CN105170600B - 废弃材料的循环利用 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及废弃材料的循环利用。本发明公开了一种用于处理生活纤维素废弃材料的方法,所述纤维素废弃材料包括生物质和塑胶,其特征在于,该方法包含如下步骤:在处理前切碎材料,以及当搅动材料时,通过连续将材料从蒸汽处理装置的一端移动至另一端,使得切碎过的材料经过蒸汽处理,所述蒸汽的压强高于标准大气压强但低于2巴且温度在150℃至200℃之间,以及分离所述生物质和所述塑胶,其中,所述塑胶通过溶解在溶剂中转换成柴油燃料,所产生的液体在其水蒸汽通过一催化剂之前被置于蒸发容器中,并且蒸馏产生柴油燃料。
Description
本申请是申请日为2007年8月1日、申请号为“200780028492.3”、发明名称为“废弃材料的循环利用”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及废弃材料的循环利用,尤其涉及城市生活废弃物的循环利用。
背景技术
现有多种处理城市生活废弃物的方法,不同于公知的城市固体废弃物,两种最普通的方法就是通过土地填埋或焚烧。两种方法都具有内在的问题。当利用土地填埋,废弃物将不经过分类而被填埋。这将会占用有限空间并致使该土地在许多年后都无法使用。另外,有毒的污水将会渗漏进土地。更何况,适合用来土地填埋点的位置变得日益难以寻找。
至于所涉及到的焚烧,这通常需要将废弃物分为易燃和非易燃废弃物,非易燃废弃物被送至土地填埋点并且易燃废弃物被燃烧。然而,废弃物的燃烧通常会产生硫磺排放物,需要又高又难看的烟囱。加之,由于需要高能源输入使得焚化炉的效率低。
最近,已有建议城市废弃物的处理可以通过利用一种由蓄汽器提供蒸汽的高压锅来处理所填充的废弃材料。如美国专利5,190,226所揭示的一个示例,固体废弃材料在4巴的压强下被处理。虽然这些建议较于上述两种现有普遍的方法是更为环保的解决方案,但是它们是间歇过程因而效率低下。一种连续过程已在例如美国专利6,752,337中揭露,但是所提到的特殊装备为了维持一高压蒸汽处理部件,这既是昂贵的也是危险的。
发明内容
本发明提供一种既高效又环保的城市生活废弃物循环利用的解决方法。该处理设备在设计上是标准的,可接受未分类的废弃物并通过连续的蒸汽处理方法对废弃物进行热处理。更适宜的是该系统也能处理从该设备所产生的气味问题。
附图说明
为了使本发明更容易被理解,将通过参考下列附图来揭示其中一种实施例:
图1示出依照发明的处理设备的图形表示;
图2是利用本发明的基本处理方法的流程图;
图3是用于本发明的一蒸汽处理装置的示意图;
图4是表现从依照本发明的系统中产生乙醇的示意图;以及
图5是表现从依照本发明的系统中产生柴油的示意图。
具体实施方式
参照图1,以图示的方式示出了依照本发明优选的处理设备。垃圾车将城市生活废弃物运到一个传输点A,在这里,未加工的废弃物未经分类就被连续不断地通过机械切碎装置B送进蒸汽处理装置C。在图1中,有两个蒸汽处理装置并列地运行着,在废弃物被送进装置前,每个蒸汽处理装置都拥有各自用来存储切碎的废弃物的漏斗。术语“未加工”的意思是在废弃物送进蒸汽处理装置之前,该废弃物中没有加入额外的物质,诸如化学药品和/或水。
蒸汽处理装置C运转,使得废弃物被处理了大约45分钟,然后被处理过的废弃物在分类站E中被分成不同的种类,诸如,未加工的生物质或纤维素,塑胶,黑色金属,有色金属,纺织品以及其他残渣。利用该技术,实质上有少于原废弃物10%的体积被送去土地填埋而其他分类过的材料可以被循环利用。废弃物体积的减少将上升至70%。未加工的生物质以及塑胶受到所示装置G和H进一步处理和/或可被存储,干燥然后送进一气体转换装置为用来发电的燃料电池产生气态输入。图4和图5示出可选择的处理用于纤维素材料或其部分。其他分类过材料被存储在所示的F。
由于废弃材料的自然性质将会在蒸汽处理装置的进、出口处散发出难闻的气味。正因为如此,提出通过如图1所示的D从蒸汽处理装置吸取空气并且对其进行除味处理,诸如,在国际申请号PCT/GB2006/000888中所揭示的,通过利用紫外线灯产生的臭氧来处理空气。本技术的一个特征在于,如果产生了充足的臭氧并且保持与待处理空气接触充足的时间,实质上达到气味消除。无论如何,这都需要提供额外的不同波长的紫外线灯用来产生臭氧为了确保此过程中排放至大气的空气中不含活性臭氧。
参阅图2,蒸汽在锅炉装置10中产生,并向蒸汽处理区域12提供压强为10巴、温度在1650℃到200℃之间的蒸汽,该区域可包括一个或多个并列运转的独立装置。来自方块B所示的接收及填送区域的废弃物被送进蒸汽处理设备。然后处理过的废弃物被传送到分类装置E。
另外,任何从蒸汽处理装置漏出的蒸汽被导管系统16所捕获并且被送进气味处理装置17,按之前所述的方法处理排放到大气中。
参阅图3,更详细地示出设备中蒸汽处理装置的一种形式。其包含一实质上密封的伸长腔30并且具有一传送装置31用来将废弃材料从进口32传送到出口33。
作为优选的装置,腔30其内表面制作成一旋转鼓筒形式的传送装置且适合有一个或多个连续的螺旋叶片。当然,在废弃材料被处理的时间是一种传送装置旋转速度以及传送装置长度的函数,该旋转速度和长度被调整使得废弃物被处理的时间大约在45分钟。
使用通过导管装置注入腔30或鼓筒的蒸汽和/或水处理废弃物。蒸汽更适宜的是在160℃-180℃,可能上升至200℃并且腔内压强高于大气压强但小于2巴,更适合在1.25巴或换句话说,高于大气压强0.25巴。
除了进、出口32,33以外,腔30或鼓筒可具有一底部漏斗,用来收集及去除任何由蒸汽处理产生的底部材料。同样,可以提供一个气体出口用来去除该过程中产生的气体。这些气体可被清洁及分类使得有用的碳氢化合物被用在设备的其他部分和/或除去它们的热能再引入该过程中。
当全部的处理设备都用来处理普通的废弃物,在将废弃物送进蒸汽处理装置的进口之前,可能需要依靠切碎或碾碎过程将废弃物进行预处理致使其大小更为接近。这将确保在处理装置的进口没有堵塞物以及产生更为一致的产品。
参阅图3,现将更为详细地描述蒸汽处理装置的结构。该蒸汽处理装置包含一水平置于辊筒35上可旋转的鼓筒30以及通过由电动机34带动的链条(未示出)驱动。鼓筒30贯穿其长度的横截面是一致的并且其内表面带有许多隔开的叶片。这些叶片可由一单独连续的螺旋杆(helical screw)组成或由多个分离螺旋叶片组成,该叶片实质上沿鼓筒30的长度延伸进一螺旋构型中。如果需要,可在螺旋区域的旋转之间提供轴向叶片为了促进装载进鼓筒中材料的提升和翻滚。
蒸汽通过多根沿鼓筒长度延伸的导管被引进鼓筒中,在这种情况下,它们置于鼓筒的内表面上并且集中在每个节段的中心处具有孔。每根导管的一端封闭而其另一端弯曲,因此它们在位于鼓筒中心轴线上的结合处36结合。该结合处36连接一旋转耦接器,该旋转耦接器依次连接来自蒸汽来源的供给导管。鼓筒可容纳在一具有有利于保暖以及收集水蒸汽的隔热壁的热容器39中。该容器39在相对蒸汽供应端的另一端具有一开口。该开口用来接收一提供由漏斗处理过的废弃材料的斜道。该斜道被设计成穿过该开口并且进入鼓筒30的邻近端,以及具有一在蒸汽处理装置和大气之间保持密封的旋转填送机械装置。该斜道还可具有一挡板用来引导废弃材料进入由螺旋(helical)或分离螺旋叶片组成的卷筒槽。在容器39邻近蒸汽供应的另一端,处理过的废弃材料被移开。鼓筒的末端位于一覆盖物内用来在鼓筒中保持蒸汽并且作为废弃材料的出口。在出口处具有一密封设置为了在鼓筒30中保持一高于大气压强的压强。这可以是一旋转机械装置。通常通过在蒸汽处理装置的出口的机械装置的运转,以确保供应斜道总是充满材料,一种高于大气压强的压强可被保持在鼓筒30中,不需要提供可密封的进口,但如果需要也可提供。
当鼓筒30在使用中以1-2转/分钟的速度旋转时,蒸汽不仅会引起与鼓筒中材料表面的撞击,而且当蒸汽覆盖其中一根导管时,其还会注入到材料中。
如图2所示的基本方法,产生了大量的纤维素材料并且可能利用纤维素材料作为处理设备其本身的一种燃料,或一种单独的产品诸如生物乙醇。从蒸汽处理装置产出的纤维素制品具有11兆焦/千克的总热值,提供了三千瓦的能量。如果是干燥的,那么总热值将达到17至18兆焦/千克。这种生物质实质上不包含硫磺,因此当燃烧时,比矿物燃料更加干净。因此,可能利用由废弃物处理产生的生物质材料作为蒸汽锅炉的燃料。另外地,或选择性地,纤维素制品可以作为一种日用品出售或可以被送至从纤维素生物质生产气态燃料的生物质气化炉。这种气态燃料可以被进一步处理为了向燃料电池提供氢输入以产生直流电输出。选择性地,如图4和5,纤维素材料可在任何固体残渣如上述处理之前被进一步处理以产生生物乙醇和柴油。
另外或可选择性的,来自蒸汽锅炉的蒸汽可以用来驱动一蒸汽涡轮及发电机组,因此照这样发电。通过上述任一种方法产生的电可被用于处理设备或在燃料电池输出被转换成交流电后可以被出售,使其可以连接到普通电力传输线。
现在转到图4和5,示出了从蒸汽处理产出的纤维素材料和/或塑胶是如何处理以产生生物乙醇/柴油。
如图4所示处理纤维素材料,生物质通常以如参考号50所示的方法进行处理。首先,生物质被装载进罐51中,在该罐中生物质通过添加一种诸如曲霉属真菌的酶的酶或利用分解纤维素的微生物以及营养物来进行分解。另外可以添加水。此时,来自发生器的活性臭氧也可以被注进罐中。该合成物被允许保持一端时间,然后包含可溶解糖的液体被排除。液体被送进罐52中,在该罐中通过向液体添加诸如酿酒酵母的酵母以发生发酵并且再次允许保持数小时。结果是包含乙醇和其他产品的液体,并且该液体被送去如参考号53所示进行蒸馏处理,为了蒸馏以及在冷凝器54输出端收集乙醇。
现在转向如图5所示的,从蒸汽处理中回收的塑胶材料,该材料被填送进罐60,在该罐中添加一种溶剂并且所产生的混合物留在罐61中保持蒸发。在适当的时间之后,所产生的水蒸气通过沸石催化剂62被排除,然后在蒸馏塔63内进行蒸馏以收集柴油。如果需要,臭氧也可以被注进罐60中。
注入罐51和60中的臭氧可以通过同一个发生器产生,以用来消除邻近于蒸汽处理装置和发生器的空气中的气味,或它可以是一个单独的发生器或发生器组。
另外,如果需要,乙醇处理附近的空气可以经过臭氧处理来去除在罐51和60中任何过剩的活性臭氧。
更适宜的是在罐51,52,60,61所有或部分的内表面上涂上抗菌剂。更适宜的,药剂是一种未滤去和非挥发性且无法被微生物消耗的。尤其合适的药剂是那些能够被涂在表面上的。
合适的抗菌剂用公式表示包括了,作为一种活性组分,一种季铵盐,更适宜的是一种氯盐或溴盐。盐中的氮原子更适宜被一种硅烷基团所取代,更适宜的是三烷氧基硅烷基团,最适宜的是一种三甲氧基硅烷基团。最适宜的硅烷基团与盐中的氮原子通过一种丙烷基基团连接。盐中的氮原子是更适宜被三种其他的烷基基团所替代,其中至少有一个更适宜是甲基,并且其中至少有一个更适宜是C8至C20的烷基。这样,优选的化合物具有如下的普通结构:
其中:R1是甲基;
R2是甲基或C8到C20的烷基,更适宜的是甲基;
R3是C8到C20的烷基,更适宜的是十四烷基或十八烷基;
R4是C1-C4的烷基,更适宜的是甲基;以及X是氯溴,更适宜的是氯。
有用的抗菌剂的实施例结合了3-(三甲氧基硅烷基)-丙基二甲基十四烷基氯化铵(3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride)作为活性组分。另外一有用的抗菌剂的实施例结合了3-(三甲氧基硅烷基)-丙基二甲基十四烷基氯化铵(3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyltetradecyl ammonium chloride)作为活性组分。
Claims (11)
1.一种用于处理生活纤维素废弃材料的方法,所述生活纤维素废弃材料包括生物质和塑胶,其特征在于,该方法包含如下步骤:
在处理前切碎所述生活纤维素废弃材料,以及
当搅动所述生活纤维素废弃材料时,通过连续将所述生活纤维素废弃材料从蒸汽处理装置的一端移动至另一端,使得切碎过的所述生活纤维素废弃材料经过蒸汽处理,所述蒸汽的压强高于标准大气压强但低于2巴且温度在150℃至200℃之间,以及
分离所述生物质和所述塑胶,其中,所述塑胶通过溶解在溶剂中转换成柴油燃料,通过所述溶解所产生的混合物被置于蒸发容器中,通过蒸发所产生的水蒸汽通过一催化剂被排除,然后通过蒸馏收集柴油燃料。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述温度在160℃至180℃之间。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述压强为1.25巴。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,通过旋转材料鼓筒实现所述生活纤维素废弃材料的搅动。
5.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述生物质通过以下处理被转换成生物乙醇:对所述生物质进行分解,并且对通过所述分解所产生的液体进行酵母发酵,以产生一种能够被蒸馏得到生物乙醇的液体。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,使用一种酶来实现所述生物质的分解。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,该酶由曲霉属真菌产生。
8.如权利要求5所述的方法,其特征在于,使用分解纤维素的微生物以及营养物以实现该分解。
9.如权利要求5至8中任一项所述的方法,其特征在于,该酵母是酿酒酵母。
10.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,该生物质被气化,氢被提取。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,其特征在于,所述氢被送进燃料电池以产生电输出。
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BRPI0714860A2 (pt) | 2013-05-21 |
AP2676A (en) | 2013-05-30 |
HUE050136T2 (hu) | 2020-11-30 |
IL196793A (en) | 2016-09-29 |
IL196793A0 (en) | 2009-11-18 |
AP2009004764A0 (en) | 2009-02-28 |
CA2659551C (en) | 2015-01-20 |
EA018009B1 (ru) | 2013-04-30 |
WO2008015424A2 (en) | 2008-02-07 |
CY1123529T1 (el) | 2022-03-24 |
US20100003548A1 (en) | 2010-01-07 |
CN105170600A (zh) | 2015-12-23 |
EA200970163A1 (ru) | 2009-08-28 |
PL2051824T3 (pl) | 2020-11-16 |
DK2051824T3 (da) | 2020-08-03 |
CA2659551A1 (en) | 2008-02-07 |
US8445258B2 (en) | 2013-05-21 |
SI2051824T1 (sl) | 2020-12-31 |
LT2051824T (lt) | 2020-08-25 |
WO2008015424A3 (en) | 2008-03-27 |
KR101460810B1 (ko) | 2014-11-11 |
PT2051824T (pt) | 2020-07-01 |
ES2797383T3 (es) | 2020-12-02 |
JP5687835B2 (ja) | 2015-03-25 |
JP2009545434A (ja) | 2009-12-24 |
AU2007280222B2 (en) | 2013-05-02 |
EP2051824A2 (en) | 2009-04-29 |
MX2009001040A (es) | 2009-06-26 |
AU2007280222A1 (en) | 2008-02-07 |
KR20090045251A (ko) | 2009-05-07 |
EP2051824B1 (en) | 2020-05-06 |
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