CN1051351C - 混凝土外侧面用定向纤维加强的墙板 - Google Patents

混凝土外侧面用定向纤维加强的墙板 Download PDF

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CN1051351C
CN1051351C CN93109027A CN93109027A CN1051351C CN 1051351 C CN1051351 C CN 1051351C CN 93109027 A CN93109027 A CN 93109027A CN 93109027 A CN93109027 A CN 93109027A CN 1051351 C CN1051351 C CN 1051351C
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wallboard
cast
fibre
fiber
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S·贝克曼
A·米勒
S·艾力森
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    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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Abstract

一高强轻质墙板,由纤维加强混凝土薄侧面板和中间的保温材料,如矿棉或多孔塑料所组成。纤维加强筋由钢纤维和塑料纤维的混合物所组成,在浇注中借助一装置使所述纤维定向,所说装置包括将混凝土和纤维混合,并带有振动装置(4),以便获得一均匀的混合物的容器(2),以及用于控制流出量的调节板(3)。具有可变倾斜度的输出加料器(5)和振动装置(6)导引该混合物流向,滑动片(10)控制在振动台上或中间保温层上的厚度和流出。

Description

混凝土外侧面用定向纤维加强的墙板
本发明涉及到一种具有混凝土外侧面和中间保温材料的复合墙板。
不仅多层房屋和工业建筑,而且小的房屋现在通常都是用预制板的建成。
现在在使用的用钢筋混凝土制成的墙板,通常由二部分构成,即至少5cm厚的钢筋混凝土层,混凝土层之间具有中间保温材料。为了使混凝土能给钢筋足够的保护,需要至少5cm的层厚,因为如果加强钢筋开始锈蚀,该锈蚀会扩展,并且可能会使该混凝土层破裂。5cm厚的混凝土板是相当重的,其密实度大约2.4,因此,这些板相互之间必须用机械的方法连接。
本发明的目的是提供一种墙板,该墙板比以前知道的墙板重量轻,且有更好的隔热和隔声性能。本发明的墙板还比以前知道的墙板更容易安装。
本发明的墙板是由二块用定向纤维加强的混凝土薄板和中间的保温材料,最好是矿棉,所制成。在中间的保温材料层处,用钢纤维固定该混凝土两侧面,形成一个三明治结构。相当薄的混凝土两侧面和中间的相当厚的保温材料,提供了一非常好的隔音和隔热效果。
因此,本发明的板是由具有中间保温材的,如矿棉或多孔塑料,二块薄的纤维混凝土板所构成。在隔墙中和在所谓的“联接间隔构件”中,其板不需要是结构构件,而这些薄的混凝土板的固有强度已足够了,因此,这些构件将是轻的,作为结构构件时,只要系杆用纤维混凝土做成就行,无论如何,事实上这样做不需要使板的重量超过20~22Kg/m3
本发明的特征在于将非常薄的纤维混凝土板与中间的保温材料浇注在一起,形成在强度方面协同起作用的非常轻的墙板,对浇注模板进行振动从而该混凝土中的钢纤维和塑料纤维的混合体连接到该保温层上。
定向钢纤维和塑料纤维的混合体增强了混凝土板抵抗冲击的能力,而且使板的抗破裂强度更高。塑料纤维,最好是聚丙烯,会阻止在板中形成微裂缝,以及阻止因振动浇注模而引起的钢纤维沉淀。在面墙板的外层板中,塑料纤维是在最外层5mm中的唯一加强筋,该最外层5mm中没有钢纤维,以避免生锈爆裂。
本发明还提供一种迅速而经济地将纤维定向在所需要的方向上,而不需要任何慢的手工操作的新的方法。
最终产品的强度可以在宽的范围内变化,这取决于具体的使用场合,即较多或较少纤维量迅速地在不同方向上定位,从而最佳地获得其所需要的性能。通过使用不同种类纤维的多种混合,还可以在不同程度上改变这些性能。
按照本发明,在浇注中,通过振动混凝土材料来使纤维在混凝土板中定向。通过搅拌,将纤维混合到混凝土体中,再在浇注中,通过按本发明的方法进行振动,纤维将会沿混凝土体的运动方向定位。在完成该定向以后,获得,例如,具体有40%的纤维基本沿混凝土体的运动方向定位,且还有一部分,如20%的纤维定向在与混凝土体运动的垂直方向上,剩下的纤维分散在不同方向上,从而在所有方向上具有高强度,而在纵向方向上具有最高强度,并具有好的整体性和最小的开裂变形。根据具体使用场合调整混合条件和定向,从而使最终产品的性能总维持在最佳状态,进而使选用的尺寸和材料的消耗保持在最小,可以发现,钢纤维的合适量在1~1.5%(体积)之间,塑料纤维的合适量在0.1~1%(体积)之间,最好在0.2~0.5%(体积)之间。
不同的纤维,其作用方式不同,钢纤维,特别是较粗的钢纤维,比塑料纤维定向要容易得多。事实上也可以使用塑料纤维,以便通过将不同的纤维按合适的比例混合来获得最佳定向。对于具有钢纤维和塑料纤维的混合体,在纵向方向上的加强筋在较大部分上是由钢纤维所构成,而塑料纤维将在横向方向上的加强筋方面处于支配地位。短塑料纤维使它们自己较容易地布置在所述混凝土体的纵向方向上,而长塑料纤维在该混凝土体中较多地受到不同流动和振动的影响;因此它们不象短塑料纤维一样较容易地在纵向方向由定位。
钢纤维的合适尺寸是长度为25~40mm,直径为0.3~0.4mm,塑料纤维的合适尺寸是长度为6~12mm,直径为35~200微米。上面所说的尺寸是大致尺寸,它可以允许根据制造技术而变化,也还可以允许限据纤维的形状而变化,例如,塑料纤维可以是方形的,或带状。
纤维混凝土最好含粒径小于5mm,最好小于3mm的水泥300~400Kg/m3,含钢纤维为1.2~1.5%(体积比),含聚丙烯纤维为0.2~1.0%(体积比)。
下面参照附图1.通过浇注本发明混凝土板的实例,对本发明作更详细的描述。
混凝土体由粒径小于3mm,含量为400Kg/m3的水泥,加1.2%(体积)的长度为25mm,直径为0.3mm的钢纤维,以及0.3%(体积)的长度为6mm,直径为35~200微米的聚丙烯纤维所形成。
在为浇注纤维混凝土板而敷设的支架中,将300升纤维混凝土混合物填充进容器2中。流出的量用调节板3控制,因此,特别是如果该混凝土体的粘度高和其纤维含量高时,为了有助于该混凝土体的流出,可以使用在该容器上的可变振动器4。在该容器中,还可设置有可慢慢旋转的螺旋装置,以便使该混凝土体保持均匀。
混凝土在导轨8的导引下会向下流至输出加料器5上,该加料器5具有可变的倾斜角,并配有可变的振动器6。从该加料器5继续流向下至了浇注台7上。浇注板的厚度是用滑动片10来控制的。
由于混凝土体在输出加料器5和导轨8上流动从而使纤维定向,因此,输出加料器的长度也影响定向的角度。通过改变该输出加料器的倾斜角如图所示的输出加料器的虚线位置12和滑动片的虚线位置13可以提高或减小流出速度,因此可相应地改变浇注台7的高度。
因为导轨8控制着沿该输出给料器平面的流动,因此可增加定向角度。流动速度和振动影响是可变化的,并用控制器来控制。
在较低流动速度和较高的振动影响情况下定向角度会增加。
上述敷设架的纵向移动可以从0~17.4米/分钟之间连续地变化,其横向移动在0.075~3.0米/分钟之间连续地变化。在浇注其宽度比输出给料器还要宽的混凝土板时,可进行横向移动,以便在浇注台的整个表面上形成均匀层。
较粗和较重的纤维,例如钢纤维,比较细和较轻的塑料纤维,如聚丙烯纤维,较容易定向。后者需要一较长的定向距离,即较长的输出给料器,或者该输出给料器的较小的倾斜角。最合适的定向角必须用测试结果的方法测试出来,该角度会受到混凝土的组成,纤维的比例,所使用的纤维的种类,以及所说纤维混合物的组成的影响。
使用本发明,可以生产与早先使用的百棉水泥板一样好的性能的混凝土薄板,而且这些薄板还比今天最常使用的板具有更好的性能。今天最常使用的板是石膏板,它们易碎,且对潮湿敏感。而且,可以生产较厚的板,5cm或更厚些,以单独用作隔墙,或者以用作外墙和结构墙构件。
可以制造具有用相同方法定向的纤维的其它产品,例如机器的基础和类似结构。使从输出加料器流出的混凝土体朝下流动,进入模内,该模的结构刚好使所形成的产品具有准确尺寸,并且该模具有制造孔,凹槽等用的嵌入体,因此,只需要少量的辅助工作,或根本不需要这种辅助工作。
本发明的墙板的外层板是按照上述方法,并借助于所述的纤维定向装置来制造的。下面借助一实例,并参照附图2,对该板作更详细的描述。
在模板中浇注该所需的内层板20,该内层板20的厚度为15mm,含有1.2%(体积)的钢纤维和0.3%(体积)的聚丙烯纤维的加强筋。板的浇注和加强,以及纤维的定向,都是按上述方法进行的。将保温材料21放置在该板上,该保温材料21由20cm的矿棉所组成。在该保温材料21上浇注外层板22,23,厚度为2cm,在浇注该外层板22,23时,先用与浇注内层板相同的方法浇注1.5cm厚的层22,再在其上浇注-5mm厚的上层23,该上层23中仅含有聚丙烯纤维作为其加强筋。为了将该混凝土压实到一定程度,以及增加与矿棉的粘结,在浇注时要振动模板。在浇注的第二天该板可以脱模,并且该混凝土板表现出对保温材料的非常好的粘结性。
上面所公开的纤维,即体积比为1.0~1.5%,长度为25~40mm,直径为0.3~0.4mm的钢纤维,以及体积比为0.2~0.5%,长度为6~12mm,直径为35~200微米的聚丙烯纤维,可产生好的结果。但是,也可以适当使用除这些范围以外的尺寸和量,例如在混凝土中的其它颗粒尺寸。在混凝土中通常使用小于5mm的颗粒尺寸,最好是小于3mm的颗粒尺寸。10~30cm厚的矿棉保温层或带有多孔塑料的较薄保温层是合适的,对大多数墙体来说,最好采用20cm厚的矿棉,该矿棉从经济上讲最有利。
为了获得特别是在考虑风载情况下的纤维混凝土和保温材料之间的粘性的大小,以及作为结构构件,该板的主要性质,需要测定该剪荷载。对于具有矿棉保温层的,其平均剪荷载为28KPa。按照BBK[混凝土结构的条件,斯德哥尔摩1979,第1条(Band 1),第52页]的特有强度变为fk=23KPa。
对宽度为2.4m,高度为3.0m的墙板施加114KN的压力,该压力相当于在实际情况下正常荷载的3倍。在该荷载的作用下,没有观察到任何重要的变形。因此,其破坏荷载事实上要比该荷载高。纤维加强筋还使得普通混凝土适合于替代其抗压强为80~120MPa的高强混凝土。
在抗弯试验时,其弯矩为14.6×KNm/m。在其比较中,正常风荷载时的弯矩为0.36KNm/m,即测试时的弯矩的1/40。该构件的刚度取决于外层板与内层板经过保温材料中的剪应力的配合。可以计算出在测试荷载时的最大剪应力为158KPa,该剪应力实际上比在上面的纯剪切试验中获得的值要高。还进行了防火和荷载试验,试验表明该板具有120分钟的隔离和结构功能,即相当于具有12A的防火等级。

Claims (12)

1.一种具有混凝土侧面和矿棉或多孔塑料的中间保温材料的复合墙板,其特征在于该混凝土是用钢纤维和塑料纤维加强的,这些纤维是定向的以产生高强度;带有浇注侧面和中间保温层的复合墙板在浇注中经过振动以使其保温层和纤维混凝土侧面之间牢固地连接。
2.如权利要求1所述的墙板,其特征在于加强物包括体积为1.0-1.5%的钢纤维和0.2-0.5%的塑料纤维。
3.如权利要求1所述的墙板,其特征在于所述浇注侧面由具有抗压强度为80-120MPa的高强混凝土所制成。
4.如权利要求1所述的墙板,其特征在于,用作外表面的外层板的最外层不含人任何钢纤维,因此该最外层可以是完全平滑的,或显示不同种类的结构。
5.如权利要求2所述的墙板,其特征在于,用作外表面的外层板的最外层不含人任何钢纤维,因此该最外层可以是完全平滑的,或显示不同种类的结构。
6.如权利要求1-5所述的墙板,其特征在于当其为结构件时,其系杆由/纤维混凝土加强。
7.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的墙板,其特征在于抗剪强度为28KPa或以上,弯矩为14.6KNm/m或以上,防火等级为A120,另外尺寸为2.4×3.0米的板可以施加114KN的压力而不变形。
8.如权利要求6所述的墙板,其特征在于抗剪强度为28KPa或以上,弯矩为14.6KNm/m或以上,防火等级为A120,另外尺寸为2.4×3.0米的板可以施加114KN的压力而不变形。
9.一种制造纤维增强混凝土墙板的方法,首先浇注用定向的钢纤维和塑料纤维加强的混凝土内层板,然后放入保温材料,最后浇注上外层板,该外层板是用与内层板相同种类的纤维混凝土做成的,其中,在浇注时,要振动在其浇注模内的该内、外层板,从而使混凝土板和保温材料之间连接牢固,使它们表面层被此之间相互渗入,其特征在于,侧面板的制造是通过将纤维混合到混凝土中;再通过使该混合物输送到振动输出平面上来使纤维定向,该输出平面具有可变的倾斜度;并使该混合物通过导轨,在同时具有振动的情况下,该导轨将在输出平面上流动的混合物朝着浇注模板导引。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,借助于输出装置的倾斜度和滑动片及浇注台的高度都是可变的,该板的厚度是可变的。
11.用于使权利要求1-8中任一项所述墙板的侧面板中的纤维定向的装置,其特征在于它包括将混凝土和纤维混合在一起,并带有一振动装置(4)以便获得均匀混合物的容器(2),用于控制流出量的调节板(3),具有可变倾斜度和带有振动装置(6)以便引导混合物流动的输出加料器(5),在浇注台(7)上的出口处的用于控制浇注的混凝土厚度(9)的滑动片(10)及用于导引混凝土流向和纤维定向的导轨(8)。
12.如权利要求11所述的装置,其特征在于,可变振动装置(4)配置在容器(2)上,以便保持一均匀连续性,并阻止沉淀,另外在容器内任选配备可慢转的螺旋装置。
CN93109027A 1992-06-17 1993-06-16 混凝土外侧面用定向纤维加强的墙板 Expired - Fee Related CN1051351C (zh)

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