CN105407128B - 在ccn中的中间路由器上兴趣保持活动的方法及系统 - Google Patents

在ccn中的中间路由器上兴趣保持活动的方法及系统 Download PDF

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CN105407128B
CN105407128B CN201510541782.4A CN201510541782A CN105407128B CN 105407128 B CN105407128 B CN 105407128B CN 201510541782 A CN201510541782 A CN 201510541782A CN 105407128 B CN105407128 B CN 105407128B
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pit
control packet
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CN105407128A (zh
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P·马哈德万
G·C·斯科特
M·E·莫斯科
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Cisco Technology Inc
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/24—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS
    • H04L47/2466—Traffic characterised by specific attributes, e.g. priority or QoS using signalling traffic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
    • H04L45/02—Topology update or discovery
    • H04L45/026—Details of "hello" or keep-alive messages
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L47/00—Traffic control in data switching networks
    • H04L47/10—Flow control; Congestion control
    • H04L47/28—Flow control; Congestion control in relation to timing considerations
    • H04L47/286—Time to live
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/14—Session management
    • H04L67/143—Termination or inactivation of sessions, e.g. event-controlled end of session
    • H04L67/145—Termination or inactivation of sessions, e.g. event-controlled end of session avoiding end of session, e.g. keep-alive, heartbeats, resumption message or wake-up for inactive or interrupted session
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/62—Establishing a time schedule for servicing the requests
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50—Network services
    • H04L67/60—Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/63—Routing a service request depending on the request content or context

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Abstract

本发明公开了一个实施例，其提供一种促进中间节点处理潜在超时事件的系统。操作中，所述系统通过中间节点接收保持活动的控制包，所述保持活动的控制包指示兴趣消息的名称、使未决兴趣表(PIT)表项保持活动的指示符和使所述PIT表项保持活动的时段。中间节点基于名称确定保持活动的控制包是否与PIT表项对应，并且响应于确定所述保持活动的控制包对应于所述PIT表项，基于所述保持活动的控制包中指示的时段，更新所述PIT表项的超时值。响应于确定接收所述兴趣消息的PIT表项中指定的一个或多个接口，中间节点将所述保持活动的控制包转发到所述一个或多个接口。

Description

在CCN中的中间路由器上兴趣保持活动的方法及系统
技术领域
本申请一般涉及数字内容的分发。更具体地，本申请涉及由内容生产装置向潜在超时事件的中间路由器提供通知以便在内容中心网络(CCN) 中使兴趣保持活动。
背景技术
互联网和电子商务的激增继续产生大量的数字内容。已设计出内容中心网络(CCN)架构来促进访问并处理这些数字内容。CCN包括实体或节点，诸如网络客户端、转发器(例如路由器)和内容生产者，他们通过发送对各种内容项目的兴趣包并接收返回的内容对象包来彼此通信。CCN兴趣和内容对象由其唯一的名称标识，该唯一的名称通常是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)。HSVLI可以包括从最概括级到最具体级排序的连续名称组分。当兴趣包通过网络从内容请求节点路由到内容生产节点时，每个中间CCN路由器在其与兴趣对应的未决兴趣表(PIT)中增加表项，并将兴趣转发到下一CCN路由器。当匹配的内容对象包从内容生产节点往回发送到请求节点时，它遵循兴趣的相反路径。每个中间CCN路由器沿相应的PIT表项中列出的请求接口转发内容对象，并随后去掉PIT表项，从而指示兴趣已经得到满足。
PIT表项还可以在PIT表项超时时由CCN节点(或路由器)移除。一旦向其PIT增加兴趣，节点可以选择节点认为适当的任何超时值。PIT表项可以在不同的情形下超时。一种情形是由于网络中的拥挤，这导致系统丢弃兴趣或匹配的内容对象。另一种情形是在负责生成匹配的内容对象的内容生产节点或应用需要执行计算繁重的任务(例如花费45秒)，之后才能发送回响应时。在两种情况下，PIT表项超时可能导致请求节点有时重复地并且在短的时段内重新表达兴趣。PIT表项超时还可能引起中间CCN路由器在多个接口上传输重新表达的兴趣，因此提高网络流量，产生另外的拥挤。
发明内容
一个实施例提供一种促进中间节点处理潜在超时事件的系统。操作中，所述系统由中间节点接收保持活动的控制包，保持活动的控制包指示兴趣消息的名称、使未决兴趣表(PIT)表项保持活动的指示符和使所述 PIT表项保持活动的时段。中间节点基于名称确定保持活动的控制包是否与PIT表项对应，并且响应于确定所述保持活动的控制包对应于所述PIT 表项，基于所述保持活动的控制包中指示的时段，更新所述PIT表项的超时值。响应于确定接收所述兴趣消息的PIT表项中指定的一个或多个接口，中间节点将所述保持活动的控制包转发到所述一个或多个接口，由此促进中间节点处理潜在超时事件。
在一些实施例中，响应于确定在所述保持活动的控制包中没有指示时段，所述中间节点基于以下的一个或多个更新所述PIT表项的超时值：预定值；以及基于网络条件由路由器动态地调节的预定值。
在一些实施例中，所述中间节点响应于所述兴趣接收内容对象，并去掉与所述兴趣的名称对应的PIT表项。
在一些实施例中，确定所述保持活动的控制包是否与所述PIT表项对应还基于匹配的标准，并且，所述保持活动的控制包还指示所述匹配的标准为以下中的一个或多个：与内容生产节点关联的密钥标识符；与所述兴趣对应的内容对象的散列值；以及所述兴趣的摘要。
在一些实施例中，所述中间节点接收对于名称前缀所述PIT中的预定数目的表项，其中，所述名称前缀包括分层结构的可变长度标识符 (HSVLI)的一个或多个名称组分。响应于确定已经达到所述名称前缀的预定数目的表项，所述中间节点使具有相同的名称前缀的附加PIT表项超时。
另一实施例提供一种促进处理潜在超时事件的系统。操作中，所述系统由内容生产节点生成保持活动的控制包，保持活动的控制包指示兴趣消息的名称、使与所述名称对应的未决兴趣表(PIT)表项保持活动的指示符和使所述PIT表项保持活动的时段。内容生产节点将所述保持活动的控制包传输到中间节点，由此促进潜在超时事件的处理。
在一些实施例中，由内容生产节点生成的保持活动的控制包还指示以下中的一个或多个：与所述内容生产节点关联的密钥标识符；与所述兴趣对应的内容对象的散列值；以及所述兴趣消息的摘要。
在一些实施例中，所述内容生产节点响应于所述兴趣，生成内容对象。
在一些实施例中，所述内容生产节点计算散列现金(hashcash)值，并在所述保持活动的控制包中包括计算的散列现金值，其中，所述散列现金计算在每次执行计算时逐渐变得更加复杂。
在一些实施例中，所述系统允许基于所述保持活动的控制包维持互联网服务提供商提供的内容生产节点和内容请求节点之间的虚拟连接。
在一些实施例中，所述内容生产节点从上游节点接收预定数目的令牌，其中，令牌对应于使内容生产节点中的PIT表项保持活动的时段。所述内容生产节点消费令牌以换取生成保持活动的控制包，其中，使PIT表项保持活动的时段是与所述令牌对应的时段。
在一些实施例中，接收预定数目的令牌基于以下中的一个或多个：内容生产节点从互联网服务提供商购买一个或多个令牌；内容生产节点的声誉；内容生产节点的历史行为；以及任何其它技术。
在一些实施例中，所述系统基于所述内容生产节点的负面行为去掉令牌。
在一些实施例中，所述负面行为包括滥用上游节点。
附图说明
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例促进中间节点处理潜在超时事件的示例性网络。
图2图解说明根据本发明的实施例中间节点和内容生产节点之间的示例性通信。
图3A呈现根据本发明的实施例对内容生产节点通过生成保持活动的控制包和匹配的内容对象来处理兴趣的方法进行图解说明的流程图。
图3B呈现根据本发明的实施例对内容生产节点应用技术来缓解网络中的拥挤的方法进行图解说明的流程图。
图4A呈现根据本发明的实施例对中间节点处理兴趣消息和相应的保持活动的控制包的方法进行图解说明的流程图。
图4B呈现根据本发明的实施例对中间节点缓解网络中的拥挤的方法进行图解说明的流程图。
图5A图解说明根据本发明的实施例由内容生产节点生成并通过网络传播的保持活动的控制包的示例性格式。
图5B图解说明根据本发明的实施例在接收保持活动的控制包之前和之后在中间节点上的未决兴趣表(PIT)表项的示例性格式。
图6图解说明根据本发明的实施例促进处理潜在超时事件的示例性计算机和通信系统。
在图中，相同的附图标记指相同的附图元件。
具体实施方式
给出以下描述使得本领域技术人员能够制造和使用实施例，以下描述是在特定应用和其需求的背景下提供的。对所公开实施例的各种改进对本领域技术人员是非常显然的，在不偏离本发明的精神和范围下，本文中定义的通用原理可以应用于其它实施例和应用。因此，本发明不局限于所显示的实施例，而是给予与本文中公开的原理和特征一致的最宽范围。
本发明的实施例提供一种系统，所述系统在内容生产装置(例如服务器)需要额外时间来生成匹配的内容对象以响应于来自内容请求装置 (例如客户端)的兴趣时，促进处理潜在的超时事件。操作中，内容生产者从内容请求者接收兴趣消息，并确定生成匹配的内容对象所需的额外时间。内容生产者通过发送保持活动的控制包来通知中间路由器，保持活动的控制包指示每个中间路由器的未决兴趣表(PIT)中的相应表项要在某个时间量内保持活动。保持活动的控制包包括与兴趣相同的名称、控制包是“保持活动的”消息的指示符以及与中间路由器继续在其 PIT中储存表项的持续时间对应的时段。中间路由器向PIT表项的超时值增加指示的时段。如果对时段没有指定值，则系统使用预定的默认值。中间路由器然后将保持活动的控制包转发到相应的PIT表项中指定的所有接口，例如，之前转发兴趣消息的所有接口。以此方式，保持活动的控制包通过网络沿兴趣之前传输的路径传播到所有的中间路由器。
中间CCN路由器通过在由内容生产者生成响应的内容对象所需的计算时间的持续时间内维持与兴趣关联的状态，跟踪内容生产者的计算进展。因此，通过通知中间路由器形式为保持活动的控制包，兴趣“保持活动”，随后更新为兴趣的路径中所有中间路由器的相应PIT表项。这种解决方案降低了不必要的PIT表项超时和空闲的PIT空间的数量，这通过降低在CCN中传输和未决的重新表达的兴趣的数目，又降低了网络拥挤。
在CCN中，每项内容是分别被命名的，每项数据被绑定到将该数据与任何其它项数据相区分的唯一名称，所述任何其它项数据诸如相同数据的其它形式或来自其它源的数据。此唯一名称允许网络装置通过传播指示唯一名称的请求或兴趣来请求数据，可以获得与数据的存储位置、网络位置、应用和传输装置无关的数据。以下术语用来描述CCN架构：
内容对象(Content Object)：单一一项命名数据，其绑定到唯一名称。内容对象是“永久的”，这意味着内容对象可以在计算装置内或者在不同的计算装置中移动，但不会改变。如果内容对象的任何组分变化，则出现变化的实体创建包括更新内容的新内容对象，并且将新内容对象绑定到新唯一名称。
唯一名称(Unique Name)：CCN中的名称通常是与位置无关的，唯一地标识内容对象。数据转发装置不管内容对象的网络地址或物理位置如何，可以使用名称或名称前缀将包向生成或存储内容对象的网络节点转发。在一些实施例中，名称可以是层次结构的可变长度标识符 (HSVLI)。HSVLI可以分成几个层次组分，这些组分可以以各种方式构造。例如，个别的名称组分parc、home、ccn和test.txt可以以左对齐的前缀为主的方式构造，形成名称“/parc/home/ccn/test.txt”。因此，名称“/parc/home/ccn”可以是“/parc/home/ccn/test.txt”的“父”或“前缀”。附加组分可以用来区分内容项目的不同形式，诸如合作文档。
在一些实施例中，名称可以包括不分层的标识符，诸如从内容对象的数据(例如检验和值)和/或从内容对象的名称的元素导出的散列值。基于散列的名称的描述在美国专利申请号13/847,814中描述。名称还可以是扁平标签。后文中“名称”用来指名称数据网络中的一条数据的任何名称，诸如层次名称或名称前缀、扁平名称、固定长度的名称、任意长度的名称或标签(例如多协议标签交换(MPLS)标签)。
兴趣(Interest)：指示对一条数据的请求的包，包括该条数据的名称(或名称前缀)。数据消费者可以在信息中心网络中传播请求或兴趣，CCN路由器可以向可以提供所请求数据的存储装置(例如缓存服务器)或数据生产者播送，以满足请求或兴趣。
本文中公开的方法不局限于CCN架构，同样适用于其它架构。对 CCN架构的描述在美国专利申请号12/338,175中有描述。
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例促进中间节点处理潜在超时事件的示例性网络100。网络100可以包括内容请求装置116、内容生产装置 118和在节点102、104、106、108、110、112和114上的路由器或其它转发装置。节点可以是计算机系统、代表用户的端点和/或可以生成兴趣或发起内容的装置。节点还可以是边缘路由器(例如CCN节点102和 114)或核心路由器(例如中间CCN路由器104-112)。
例如，内容请求装置116可以生成对一项内容的兴趣。网络100将兴趣路由到CCN路由器102，这在其未决兴趣表(PIT)中增加表项，并将兴趣转发到中间CCN路由器110。接收兴趣的每个CCN路由器执行相同的动作，在其PIT中增加表项，将兴趣转发到由路由器的转发信息表 (FIB)指定的接口。例如，CCN路由器102的FIB可以规定兴趣要转发到节点108和110上的接口，其中，通过节点110转发的兴趣从节点102 行进到节点110 、112和114，而通过节点108转发的兴趣从节点102行进到节点108和114。随后，CCN路由器114在其PIT中增加表项(包括在与节点108和112对应的接口上接收的兴趣的指示)，并将兴趣转发到内容生产装置118。装置118确定生成匹配的内容对象所需的额外计算时间，并向其CCN转发器(CCN路由器114)发送保持活动的控制包。保持活动的控制包指示CCN路由器114继续存储相应的PIT表项的时段。保持活动的控制包还可以包括与兴趣相同的名称和控制包是“保持活动的”消息的指示符。CCN路由器114通过向超时值增加指示的时段来更新其PIT表项，并将保持活动的控制包转发到规定的PIT表项的所有接口(例如与节点108和112对应的接口)。例如，保持活动的控制包从节点114行进到节点108和102，还从节点114行进到节点112、110 和102。接收保持活动的控制包的每个中间节点执行与路由器114相同的动作：更新PIT表项超时值，并转发到所有指定的接口。
内容生产装置118可以发送相同兴趣的多个保持活动的控制包。例如，内容生产装置118可以首先发送指示20秒时段的保持活动的控制包，然后确定生成响应的内容对象所需的额外时间。装置118随后可以发送指示例如30秒时段的更新的保持活动的控制包。当内容生产装置 118已经完成生成响应的内容对象所需的计算时，装置118沿相同路径在相反方向上将匹配的内容对象往回传输到内容请求装置116。每个中间路由器再次将匹配的内容对象转发到相反的数据路径上的前一跳的节点，并去掉相应的PIT表项。
图2图解说明根据本发明的实施例中间节点(例如图1中的中间 CCN路由器114)和内容生产节点(例如图1中的内容生产装置118)之间的示例性通信。中间节点114和内容生产节点118下面的垂直线指示时间的推移。操作中，中间路由器114接收名称为“a/b/c/d”的兴趣(操作 202)，在其与名称对应的未决兴趣表(PIT)中创建表项(操作204)。在一些实施例中，兴趣包括密钥标识符(KeyId)限制和/或内容对象散列限制。KeyId可以规定与内容生产节点关联的密钥标识符(Key Identifier)，内容对象散列限制可以规定与兴趣对应的内容对象的散列值。当KeyId 限制包括于兴趣中，中间或转发CCN节点(例如中间路由器114)将兴趣朝向与KeyId关联的目标CCN内容生产节点(例如内容生产装置 118)转发兴趣。类似地，当内容对象散列限制包括于兴趣中时，内容生产节点返回其散列值匹配散列限制的内容对象。
中间路由器114将兴趣转发到内容生产装置118(操作206)。装置 118确定生成匹配的内容对象所需的额外计算时间，并且生成保持活动的控制包(操作208)。装置118然后将保持活动的控制包传输到中间路由器114(操作210)。保持活动的控制包指示与兴趣相同的名称，包是“保持活动的”控制包的指示符以及接收中间CCN路由器要继续使相应的兴趣保持活动所持续的时段。在一些实施例中，中间节点基于兴趣的名称或保持活动的控制包中包括的其它匹配的标准，确定保持活动的控制包是否对应于PIT表项，诸如KeyId限制和/或内容对象散列限制。保持活动的控制包规定兴趣中呈现的限制，还可以包括兴趣的摘要，诸如兴趣消息的SHA-256散列。一旦确定保持活动的控制包与其PIT表项对应，则中间路由器114通过向超时值增加指定的时段来更新其PIT表项 (操作214)，并根据关于图1中描述的，转发保持活动的控制包(操作 216)。
同时，内容生产装置118已经成功地完成匹配兴趣的内容对象的生成(操作212)，使得装置118将响应的内容对象传输回中间路由器114 (操作218)。路由器114去掉相应的PIT表项，指示兴趣已经完成(操作220)，并在相反的数据路径上向前一跳节点转发响应的内容对象(操作222)。
图3A呈现根据本发明的实施例对内容生产节点通过生成保持活动的控制包和匹配的内容对象来处理兴趣的方法进行图解说明的流程图300。操作中，系统由内容生产节点接收与兴趣消息对应并包括兴趣的名称的包(操作302)。内容生产节点确定响应于兴趣生成内容对象所需的额外时间(操作304)，并生成保持活动的控制包(操作306)。保持活动的控制包指示与兴趣相同的名称、使相应的PIT表项保持活动的指示符以及使PIT表项保持活动的时段。内容生产节点将保持活动的控制包传输到中间节点(操作308)。内容生产节点可以生成并发送对于兴趣的多个保持活动的控制包。例如，内容生产节点可以生成并传输指示20秒时段的保持活动的控制包。内容生产节点然后可以确定生成相应的内容对象所需的额外时间，使得内容生产节点可以生成并发送指示30秒时段的更新的保持活动的控制包。在生成相应的内容对象(操作310)之后，内容生产节点在与兴趣相反的数据路径上将内容对象传输到前一跳节点(操作312)。
图3B呈现根据本发明的实施例对内容生产节点应用技术来缓解网络中的拥挤的方法进行图解说明的流程图350。内容生产节点生成保持活动的控制包，该保持活动的控制包指示兴趣的名称、使相应的PIT表项保持活动的指示符和使PIT表项保持活动的时段(操作306)。内容生产节点确定要使用的拥挤缓解技术(操作352)。在一个实施例中，内容生产节点(或在服务器上运行的应用)可以从上游节点(例如系统或互联网服务提供商(ISP))接收某个数目的令牌(操作354)。内容生产节点可以消费令牌，以换取PIT表项的更多的“保持活动的”时间(操作 356)。当PIT表项超时，并随后被删除时，内容生产节点可以接收回令牌，交换使其它PIT表项保持活动的令牌。在一些实施例中，一开始由内容生产节点接收的一定数目的令牌可以基于例如在内容生产节点上服务的声誉。此外，内容生产节点可以基于预定的“良好行为”或通过从ISP 购买另外的令牌来获得另外的令牌(操作354)。还可以基于内容生产节点的负面行为减小令牌定额。令牌定额还可以基于当前的网络条件，比方说诸如网络中的流量、可用带宽和拥挤。
在又一个实施例中，系统可以基于保持活动的控制包(操作360)允许由互联网服务提供商(ISP)维持内容生产节点(例如服务器)和内容请求节点(例如客户端)之间的虚拟连接(操作358)。ISP可以基于特定的计费周期期间打开的虚拟连接的数目在内容生产节点上对服务器或服务收费。此外，在峰值流量时间期间提供的虚拟连接可以招致另外的收费。
可选地，内容生产节点可以计算散列现金(hashcash)值(操作 362)，并在保持活动的控制包中包括计算的散列现金值(操作364)。散列现金计算可能在每次执行计算时逐渐变得更加复杂，因此给内容生产节点提供生成和传输对相同兴趣的后续保持活动的控制包的负面诱因。以此方式，系统通过阻止内容生产节点不必要地延长PIT中表项的寿命，来缓解网络拥挤。
在使用各种拥挤缓解技术之后，内容生产节点将保持活动的控制包传输到中间节点(操作308)。在已经执行必需的计算之后，内容生产节点生成响应的内容对象(操作310)，并将响应的内容对象在与兴趣相反的数据路径上传输到前一跳节点(操作312)。
图4A呈现根据本发明的实施例对中间节点处理兴趣消息和相应的保持活动的控制包的方法进行图解说明的流程图400。操作中，系统由中间节点接收与兴趣消息对应并包括兴趣的名称的包(操作402)。中间节点在其未决兴趣表(PIT)中创建相应的表项(操作404)，并将兴趣转发到适当的下一跳的CCN节点(操作406)。随后，中间节点接收指示名称、使相应的PIT表项保持活动的指示符和使PIT表项保持活动的时段的保持活动的控制包(操作408)。系统确定时段是否在保持活动的控制包中规定(判断410)。如果规定了时段，则中间节点通过向PIT表项的超时值增加规定时段来更新PIT表项(操作412)。如果不规定时段，则中间节点通过向PIT表项的超时值增加默认时段来更新PIT表项(操作 414)。在一些实施例中，默认时段可以通过路由器根据网络条件动态地调节。中间节点然后将保持活动的控制包转发到PIT表项中指定的接口，例如接收兴趣的接口(操作416)。中间节点最后响应于兴趣接收内容对象，去掉相应的PIT表项，将内容对象在与兴趣相反的数据路径上转发到适当的前一跳节点(操作418)。
图4B呈现根据本发明的实施例对中间节点缓解网络中的拥挤的方法进行图解说明的流程图450。操作中，中间节点接收保持活动的控制包 (操作408)。中间节点接收对于特定名称前缀的PIT中的固定数目(例如50)的表项(操作452)。在一些实施例中，中间节点在接收包括与特定的名称前缀对应的名称的保持活动的控制包之前，接收固定数目。中间节点确定对于在保持活动的控制包中指示的名称的名称前缀，是否存在足够数目的PIT表项(操作454)。如果足够的PIT表项保持存在，则操作根据图4A描述的继续(例如判断410，操作412、414、416和 418)。如果没有，则中间节点忽略保持活动的控制包，允许相应的PIT 表项超时(操作458)。在一些实施例中，中间节点从内容生产节点接收对于名称前缀的固定数目的表项，使得内容生产节点上的服务器或服务负责确定哪些PIT表项应当存储在存储器中并且确定存储多长时间。
图5A图解说明根据本发明的实施例由内容生产节点生成并通过网络传播的保持活动的控制包500的示例性格式。保持活动的控制包500包括：值为“a/b/c/d”的名称502；值为“保持活动”的类型504字段；以及值为“30秒”的保持活动持续506字段，其指示相应的PIT表项要继续“保持活动”的持续时间。
图5B图解说明根据本发明的实施例在接收保持活动的控制包之前 (PIT表项520)和之后(PIT表项540)在中间节点上的未决兴趣表 (PIT)表项的示例性格式。PIT表项520包括：值为“a/b/c/d”的名称 522，其与保持活动的控制包500的名称502相同；值为2秒的超时524 字段；以及包括节点108和112的接口526字段。在接收保持活动的控制包500之后，PIT表项540包括：值为“a/b/c/d”的名称522；值为 2+30＝32秒的超时524字段；以及接口526字段，其具有与PIT表项520 中相同的节点108和112。
图6图解说明根据本发明的实施例促进处理潜在超时事件的示例性计算机和通信系统602。计算机和通信系统602包括处理器604、存储器 606和存储装置608。存储器606可以包括充当管理存储器的易失性存储器(例如RAM)，并且可以用来存储一个或多个内存池。而且，计算机和通信系统602可以耦连到显示装置610、键盘612和定位装置614。存储装置608可以存储操作系统616、内容处理系统618和数据630。
内容处理系统618可以包括指令，这些指令在由计算机和通信系统 602执行时可以引起计算机和通信系统602执行本申请中描述的方法和/ 或过程。具体地，内容处理系统618可以包括用于由中间节点接收保持活动的控制包的指令，保持活动的控制包指示兴趣消息的名称、使与名称对应的未决兴趣表(PIT)表项保持活动的指示符以及使PIT表项保持活动的时段(通信机构620)。内容处理系统618还可以包括用于基于保持活动的控制包中指示的时段更新PIT表项的超时值的指令(未决兴趣表机构624)。内容处理系统618可以包括用于响应于确定从接收兴趣消息的PIT表项中指定的一个或多个接口将保持活动的控制包转发到所述一个或多个接口的指令(通信机构624)。
内容处理系统618还可以包括用于响应于确定在保持活动的控制包没有指示时段基于预定值更新PIT表项的超时值的指令(未决兴趣表机构624)。内容处理系统618可以响应于兴趣接收内容对象(通信机构 620)，并去掉与兴趣的名称对应的PIT表项(未决兴趣表机构624)。
内容处理系统618还可以包括用于接收对于名称前缀的PIT中预定数目的表项的指令，其中，名称前缀包括分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)的一个或多个组分(拥挤缓解机构626)。内容处理系统618 可以包括用于响应于确定已经达到名称前缀的预定数目的表项(拥挤缓解机构626)，使具有相同名称前缀的附加PIT表项超时的指令(未决兴趣表机构624)。
内容处理系统618还可以包括用于由内容生产节点生成保持活动的控制包的指令，保持活动的控制包指示兴趣消息的名称、使与名称对应的PIT表项保持活动的指示符和使PIT表项保持活动的时段(保持活动的控制包机构620)。内容处理系统618可以包括用于将保持活动的控制包传输到中间节点的指令(通信机构620)。内容处理系统618可以包括用于响应于兴趣生成内容对象的指令(内容生成机构628)以及将内容对象传输到另一节点的指令(通信机构624)。
内容处理系统618还可以包括用于计算散列现金值并在保持活动的控制包中包括计算的散列现金值的指令，其中散列现金计算在每次执行计算时逐渐变得更加复杂(拥挤缓解机构626)。内容处理系统618还可以包括用于允许由ISP提供的内容生产节点和内容请求节点之间的虚拟连接基于保持活动的控制包被维持的指令(拥挤缓解机构626)。
内容处理系统618还可以包括用于从上游节点接收预定数目的令牌的指令，其中，令牌对应于使内容生产节点中的PIT表项保持活动的时段(拥挤缓解机构626)。内容处理系统618可以包括用于消费令牌以换取生成保持活动的控制包的指令，其中，使PIT表项保持活动的时段是与令牌对应的时段(拥挤缓解机构626)。内容处理系统618可以包括用于基于内容生产节点的负面行为去掉令牌的指令(拥挤缓解机构626)。
数据630可以包括通过本申请中描述的方法和/或过程作为输入请求的或作为输出生成的任何数据。具体地，数据630可以存储至少：与兴趣消息对应的包；兴趣的名称；为分层结构的可变长度标识符 (HSVLI)的兴趣的名称，可变长度标识符(HSVLI)包括从最概括级到最具体级排序的连续名称组分；名称前缀，其中，名称前缀包括 HSVLI的一个或多个名称组分；未决兴趣表(PIT)中的表项；指示兴趣消息的名称、使PIT表项保持活动的指示符以及使PIT表项保持活动的时段的保持活动的控制包；PIT表项的超时值；接收兴趣消息的PIT表项中的一个或多个接口；预定的时段；可以由路由器基于网络条件动态地调节的预定时段；与内容对象对应的包；对于名称前缀的PIT中的预定数目的表项；计算在每次执行计算时逐渐变得更加复杂的散列现金值；预定数目的令牌，其中，令牌与使PIT表项保持活动的时段对应；与内容生产装置的声誉有关的信息；以及与内容生产装置的历史或负面行为有关的信息。
在此详细描述中描述的数据结构和代码通常存储于计算机可读存储介质上，计算机可读存储介质可以是可以存储代码和/或数据以由计算机系统使用的任何装置或介质。计算机可读存储介质包括但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁和光存储装置(诸如磁盘驱动器、磁带、 CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用盘或数字视频盘))或能够存储计算机可读介质的现在已知或以后开发的其它介质。
在详细描述部分描述的方法和过程可以体现为代码和/或数据，这些代码和/或数据可以存储在如上文描述的计算机可读存储介质中。当计算机系统读、执行计算机可读存储介质上存储的代码和/或数据时，计算机系统执行体现为数据结构和代码并存储于计算机可读存储介质中的方法和过程。
而且，上面描述的方法和过程可以包括于硬件模块或设备中。这些硬件模块或设备可以包括但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定的软件模块或一条代码的专用或共享处理器、和现在已知或以后开发的其它可编程逻辑器件。当硬件模块或设备被激活时，他们执行其中包括的方法和过程。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于转发包的计算机实现的方法，所述方法包括：
由中间节点接收保持活动的控制包，所述保持活动的控制包指示兴趣消息的名称、使未决兴趣表PIT表项保持活动的指示符和使所述PIT表项保持活动的时段，其中，所述保持活动的控制包是响应于内容生产节点接收到所述兴趣消息并确定生成所述兴趣消息的匹配的内容对象所需的时间而由所述内容生产节点生成并从所述内容生产节点被接收的；
基于所述名称，确定所述保持活动的控制包是否对应于所述PIT表项；
响应于确定所述保持活动的控制包对应于所述PIT表项，基于所述保持活动的控制包中指示的时段，更新所述PIT表项的超时值；以及
响应于确定接收所述兴趣消息的PIT表项中指定的一个或多个接口，将所述保持活动的控制包转发到所述一个或多个接口，由此促进所述中间节点处理潜在超时事件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
响应于确定在所述保持活动的控制包中没有指示时段，基于以下的一个或多个更新所述PIT表项的超时值：
预定值；以及
基于网络条件由路由器动态地调节的预定值。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
响应于所述兴趣，接收内容对象；以及
去掉与所述兴趣的名称对应的PIT表项。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，确定所述保持活动的控制包是否与所述PIT表项对应还基于匹配的标准，并且其中，所述保持活动的控制包还指示所述匹配的标准为以下中的一个或多个：
与内容生产节点关联的密钥标识符；
与所述兴趣对应的内容对象的散列值；以及
所述兴趣的摘要。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法，还包括：
接收对于名称前缀所述PIT中的预定数目的表项，其中，所述名称前缀包括分层结构的可变长度标识符HSVLI的一个或多个名称组分；以及
响应于确定已经达到所述名称前缀的预定数目的表项，使具有相同的名称前缀的附加PIT表项超时。
6.一种用于转发包的计算机实现的方法，所述方法包括：
在内容生产节点处接收兴趣并且确定生成所述兴趣消息的匹配的内容对象所需的时间；
由所述内容生产节点生成保持活动的控制包，所述保持活动的控制包指示所述兴趣消息的名称、使与所述名称对应的未决兴趣表PIT表项保持活动的指示符和使所述PIT表项保持活动的时段；以及
将所述保持活动的控制包传输到中间节点，由此促进潜在超时事件的处理。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中，所述保持活动的控制包还指示以下中的一个或多个：
与所述内容生产节点关联的密钥标识符；
与所述兴趣对应的内容对象的散列值；以及
所述兴趣消息的摘要。
8.根据权利要求6所述的方法，还包括：
响应于所述兴趣，生成内容对象。
9.一种用于促进包的转发的计算机系统，所述系统包括：
处理器；以及
存储装置，所述存储装置存储指令，所述指令由所述处理器执行时引起所述处理器执行一种方法，所述方法包括：
由中间节点接收保持活动的控制包，所述保持活动的控制包指示兴趣消息的名称、使未决兴趣表PIT表项保持活动的指示符和使所述PIT表项保持活动的时段，其中，所述保持活动的控制包是响应于内容生产节点接收到所述兴趣消息并确定生成所述兴趣消息的匹配的内容对象所需的时间而由所述内容生产节点生成并从所述内容生产节点被接收的；
基于所述名称，确定所述保持活动的控制包是否对应于所述PIT表项；
响应于确定所述保持活动的控制包对应于所述PIT表项，基于所述保持活动的控制包中指示的时段，更新所述PIT表项的超时值；以及
响应于确定接收所述兴趣消息的PIT表项中指定的一个或多个接口，将所述保持活动的控制包转发到所述一个或多个接口，
由此促进所述中间节点处理潜在超时事件。
10.一种用于促进包的转发的计算机系统，所述系统包括：
处理器；
存储装置；所述存储装置存储指令，所述指令由所述处理器执行时引起所述处理器执行一种方法，所述方法包括：
在内容生产节点处接收兴趣并且确定生成所述兴趣消息的匹配的内容对象所需的时间；
由所述内容生产节点生成保持活动的控制包，所述保持活动的控制包指示所述兴趣消息的名称、使与所述名称对应的未决兴趣表PIT表项保持活动的指示符和使所述PIT表项保持活动的时段；以及
将所述保持活动的控制包传输到中间节点，由此促进潜在超时事件的处理。
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