reference to specific embodiment, the present invention will be described in detail.
Embodiment 1
Locomotive axle steel is the medium carbon alloy steel of trade mark LZ50, and chemical composition is (wt.%)：C 0.47%, Si
0.17%, Mn 0.6%, S 0.03%, P 0.03%, Cr 0.03%, Ni 0.03%, Cu 0.25%, Al 0.02%, Fe
Surplus.The initial supply of material state of LZ50 steel is double normalizing+primary tempering.LZ50 steel the supply of material state microstructure as shown in Fig. 2, by
Figure is as it can be seen that the microstructure of LZ50 steel is mainly made of ferrite and pearlite.LZ50 steel standard rotary bending fatigue samples
Size is as shown in Figure 3.Surface Nanocrystalline method using the present invention is to locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel fatigue testing specimens
It is handled, the WC-Co hard alloy bulb diameter for handling cutter head is 8mm, and cooling-lubricant selects Castrol CN 008/04
Type, treatment site are as shown in Figure 3.The selection of Surface Nanocrystalline technological parameter is as follows：
The external circe speed v of locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels fatigue testing specimen rotation1=1.9 × 104mm/min；
Each processing passage WC-Co hard alloy ball is in the press-in on locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel fatigue testing specimens surface
Depth ap(i)Respectively：ap(1)=25 μm, ap(2)=50 μm, ap(3)=75 μm, ap(4)=100 μm.
Handling cutter head, axially (arc transition section is surface profile line side along locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels fatigue testing specimen
To) feed speed v2=2 × 10-2mm/r；
Handle passage n=4 times.
Comparative example 1
The locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels supply of material state and structural constituent of this comparative example selection are same as Example 1,
Process LZ50 steel standard rotary bending fatigue samples by the way of fine grinding, size at making Nano surface in embodiment 1
The LZ50 steel rotary bending fatigue samples of reason are identical.
The rotary bending fatigue test of above-described embodiment 1 and comparative example 1 is used into PQ-1 type rotary bending fatigue tests
Machine, fatigue test carry out at room temperature, and fatigue stress loading frequency is that (i.e. fatigue testing specimen rotating speed is 5000r/ to 83.33Hz
min)。
After result of the test shows the method for making Nano surface processing by the present invention, locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels
Shaping surface quality is good, and surface smoothness is obviously improved (Fig. 4) compared with turning state.Locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels surface
Nanosizing processing rear surface roughness Ra is 0.39 μm, surface topography flat, smooth, does not occur apparent rough pattern (figure
5).After Surface Nanocrystalline, intense plastic strain occurs for locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels superficial layer, thickness occurs
About 230 μm of gradient nano structure sheaf and gradient structure refinement layer (Fig. 6)；With the increase with surface distance, degree of refinement
It continuously decreases, until matrix region (below surface at about 230 μm).TEM and choose electron diffraction analysis the result shows that, locomotive wheel
The crystal grain refinement on axis LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels most surface layer after Surface Nanocrystalline is the equiax crystal of nanoscale, and size is about
For 14nm (Fig. 7).
The hardness number on LZ50 medium carbon alloy steel Surface Nanocrystalline state cross sections most surface layer is up to 3.9Gpa, compares matrix
Hardness number (2.3GPa) improves about 70%；With the increase with surface distance, downward trend is presented in cross-section surface hardness, works as distance
When being 230 μm or so, cross section hardness number is reduced to (2.3GPa) suitable with matrix hardness value (Fig. 8).LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels
Surface Nanocrystalline state and the rotary bending fatigue S-N curves for being ground state are as shown in Figure 9.LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels grinding state
Rotary bending fatigue strength degree is 300MPa, and fracture position is as shown in Figure 10, and fatigue crack germinates (Figure 11) on surface；LZ50
The rotary bending fatigue strength degree of medium carbon alloy steel Surface Nanocrystalline state is 340MPa, relatively refines state and improves 13.3%,
Fracture position is as shown in figure 12, and fatigue crack germinates (Figure 13) on surface.This explanation utilizes method for making Nano surface of the invention
After processing, the gradient nano structure on surface layer can effectively improve the rotoflector intensity to locomotive axle LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels.
Claims (3)
- A kind of 1. method for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, it is characterised in that：This method is using surface machine Tool rolls treatment technology and carries out Surface Nanocrystalline to locomotive axle steel, obtains the rotary bending fatigue performance of locomotive axle steel To promotion；The locomotive axle steel is LZ50 medium carbon alloy steels；The surface cal rolling treatment technology is realized in Surface Nanocrystalline system；The processing system includes processing cutter head And cooling and lubricating system, it is described processing cutter head front end setting can free rolling WC-Co hard alloy ball, pass through cool down profit Sliding system is cooled down and is lubricated to the WC-Co hard alloy ball, is being ground with the WC-Co hard alloy ball for ensureing processing cutter head It can freely be rolled at a high speed during press axletree steel, and reduce and roll the Wen Sheng that processing is brought；The surface cal rolling processing procedure is：The WC-Co hard alloy ball is pressed into high-speed rotating locomotive axle steel and returns Turn part surface certain depth apWhile, it is described processing cutter head along locomotive axle steel axial direction or with locomotive axle steel revolving meber The parallel direction of surface profile line is with feed speed v2Feeding, the WC-Co hard alloy ball are carried out in locomotive axle steel surface High speed scroll simultaneously rolls, so as to make locomotive axle steel textura epidermoidea that intense plastic strain occur to obtain gradient nano structure and make Surface texture homogenizes, while reduces the roughness Ra value of locomotive axle steel surface；The cooling and lubricating system includes cooling and moistens Synovia, cooling duct and oil pressure pump, the cooling duct is opened in axial direction in the processing cutter head, by oil pressure pump to cold But it is passed through cooling-lubricant in channel the WC-Co hard balls and locomotive axle steel surface contact site are cooled down and moistened It is sliding；The technological parameter selected as of the surface cal rolling processing：The linear velocity v of locomotive axle steel revolving meber rotation1For 1.9 × 104-5×104Mm/min, the feed speed v of the processing cutter head2It is 7.5 × 10-3-4.7×10-2Mm/r, processing passage n are 2-6, it is each to handle WC-Co hard alloy ball described in passage in the compression distance a of locomotive axle steel surfacepIt is 25-150 μm, and The compression distance of each processing passage is incremented by a manner of arithmetic progression.
- 2. the method according to claim 1 for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, it is characterised in that：It is described The WC-Co hard alloy bulb diameter for handling cutter head is 4-8mm.
- 3. the method according to claim 1 for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance, it is characterised in that：Locomotive After wheel shaft steel is using the processing of surface cal rolling treatment technology, surface roughness Ra is less than 0.4 μm；Most surface layer grain is refined as receiving Meter level, most surface layer grain size are 10-50nm, and gradient structure refinement layer thickness reaches 90-500 μm；Case hardness distribution gradient State, most surface layer microhardness value are more than 3.0GPa；Rotary bending fatigue strength degree is more than 320MPa.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201410407745.XA CN105441651B (en) | 2014-08-18 | 2014-08-18 | A kind of method for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance |
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| CN201410407745.XA CN105441651B (en) | 2014-08-18 | 2014-08-18 | A kind of method for improving locomotive axle steel rotary bending fatigue performance |
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| CN105441651A CN105441651A (en) | 2016-03-30 |
| CN105441651B true CN105441651B (en) | 2018-06-29 |
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| CN111850266A (en) * | 2020-07-29 | 2020-10-30 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Machining method and machining device for realizing surface nanocrystallization of crankshaft device |
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| CN102643966A (en) * | 2012-04-10 | 2012-08-22 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method for forming nanometer gradient structure on surface layer of shaft metallic material |
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| CN102643966A (en) * | 2012-04-10 | 2012-08-22 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | Method for forming nanometer gradient structure on surface layer of shaft metallic material |
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