CN105165536B - 一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法及其沉香形成促进剂 - Google Patents
一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法及其沉香形成促进剂 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105165536B CN105165536B CN201510621236.1A CN201510621236A CN105165536B CN 105165536 B CN105165536 B CN 105165536B CN 201510621236 A CN201510621236 A CN 201510621236A CN 105165536 B CN105165536 B CN 105165536B
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法及其沉香形成促进剂，其中方法包括：选取白木香树，在距其树干基部20cm以上部位割线，剥掉树干全周长1/2‑4/5的树皮，露出木质部创伤面；往木质部创伤面均匀喷涂沉香形成促进剂；处理5‑8个月，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，去掉杂质制得沉香；沉香形成促进剂为含有植物激素、无机盐、糖类和有机酸的溶液，pH为1‑4。本发明提供一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，为树干外周结香，操作简易，能提高白木香树的结香利用率，配合自制沉香形成促进剂使用，还提高了沉香挥发油含量和挥发油中倍半萜类化合物的相对含量。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物技术领域，尤其涉及一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法及其沉香形成促进剂。
背景技术
沉香是一种名贵中药材，在中国已有上千年的使用历史，为瑞香科植物白木香A.sinensis(Lour.)Gilg含树脂的木材，称为国产沉香、土沉香或沉水香。其味辛、苦性微温、具行气止痛、温中止呕和纳气平喘的功效，用于治胸腹胀闷疼痛、胃寒呕吐呃逆、肾虚气逆喘急。沉香也是一种名贵香料，是目前世界上最昂贵的香料之一。
国产沉香的主要成分为白木香醇、异白木香醇、去氢白木香醇、白木香酸、白木香醛、沉香螺萜醇、苄基丙酮、对甲氧基苄基丙酮、茴香酸及β-沉香萜呋喃等。此外还含有色酮类化合物、呋喃白木香醇和呋喃白木香醛等倍半萜类化合物。
白木香以其含树脂的木材入药，药材名为沉香，是国产中药沉香的正品来源，也是我国生产中药沉香的唯一植物资源。一般认为健康的白木香树在正常生长的情况下是无法结香的，只有在收到外界伤害之后如虫蛀、真菌感染等，白木香树由于自身的防御机制在伤口周围分泌次生代谢产物来保护树体，以免遭受外界进一步伤害，次生代谢产物经过多年积累即在伤口周围形成一层黑褐色的树脂，即为沉香。白木香在天然条件下沉香的产率非常低，价格昂贵，而传统人工结香方法的沉香得率也很低，而且操作复杂，成本较高，白木香树结香利用率极低，造成很大程度的浪费。人们经过实践和科学研究总结出多种人工结香方法，如凿洞法、砍伤法、人工接菌法、化学损伤等。
目前，应用最广的是白木香树干内部化学创伤诱导结香，如申请号为201010104119和申请号为201310150138的中国专利公开了利用输液法促使白木香树结香的方法，需要在沉香树或白木香树的树干上钻孔，通过输液法将促香剂输入孔内，利用蒸腾作用和扩散作用将促香剂输送至整棵树中，从而诱导整树结香。其方法一般只能一次结香，且促香剂对白木香树的伤害严重不可逆，每1-2个月就输一次液，需要维护人力成本。此方法诱导白木香树结香的面积受天气和输液量影响较大，输液量小，蒸腾作用大，促香剂诱导的伤害面小而细长，白木香树结香面利用率低，取香费工费时；输液量大，蒸腾作用小，促香剂伤害诱导的伤害面大而粗，当促香剂伤害面向外扩散至树皮时，容易使树干腐裂，影响沉香的产量和品质。因此为保证沉香产量和品质，需要有经验的技术人员 进行操作。
至于砍伤法的使用研究，一般都是随意在树干上乱砍几刀，还未看到一套适于规模生产的系统有效的结香方法。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供了一种新的促进白木香树生产沉香的方法。
本发明提供了一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，包括以下步骤：机械剥掉树皮：选取白木香树，在距其树干基部20cm以上部位割线，剥掉树干全周长1/2-4/5的树皮，露出木质部创伤面；喷涂沉香形成促进剂：往木质部创伤面均匀喷涂沉香形成促进剂；获取沉香：喷涂沉香形成促进剂后处理5-8个月，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，去掉杂质制得沉香；沉香形成促进剂为含有植物激素、无机盐、糖类和有机酸的溶液，沉香形成促进剂的pH为1-4。
优选地，往木质部创伤面均匀喷涂沉香形成促进剂后，用塑料薄膜把创伤面包裹起来。
优选地，糖类选自蔗糖、葡萄糖或果糖。
优选地，有机酸选自乙酸、柠檬酸或酒石酸。
优选地，一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法重复2次以上，获取2批次以上的沉香。
另一方面，本发明还提供了一种促进白木香树生产沉香的沉香形成促进剂，其中，沉香形成促进剂为含有植物激素、无机盐、糖类和有机酸的溶液。
优选地，沉香形成促进剂含有质量浓度为0.5％-2％的植物激素、4％-8％的无机盐、2％-4％的糖类和2％-12％有机酸，沉香形成促进剂的pH为1-4。
本发明提供一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，为树干外周结香，操作简易，结香周期较短，一棵白木香树可重复结香两次以上，能提高白木香树的利用率，不仅提高沉香产量，配合自制沉香形成促进剂使用，还提高了沉香挥发油含量和挥发油中倍半萜的相对含量，并获得较高品质的沉香产品。
进一步地，本发明提供了一种促进白木香树生产沉香的沉香形成促进剂，在传统的植物激素和无机盐中再加入糖类和有机酸，且沉香形成促进剂的pH为1-4，用于喷涂白木香树创伤面，结香效果良好。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细说明。
本发明所生产的沉香，形成于白木香树内生韧皮部与木质部之间，具有香味特别，香气淡雅的特点，主要应用于高级香料等领域。
本发明所采用促进白木香树生产沉香的原理：利用沉香形成促进剂作用于 剥掉树皮后露出木质部的白木香树干部位，诱导其生产沉香。由于沉香形成促进剂的伤害诱导作用，诱使白木香树启动防御反应系统而分泌次生代谢产物，经过长期积累和多次代谢分解作用，最终形成沉香。同时，由于受到沉香形成促进剂伤害作用，防御系统的信号分子传递至白木香树内生韧皮部，刺激内生韧皮部的细胞重新进行横向分裂，最终连成一片，形成与树皮类似的韧皮部组织面。而沉香形成和积累在内生韧皮部组织和受伤害的木质部之间。沉香形成促进剂由一定浓度的植物激素、无机盐、糖类和有机酸配制而成的。经诱导作用5～8个月后，在受伤害的树干最外面的木质部和新形成的树皮韧皮部组织之间的结香部位积累形成棕褐色油状物及黄棕色的变色木质部，经晾干后，去除韧皮纤维和朽木，即得到沉香。
实施例一：选取5年树龄的白木香树，在距树干基部20cm处，环绕树干割线，剥掉树干全周长4/5的树皮，高度为2米的树皮(高度一般根据树高而定)，在此不能全部剥皮，会阻断有机物的正常输送，也不能剥皮太少，会影响结香产量。露出木质部创伤面，往木质部创伤面喷涂沉香形成促进剂，1个小时后再重复喷涂一次，相对于输液法的每2-3月输液一次更为省工；用塑料薄膜将创伤面包裹起来，防止雨水冲刷。处理5个月后，观察创伤面周围形成的棕褐色油状物及黄褐色的变色木质部，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，阴干后去除韧皮纤维和朽木即得第一次沉香样品A1。在剥下朽变木质部后再用同样的方式对木质部创伤面喷涂沉香形成促进剂，塑料薄膜包裹，再等5个月以后，观察创伤面周围形成的棕褐色油状物及黄褐色的变色木质部，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，阴干后去除树皮和朽木即得第二次沉香样品A2。其中，本实施例所用沉香形成促进剂为含有0.5％植物激素、4％无机盐、2％糖类和12％有机酸的水溶液，具体配方至少包括：质量浓度为0.3％的茉莉酸甲酯、0.2％的乙烯利、4％的硫酸亚铁和2％的蔗糖和12％乙酸、pH值为1。每次喷涂沉香促进剂用量为500mL以上，确保木质部创伤面全部被沉香形成促进剂喷涂湿润。
实施例二：选取10年树龄的白木香树，在距树干基部30cm处，环绕树干割线，剥掉树干全周长2/3的树皮，高度为2米的树皮，露出木质部创伤面，往木质部创伤面喷涂沉香促进剂，8个小时后再重复喷涂一次；用塑料薄膜将创伤面包裹起来，防止雨水冲刷。处理6个月后，观察创伤面周围形成的棕褐色油状物及黄褐色的变色木质部，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，阴干后去除韧皮纤维和朽木即得第一次沉香样品B1。在剥下朽变木质部后再用同样的方式对木质部创伤面喷涂沉香形成促进剂，塑料薄膜包裹，再等6个月以后，观察创伤面周围形成的棕褐色油状物及黄褐色的变色木质部，剥下已形成沉香 层的朽变木质部创伤面，阴干后去除韧皮纤维和朽木即得第二次沉香样品B2。在剥下朽变木质部后再用同样的方式对木质部创伤面喷涂沉香促进剂，塑料薄膜包裹，再等6个月以后，观察创伤面周围形成的棕褐色油状物及黄褐色的变色木质部，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，阴干后去除韧皮纤维和朽木即得第三次沉香样品B3。其中，本实施例所用沉香形成促进剂为含有0.8％植物激素、5％无机盐、3％糖类和6％有机酸的水溶液，具体配方至少包括：含有质量浓度为0.4％的茉莉酸甲酯、0.4％的乙烯利、5％的乙酸钠和3％的果糖和6％的柠檬酸，沉香形成促进剂溶液的pH值为2。每次喷涂沉香促进剂用量为500mL以上，确保木质部创伤面全部被沉香促进剂喷涂湿润。
实施例三：
选取10年树龄的白木香树，在距树干基部45cm处，环绕树干割线，剥掉树干全周长1/2的树皮，高度为3米的树皮，露出木质部创伤面，往木质部创伤面喷涂沉香形成促进剂，12个小时后再重复喷涂一次；用塑料薄膜将创伤面包裹起来，防止雨水冲刷。等8个月后，观察创伤面周围形成的棕褐色油状物及黄褐色的变色木质部，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，阴干后去除韧皮纤维和朽木即得第一次沉香样品C1。在剥下朽变木质部后再用同样的方式对木质部创伤面喷涂沉香形成促进剂，塑料薄膜包裹，再等8个月以后，观察创伤面周围形成的棕褐色油状物及黄褐色的变色木质部，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，阴干后去除韧皮纤维和朽木即得第二次沉香样品C2。其中，本实施例所用沉香形成促进剂为含有2％植物激素、8％无机盐、4％糖类和2％有机酸的水溶液，具体配方至少包括：质量浓度为1％的6-BA、1％的吲哚乙酸、8％的氯化钾和4％的蔗糖和2％酒石酸，沉香形成促进剂溶液的pH值为4。每次喷涂沉香促进剂用量为500mL以上，确保木质部创伤面全部被沉香促进剂喷涂湿润。
对比例一：根据输液法制备的沉香样品D0：选取5年树龄的白木香树，在距离地面45cm处。垂直钻一深8cm的孔，输入0.5％的乙烯利溶液，0.5％的吲哚乙酸溶液和4％的氯化钠溶液，通过输液方式将混合液输入到树干内部，并用橡胶塞封住树孔，2-3月施加一次，6个月后观察创伤面周围形成的棕褐色油状物及黄褐色的变色木质部，割取晒干即得沉香产品D0。
对比例二：对比例二和实施例一不同点在于，沉香形成促进剂不含有蔗糖和乙酸，制得第一批次沉香D1。
关于实施例一至三、对比例一至二所获得的沉香品质的测试条件及方法：
醇溶性浸出物含量的测试与计算：选取沉香样品参照2010版《中华人民共 和国药典》所载录的醇溶性浸出物测定法中下的热浸法制备沉香，并对沉香样品的醇溶性浸出物含量进行测定。2010版《中华人民共和国药典》中规定，沉香样品的醇溶性浸出物含量要大于10％。具体测定方法为，精密称取沉香药材样品粉末2.0g，置于150mL锥形瓶中，再精密加入100mL无水乙醇，塞紧瓶塞，称定重量并静置1h；然后连接回流冷凝管，加热至沸腾，并保持微沸1小时。冷却取下锥形瓶，塞紧，称定重量，加水补足减轻的重量，摇匀，用干燥滤器滤过，即得沉香油。精密量取50mL滤液置于干燥至恒重的蒸发皿中，在水域锅上蒸干后，于105℃干燥3h，移至干燥器中，冷却30min，迅速称定重量，以干燥品计算药材中醇溶性浸出物的含量(％)。
沉香精油(即挥发油)得率及其倍半萜类化合物相对含量的测试与计算：
分别取施例一至三、对比例一和二制得的沉香样品粉碎后过26目筛，取50g沉香粉末置于1000mL的圆底烧瓶中，加入500mL蒸馏水浸泡过夜；安装水蒸气蒸馏装置，通入冷凝水，并从水蒸气蒸馏装置上方加入2mL正己烷；加热至沸腾，保持沸腾6h后，停止加热；冷却，收集有机溶剂层，并用少量正己烷清洗挥发油收集器内壁数遍，收集、合并；无水硫酸钠干燥，过滤；挥干正己烷，置于干燥器中干燥过夜，称量，计算沉香样品的挥发油含量(挥发油质量占粉末样品质量的百分比)。
对提取得到的沉香精油样品进行GC-MS分析后，通过MSD化学工作站，结合NIST11质谱图库对沉香挥发油各组分质谱数据进行检索与定性，并按峰面积归一化法计算出倍半萜类化合物相对含量。
具体测试方法可参照文献-四批通体香沉香药材的挥发油成分分析，化学与生物工程，2014，Vol.31No.05。
在同等条件下，分别对实施例一至三、对比例一和二制得的沉香样品的品质进行测试，以下是各实施例、对比例的沉香样品醇溶性浸出物含量、挥发油含量及挥发油中倍半萜类化合物的相对含量的测定结果，如表1：
表1
倍半萜类化合物是沉香挥发油中的主要成分，其含量越高，可以认为沉香品质越好。
从沉香的理化测试结果来看，本发明方法生产出的沉香药材样品的醇溶性浸出物含量均高于10％，达到药典要求水平。本发明方法所制得沉香的挥发油含量和倍半萜的相对含量分别高于输液法所制备沉香的挥发油含量和倍半萜相对含量，因此，本发明方法生产的沉香精油产量较高且品质较优。
本发明方法的一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法由于对白木香树本身进行剥皮、喷涂沉香形成促进剂处理，因此，对树体本身伤害较小，可在一棵树上进行二次或三次甚至更多次的沉香结香过程。操作简易，可控性强，耗时短，适用于大规模生产推广应用。
本发明方法制备的沉香，采用传统沉香鉴定方法，通过火烧和熏香炉加热均能闻到浓烈的沉香气味。
本发明采用的一种新配方的沉香形成促进剂，在传统的植物激素和无机盐中再加入糖类和有机酸，糖类促进微生物的繁殖，也可能作为反应物参与沉香主要成分的合成，有机酸用于调整溶液酸度，且可能作为反应物参与沉香主要成分的合成。且沉香形成促进剂的pH为1-4，在该酸性条件下对创伤面刺激性强，易于结香，该沉香形成促进剂用于喷涂白木香树创伤面，结香效果良好。
以上内容是结合具体的实施方式对本发明所作的进一步详细说明，不能认 定本发明的具体实施只局限于这些说明。对于本发明所属技术领域的普通技术人员来说，在不脱离本发明构思的前提下，还可以做出若干简单推演或替换。
Claims (7)
1.一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，其特征在于：包括以下步骤：
机械剥掉树皮：选取白木香树，在距其树干基部20cm以上部位割线，剥掉树干全周长1/2-4/5的树皮，露出木质部创伤面;
喷涂沉香形成促进剂：往木质部创伤面均匀喷涂沉香形成促进剂；
获取沉香：喷涂沉香形成促进剂后处理5-8个月，剥下已形成沉香层的朽变木质部创伤面，去掉杂质制得沉香；
所述沉香形成促进剂为含有植物激素、无机盐、糖类和有机酸的溶液，所述沉香形成促进剂的pH为1-4；
所述沉香形成促进剂含有质量浓度为0.5%-2%的植物激素、4%-8%的无机盐、2%-4%的糖类和2%-12%有机酸。
2.根据权利要求1的一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，其特征在于：所述糖类选自蔗糖、葡萄糖或果糖。
3.根据权利要求1的一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，其特征在于：所述有机酸选自乙酸、柠檬酸或酒石酸。
4.根据权利要求1的一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，其特征在于：所述白木香树树龄为5-10年。
5.根据权利要求1的一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，其特征在于：所述喷涂沉香形成促进剂步骤至少重复两次。
6.根据权利要求1的一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，其特征在于：往木质部创伤面均匀喷涂沉香形成促进剂后，用塑料薄膜把木质部创伤面包裹起来。
7.根据权利要求1-6任一项所述的一种促进白木香树生产沉香的方法，其特征在于：所述方法重复至少2次，获取2批次以上的沉香。
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