CN105143623A - 内燃机的排气净化装置 - Google Patents

内燃机的排气净化装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105143623A
CN105143623A CN201480016697.XA CN201480016697A CN105143623A CN 105143623 A CN105143623 A CN 105143623A CN 201480016697 A CN201480016697 A CN 201480016697A CN 105143623 A CN105143623 A CN 105143623A
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Prior art keywords
exhaust
filter
combustion engine
internal
urea water
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CN201480016697.XA
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CN105143623B (zh
Inventor
内山正
阿曾充宏
野田正文
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Isuzu Motors Ltd
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Isuzu Motors Ltd
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2066—Selective catalytic reduction [SCR]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0231—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using special exhaust apparatus upstream of the filter for producing nitrogen dioxide, e.g. for continuous filter regeneration systems [CRT]
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/025—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust
    • F01N3/0253—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using fuel burner or by adding fuel to exhaust adding fuel to exhaust gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F01N3/0275—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means using electric discharge means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/031—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters having means for by-passing filters, e.g. when clogged or during cold engine start
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
    • F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N9/002—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus of filter regeneration, e.g. detection of clogging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
    • B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
    • B01D53/9431—Processes characterised by a specific device
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9459—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts
    • B01D53/9477—Removing one or more of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, or hydrocarbons by multiple successive catalytic functions; systems with more than one different function, e.g. zone coated catalysts with catalysts positioned on separate bricks, e.g. exhaust systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
    • B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
    • B01D53/9495—Controlling the catalytic process
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/011—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more purifying devices arranged in parallel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2430/00—Influencing exhaust purification, e.g. starting of catalytic reaction, filter regeneration, or the like, by controlling engine operating characteristics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
    • F01N2550/04—Filtering activity of particulate filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
    • F01N2550/06—By-pass systems
    • F01N2550/12—By-pass systems of particulate filters
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/05—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a particulate sensor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/12—Other sensor principles, e.g. using electro conductivity of substrate or radio frequency
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/02—Adding substances to exhaust gases the substance being ammonia or urea
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N2610/00—Adding substances to exhaust gases
    • F01N2610/14—Arrangements for the supply of substances, e.g. conduits
    • F01N2610/1453—Sprayers or atomisers; Arrangement thereof in the exhaust apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/0601—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing being estimated
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    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/14—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust gas
    • F01N2900/1402—Exhaust gas composition
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    • F01N2900/06—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing
    • F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
    • F01N2900/1606—Particle filter loading or soot amount
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    • F01N2900/00—Details of electrical control or of the monitoring of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
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    • F01N2900/16—Parameters used for exhaust control or diagnosing said parameters being related to the exhaust apparatus, e.g. particulate filter or catalyst
    • F01N2900/1614—NOx amount trapped in catalyst
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/0235—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using exhaust gas throttling means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
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Abstract

一种内燃机的排气净化装置，有效地提高NOx的净化率。具备：DPF(16)，捕获排气中的PM；尿素水喷射装置(21)，向排气中喷射尿素水；SCR(22)，将排气中的NOx还原净化；静电电容检测单元(17a、17b、41)，检测DPF(16)的静电电容；PM堆积量计算部(42)，基于静电电容计算PM堆积量；NO2消耗量推测部(43)，基于PM堆积量计算NO2的消耗量；控制单元(44、45)，基于推测出的消耗量控制发动机(10)，使得流入到SCR(22)的NO和NO2的比率接近1：1。

Description

内燃机的排气净化装置
技术领域
本发明涉及内燃机的排气净化装置。
背景技术
作为捕获从柴油发动机排出的废气中的颗粒状物质(ParticulateMatter，以下称为PM)的过滤器，例如已知柴油颗粒过滤器(DieselParticulateFilter，以下称为DPF)。
此外，作为将废气中的氮化合物(以下称为NOx)净化的NOx催化剂，已知使用通过排气热从尿素水加水分解而生成的氨(NH3)将废气中的NOx选择性地还原净化的选择性还原催化剂(SelectiveCatalyticReduction：以下称为SCR)。在SCR中，特别是在排气温度较低时，废气中的NOx(一氧化氮：NO、二氧化氮：NO2)按照以下的反应式与氨(NH3)反应而被净化。
2NH3+NO+NO2→2N2+3H2O···式(1)
因此，为了提高SCR对Nox的净化率，优选为将NO和NO2的比率维持在1：1。
现有技术文献
专利文献
专利文献1：特开2013-2283号公报
专利文献2：特开2009-243316号公报
发明内容
发明所要解决的课题
然而，废气中的NO2存在与DPF所捕获的PM反应而消耗的倾向。因此，为了将流入到下游侧的SCR的废气中的NO与NO2的比率维持在1：1，通过高精度地测量上游侧的DPF所捕获的PM堆积量，能够提高SCR的净化率。
本发明是鉴于上述情况而做出的，其目的在于，通过高精度地控制流入到SCR的废气中的NO与NO2的比率，有效地提高Nox的净化率。
解决课题所采用的技术手段
为了达成上述目的，本发明的内燃机的排气净化装置的特征在于，具备：过滤器，设置于内燃机的排气通路，捕获排气中的颗粒状物质；尿素水喷射机构，设置在比所述过滤器更靠下游侧的排气通路，向排气中喷射尿素水；选择性还原催化剂，设置在比所述尿素水喷射机构更靠下游侧的排气通路，使用从尿素水生成的氨来将排气中的氮化合物还原净化；静电电容检测机构，检测所述过滤器的静电电容；堆积量计算机构，基于检测到的所述静电电容，推测由所述过滤器捕获的颗粒状物质的堆积量；消耗量推测机构，基于推测出的所述堆积量，计算由所述过滤器中堆积的颗粒状物质消耗的二氧化氮的消耗量；以及控制机构，基于计算出的所述消耗量，控制所述内燃机的燃烧状态，使流入到所述选择性还原催化剂的排气中的一氧化氮和二氧化氮的比率接近1：1。
此外，也可以是，所述静电电容检测机构具有分别插入到所述过滤器内的隔着至少一个以上的栅格单元而相对的一对栅格单元的一对电极。
此外，也可以是，还具备：旁通通路，从比所述过滤器更靠上游侧的排气通路分支，绕过该过滤器；以及第2过滤器，设置于所述旁通通路，捕获在该旁通通路中流动的排气中的颗粒状物质，所述一对电极分别插入到所述第2过滤器内的隔着至少一个以上的栅格单元而相对的一对栅格单元。
此外，也可以是，在执行所述第2过滤器的强制再生时，使所述一对电极作为加热器起作用。
发明的效果：
根据本发明的内燃机的排气净化装置，通过高精度地控制流入到SCR的废气中的NO与NO2的比率，能够有效地提高Nox的净化率。
附图说明
图1是表示本发明的一个实施方式的内燃机的排气净化装置的示意性整体构造图。
图2是表示在本发明的一个实施方式的内燃机的排气净化装置中，从PM堆积量计算NO2消耗量的映射的一例的图。
图3是表示本发明的其他实施方式的内燃机的排气净化装置的示意性整体构造图。
具体实施方式
以下，基于图1、2说明本发明的一个实施方式的内燃机的排气净化装置。对于同一部件附加同一符号，其名称及功能也相同。因此，不再重复详细的说明。
如图1所示，在柴油发动机(以下简称为发动机)10中设置有吸气歧管10a和排气歧管10b。吸气歧管10a与导入新气的吸气通路11连接，排气歧管10b与将废气向大气排放的排气通路12连接。此外，在排气通路12中，从排气上游侧起依次设置有前段后处理装置14、后段后处理装置20。
前段后处理装置14在壳体14a内从上游侧起依次配置氧化催化剂(DieselOxidationCatalyst：以下称为DOC)15和DPF16而构成。此外，在DOC15的上游侧设置有排气管内喷射装置13，在DPF16的上游侧设置有DPF入口温度传感器18，在DPF16的下游侧设置有DPF出口温度传感器19。
排气管内喷射装置13根据从电子控制单元(以下称为ECU)40输出的指示信号，向排气通路12内喷射未燃燃料(主要是HC)。另外，使用基于发动机10的多级喷射的后喷射的情况下，也可以省略该排气管内喷射装置13。
DOC15例如在堇青石蜂窝构造体等的陶瓷制载体表面担载催化剂成分而形成。DOC15在通过排气管内喷射装置13或后喷射而被供给未燃燃料(主要是HC)时，将其氧化而使废气的温度上升。此外，DOC15将废气中的NO氧化而生成NO2，从而使废气中NO2相对于NO的比率增加。
DPF16例如将由多孔质性的间隔壁划分的大量栅格单元沿着废气的流动方向配置，将这些栅格单元的上游侧和下游侧交替地封闭而形成。DPF16将废气中的PM捕获在间隔壁的细孔及表面，并且在PM的堆积量达到规定量时，执行将其燃烧除去的所谓强制再生。通过排气管内喷射装置13或后喷射向DOC15供给未燃燃料(主要是HC)，将DPF16升温到PM燃烧温度(例如约600℃)，从而进行强制再生。
此外，在本实施方式的DPF16中设置有一对电极17a、17b，该一对电极17a、17b分别插入到隔着至少一个以上的栅格单元而相对的一对栅格单元，从而形成电容器。这些一对电极17a、17b与ECU40电连接。
DPF入口温度传感器18检测流入到DPF16的废气的温度(以下称为入口温度TIN)。DPF出口温度传感器19检测从DPF16流出的废气的温度(以下称为出口温度TOUT)。这些入口温度TIN及出口温度TOUT被输出到电连接的ECU40。
后段后处理装置20从上游侧起依次具备尿素水喷射装置21和配置在壳体20a内的SCR22而构成。
尿素水喷射装置21根据从ECU40输出的指示信号，向前段后处理装置14和后段后处理装置20之间的排气通路12内喷射未图示的尿素水箱内的尿素水。喷射的尿素水通过排气热被加水分解而生成氨(NH3)，作为还原剂被供给到下游侧的SCR22。
SCR22例如在蜂窝构造体等的陶瓷制载体表面担载铜沸石或铁沸石而形成。SCR22吸附作为还原剂供给的氨(NH3)，并且利用吸附的氨(NH3)从通过的废气中将NOx还原净化。
ECU40进行发动机10、排气管内喷射装置13、尿素水喷射装置21等的各种控制，具备公知的CPU、ROM、RAM、输入端口、输出端口等而构成。此外，ECU40作为一部分功能要素而具有静电电容运算部41、PM堆积量计算部42、NO2消耗量推测部43、NOx流入比率计算部44、NOx流入比率调整部45。这些各功能要素包含在作为一体的硬件的ECU40中而进行说明，但是也可以将其中的一部分设置在另外的硬件。另外，在本实施方式中，静电电容运算部41及电极17a、17b构成本发明的静电电容检测机构。
静电电容运算部41基于从一对电极17a、17b输入的信号，运算这些电极17a、17b间的静电电容C。静电电容C基于电极17a、17b间的介质的介电常数ε、电极17a、17b的面积S、电极17a、17b间的距离d，利用以下的数学式1来运算。
[数学1]
C = ϵ × s d
PM堆积量计算部42基于由DPF入口温度传感器18检测的入口温度TIN和由DPF出口温度传感器19检测的出口温度TOUT的平均值TAVE、以及由静电电容运算部41运算的静电电容C，计算由DPF16捕获的PM堆积量。PM堆积量的计算可以使用预先通过实验等求出的近似式或映射等。
NO2消耗量推测部43基于由PM堆积量计算部42计算的PM堆积量，推测由DPF16中堆积的PM消耗的NO2消耗量。更详细地说，在ECU40中存储着预先通过实验等求出的规定PM堆积量和NO2消耗量的关系的消耗量映射(参照图2)。NO2消耗量推测部43通过从该消耗量映射读取与PM堆积量对应的值，推测NO2消耗量。
NOx流入比率计算部44计算经由DPF16流入SCR22的废气中的NO和NO2的比率。以下说明更详细的计算方法。首先，NOx流入比率计算部44基于发动机10的运转状态，计算从发动机10排出的废气中的NO量和NO2量。此外，计算在DOC15中通过氧化而从NO生成的NO2生成量。然后，NOx流入比率计算部44从这些计算出的NO量、NO2量、NO2生成量计算流入到DPF16的NO2量，进而减去由PM消耗的NO2消耗量，从而计算流入到SCR22的废气中的NO和NO2的比率。
NOx流入比率调整部45控制发动机10的燃烧状态，使得由NOx流入比率计算部44计算的NO和NO2的比接近1：1。由此，流入到SCR22的废气中的NO和NO2的比始终被维持在理想的1：1，提高了SCR22对Nox的净化率。另外，使NO和NO2的比接近1：1的控制，例如能够通过调整发动机10的燃料喷射时期(点火时期)、排气再循环量、空燃比等参数来进行。
接下来，说明本实施方式的内燃机的排气净化装置的作用效果。
以往的在上游侧配置DPF、在下游侧配置SCR的排气净化系统，由于DPF中堆积的PM而NO2被消耗，所以难以将流入到SCR的NO和NO2的比率维持在1：1。因此，在SCR中，NO、NO2与氨(NH3)的反应变差，存在Nox的净化率变差的课题。此外，一般来说，DPF的PM堆积量基于由差压传感器检测的DPF差压来推测，但是废气流量随着运转状态而变化，所以还有通过DPF差压无法准确地掌握PM堆积量的课题。
与此相对，本实施方式的内燃机的排气净化装置，根据不受废气流量影响的电极17a、17b间的静电电容C来计算PM堆积量，并且还考虑了由PM消耗的NO2的消耗量，将流入到SCR22的NO和NO2的比率维持在1：1。
因此，根据本实施方式的内燃机的排气净化装置，能够高精度地DPF16的PM堆积量，能够将流入到SCR22的NO和NO2的比率始终维持在理想的1：1，能够有效地提高NOx的净化率。此外，通过促进SCR22的NO、NO2与氨(NH3)的反应，能够有效地减少剩余的氨。
另外，本发明不限于上述的实施方式，在不脱离本发明的主旨的范围内，能够适当变形而实施。
例如，如图3所示，也可以将排气通路12与绕过DPF16的旁通通路12a连接，在该旁通通路12a具备电容小的计测用DPF16a(第2过滤器)而构成。这种情况下，优选为将一对电极17a、17b分别插入到计测用DPF16a内的隔着至少一个以上的栅格单元而相对的一对栅格单元，并且在旁通通路12a设置调整废气流量的节流孔12b。此外，执行计测用DPF16a的强制再生的情况下，也可以向一对电极17a、17b施加电压而作为加热器起作用。
此外，发动机10不限于柴油发动机，也可以广泛地应用于汽油发动机等其他的内燃机。
符号的说明：
10发动机
12排气通路
13排气管内喷射装置
14前段后处理装置
16DPF(过滤器)
17a、17b电极(静电电容检测机构)
20后段后处理装置
21尿素水喷射装置(尿素水喷射机构)
22SCR(选择性还原催化剂)
40ECU
41静电电容运算部(静电电容检测机构)
42PM堆积量计算部(堆积量计算机构)
43NO2消耗量推测部(消耗量推测机构)
44NOx流入比率计算部(控制机构)
45NOx流入比率调整部(控制机构)

Claims (4)

1.一种内燃机的排气净化装置，其特征在于，具备：
过滤器，设置于内燃机的排气通路，捕获排气中的颗粒状物质；
尿素水喷射机构，设置在比所述过滤器更靠下游侧的排气通路，向排气中喷射尿素水；
选择性还原催化剂，设置在比所述尿素水喷射机构更靠下游侧的排气通路，使用从尿素水生成的氨来将排气中的氮化合物还原净化；
静电电容检测机构，检测所述过滤器的静电电容；
堆积量计算机构，基于检测到的所述静电电容，推测由所述过滤器捕获的颗粒状物质的堆积量；
消耗量推测机构，基于推测出的所述堆积量，计算由所述过滤器中堆积的颗粒状物质消耗的二氧化氮的消耗量；以及
控制机构，基于推测出的所述消耗量，控制所述内燃机的燃烧状态，使得流入到所述选择性还原催化剂的排气中的一氧化氮和二氧化氮的比率接近1：1。
2.如权利要求1所述的内燃机的排气净化装置，
所述静电电容检测机构具有分别插入到所述过滤器内的隔着至少一个以上的栅格单元而相对的一对栅格单元的一对电极。
3.如权利要求2所述的内燃机的排气净化装置，还具备：
旁通通路，从比所述过滤器更靠上游侧的排气通路分支，绕过该过滤器；以及
第2过滤器，设置于所述旁通通路，捕获在该旁通通路中流动的排气中的颗粒状物质，
所述一对电极分别插入到所述第2过滤器内的隔着至少一个以上的栅格单元而相对的一对栅格单元。
4.如权利要求3所述的内燃机的排气净化装置，
在执行所述第2过滤器的强制再生时，使所述一对电极作为加热器起作用。
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