CN105126795A - 用于环氧烷烃催化剂的载体 - Google Patents
用于环氧烷烃催化剂的载体 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105126795A CN105126795A CN201510543875.0A CN201510543875A CN105126795A CN 105126795 A CN105126795 A CN 105126795A CN 201510543875 A CN201510543875 A CN 201510543875A CN 105126795 A CN105126795 A CN 105126795A
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/48—Silver or gold
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于环氧烷烃催化剂的载体。本发明提供了一种用于烯烃环氧化的催化剂的载体,所述载体具有小于0.20ml/g的来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积、以及小于0.05ml/g的直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积,并且来自在直径1微米到直径5微米之间的孔的孔体积包括至少80%的总孔体积,其中所述载体是含有α-氧化铝的载体。本发明进一步提供了一种负载在这样的载体上的用于烯烃环氧化的催化剂以及用于将烯烃,特别是乙烯氧化成环氧烷烃,特别是环氧乙烷的方法。
Description
本发明是申请日2008年8月13日、发明名称为“用于环氧烷烃催化剂的载体”、申请号为200880105020.8的申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于烯烃环氧化的催化剂的载体。更具体地说,本发明提供了一种具有特定孔分布(孔径分布,poredistribution)的载体以及包括本发明的载体的环氧化催化剂。
背景技术
在烯烃环氧化中,使用包括银组分、通常具有沉积在载体上的一种或多种元素(即,助催化剂)的催化剂使烯烃与氧气反应以形成烯烃环氧化物(olefinepoxide)。催化剂性能基于选择性、活性和稳定性来表征。选择性是产生期望的环氧烷烃(烯烃氧化物)的转化的烯烃的摩尔分数。反应的烯烃的分数通常随着时间而降低,并且为了维持不变的产品水平,要提高反应温度。然而,这不利地影响向期望的产品转化的选择性。因此,选择性在高水平和可接受的低温度下维持越长,则催化剂装料(catalystcharge)可以在反应器中保持越长,并且所获得的产品更多。选择性方面相当适度的改善和选择性在更长时间段内的维持在工艺效率方面产生巨大的回报。
除了负载的银基环氧化催化剂的化学组成外,成品催化剂以及载体的物理特性已成为催化剂发展的主要部分。通常,银基催化剂载体表现出特有的孔体积和孔径分布。此外,表面积和吸水率(吸水性)是这样的催化剂载体的众所周知的特性。现在已发现成品催化剂的物理特性以及这些特性对催化剂性能的影响比以前所认为的更复杂,特别是如果催化剂用铼助催化。除了表面积、孔体积和孔径分布外,已发现孔径分布的模式(pattern),特别是不同模式的数量和具体特征对催化剂选择性具有显著的积极影响。
许多专利描述了不同的、优选的用于乙烯环氧化催化剂的制备和选择。例如,美国专利第4,242,235号披露了低表面积,小于10m2/g的载体。该现有技术的载体具有60%的孔隙率,并且是双峰的,其中平均孔径(meanporediameter)在1-5微米和60-200微米的范围内。在‘235专利中披露的每个范围表示总孔隙率的至少35%和至多65%。
美国专利第4,226,782号描述了一种表面积在0.05m2/g至10m2/g范围内、孔隙率为从30-80%、并且孔为0.1至20微米的载体。美国专利第5,266,548号描述了一种由95%高纯度的氧化铝来制备α-氧化铝的方法。优选地,在‘548专利中披露的载体具有0.2ml/g至0.6ml/g的孔隙率、以及0.2m2/g至10m2/g的表面积。此外,‘548专利披露了载体的平均孔径为0.1微米至100微米,优选在0.1-10微米,并且更优选0.2-5微米的范围内。
美国专利第5,380,697号描述了由具有0.4微米至4微米的中值粒径的α-氧化铝颗粒和溶胶凝胶来制备氧化铝载体。在‘697专利中制备的载体通常具有约0.2cc/g至约0.6cc/g,优选约0.3cc/g至约0.5cc/g范围的孔体积(即,吸水率)以及约0.15m2/g至约3m2/g,优选约0.3m2/g至约2m2/g范围的表面积。
美国专利第5,597,773号披露了大量的耐热(耐火,难熔)载体,其中由α-氧化铝制成的载体是高度优选的。在‘773专利中,优选使用这样的α-氧化铝载体,所述α-氧化铝载体具有如通过BET法测量的约0.03m2/g至约10m2/g、优选约0.05m2/g至约5m2/g、更优选约0.1m2/g至约3m2/g的比表面积,以及如通过传统水吸收技术测量的按体积计约0.1cc/g至约0.75cc/g、优选约0.3cc/g至约0.5cc/g的水孔体积。
在美国专利第5,929,259号中,披露了一种具有至少50%且更期望地约60%至约75%的孔隙率的用于环氧乙烷(氧化乙烯,ethyleneoxide)催化剂的载体。在‘259专利中披露的载体的表面积优选在0.4-5m2/g,并且更优选在0.6-1.2m2/g的范围内。
美国专利第6,831,037号描述了一种用于制备氧化铝载体的技术。该载体是具有在1.0-2.6m2/g范围内的表面积和35-55%的吸水率的95%α-氧化铝。当至少70%的孔体积在0.2-10微米(其可提供至少0.27ml/g的总孔体积)的范围内时,该现有技术的载体对环氧乙烷催化剂的制备是有利的。直径小于0.2微米的孔提供0-10%的孔体积,而直径大于10微米的孔提供小于20%的总孔体积。
美国专利申请公开第2004/0110973A1号披露了一种用于由两种α-氧化铝微粒来制备氧化铝载体的方法。该现有技术的载体具有75%的直径在0.2-10微米范围内的孔、小于20%的直径大于10微米的孔、以及小于10%的直径小于0.2微米的孔。该现有技术的载体的吸水率为至少0.35ml/g,并且表面积在0.6-5m2/g的范围内。
美国专利申请公开第2005/0096219A1号发现了提供一种具有最少大于10微米的非常大的孔、35%至55%的吸水率、以及至少1.0m2/g的表面积的载体的优势。在‘219公开中也描述了制备这样的载体的方法。
如上所述,用于乙烯环氧化的催化剂需要一种具有特定物理性能的载体。会期望通过改善载体特性来改善催化剂的催化选择性、活性以及稳定性。本申请的申请人已出人意料地发现载体的孔分布,具体地,来自不同直径范围的孔的孔体积的绝对值,确定(define)了环氧乙烷催化剂的性能,特别是选择性和稳定性。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于烯烃环氧化的催化剂的载体,该载体包括耐热固体载体(refractorysolidcarrier)。本发明的载体不具有或者具有很少的来自小于1微米的小孔和大于5微米的大孔的绝对体积。关于“没有或很少的来自小于1微米的小孔的绝对体积”意味着这样的孔的孔体积小于0.20ml/g。关于“没有或很少的来自大于5微米的大孔的绝对体积”意味着这样的孔的孔体积小于0.20ml/g。
总体上,本发明的载体具有小于0.20ml/g的来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积、以及小于0.20ml/g的来自直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积。特别地,本发明的载体具有0.2ml/g至0.6ml/g的总孔体积、约0.3m2/g至约3.0m2/g的表面积、至少40%的来自直径在1微米到5微米之间的孔的孔体积、以及在1微米到5微米之间的中值孔径,并且其中来自直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积小于0.20ml/g,而来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积小于0.20ml/g。
本发明进一步提供了一种负载在这样的载体上的用于烯烃环氧化的催化剂。除了本发明的载体外,本发明的催化剂进一步包括催化有效量的银和助催化有效量的一种或多种助催化剂(promoter)。典型的助催化剂包括但不限于碱金属以及过渡金属,特别是铼。
本发明更进一步提供了一种用于将烯烃,特别是乙烯氧化成环氧烷烃,特别是环氧乙烷的方法,该方法包括在上述负载型催化剂存在的情况下,在固定床、管式反应器中用分子氧来气相氧化烯烃。
具体实施方式
如上所述,本发明提供了一种用于银基环氧化催化剂的载体,该载体不具有或具有很少的来自直径小于1微米的孔和直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积。本发明还提供了一种包括本发明的载体的银基环氧化催化剂。本发明还描述了一种将烯烃,特别是乙烯氧化成环氧烷烃,特别是环氧乙烷的方法。
在本发明中采用的载体可制备自或选自大量可商业上获得的固体耐热载体。本发明的载体对于环氧化进料物质(feedstockmaterial)、产品和用于预期使用的反应条件是相对惰性的,例如用于烯烃的环氧化,例如通过用分子氧气相氧化乙烯来将乙烯氧化成环氧乙烷。该载体可以包括如α-氧化铝的氧化铝、活性炭(或木炭)、浮石、氧化镁、氧化锆、二氧化钛、硅藻土、漂白土、碳化硅、硅石、碳化硅、二氧化硅、粘土、人造沸石、天然沸石、陶瓷以及它们的组合。优选的载体是α-氧化铝颗粒,其经常通过粘合剂而粘结在一起,并且具有非常高的纯度,即,约95%以上,优选98wt.%以上的α-氧化铝。其余成分可以是其它相的氧化铝、硅石、碱金属氧化物(如,氧化钠)和微量的其它含有金属和/或含有非金属的添加剂或杂质。各种这样的载体是商业上可获得的。合适的氧化铝载体可以制造自并通常可商业上获自UnitedCatalysts,Inc.,ofLouisville,Kentucky和NortonCompany,ofAkron,Ohio。
某些类型的含有α-氧化铝的载体是特别优选的。这些α-氧化铝载体的特征在于具有约0.3m2/g至约3m2/g、优选约0.6m2/g至约2.5m2/g、更优选约0.9m2/g至约2.0m2/g的B.E.T.表面积;以及约0.10cc/g至约0.80cc/g、优选约0.20cc/g至约0.60cc/g的水孔体积。在优选的载体中,至少40%的孔体积来自直径在1微米到5微米之间的孔;优选至少60%;以及最优选至少80%。中值孔分布在1微米到5微米之间;优选在1微米到4.5微米之间;以及最优选在1微米到4微米之间。来自直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积小于0.20ml/g;优选小于0.10ml/g;并且最优选小于0.05ml/g。来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积小于0.20ml/g;优选小于0.16ml/g;以及最优选小于0.12ml/g。
在本发明的一个优选实施方式中,载体具有约0.2ml/g至0.6ml/g的总孔体积。
不管所用载体的特性如何,它通常被成形为适合于在固定床反应器中使用的尺寸的颗粒、厚块(chunk)、片、丸(pellet)、环、球体、车轮形(wagonwheel)、十字环中空圆柱体(cross-partitionedhollowcylinder)等。期望地,载体颗粒可以具有在从约3mm至约10mm的范围内,并且优选在约4mm至约8mm的范围内的“等效直径(当量直径)”,其通常与催化剂置于其中的管反应器的内径兼容。“等效粒径”是与所采用载体颗粒具有相同外表面(即,忽略颗粒的孔内的表面)与体积比的球体的直径。
通常,本发明的合适的催化剂载体可通过混合耐热材料如氧化铝、溶剂如水、临时性粘结剂(temporarybinder)或烧尽材料(burnoutmaterial)、永久性粘结剂和/或孔隙率控制剂来制备。临时性粘合剂、或烧尽材料包括在所采用的温度下可分解的纤维素,取代的纤维素(substitutedcellulose),例如,甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素和羧乙基纤维素,硬脂酸酯,例如有机硬脂酸酯,如硬脂酸甲酯或硬脂酸乙酯,蜡,颗粒状聚烯烃,尤其是聚乙烯和聚丙烯,核桃壳粉等。这些物质负责产生载体材料的孔隙率。烧尽材料主要用于在绿色或未烧制阶段过程中确保多孔结构的保存,其中混合物可以通过模塑工艺或挤出工艺而成型为颗粒。其在烧制过程中基本上完全被去除,以生产成品载体。使本发明的载体优选同时包括粘结材料如硅石和以足够量的碱金属化合物,以基本上防止结晶硅石化合物(silicacompound)的形成。永久性粘结剂包括无机粘土类材料。可以与氧化铝颗粒合并的方便的粘结剂材料是勃姆石、氨稳定的硅溶胶和可溶性钠盐的混合物。所形成的浆料被挤出或模塑成期望的形状并在约1200℃至约1600℃的温度下烧制以形成载体。在颗粒通过挤出而形成的情况下,可以期望包括常规的挤出助剂。待使用的成分的量在一定程度上是相互依存的,并且将取决于与所用设备有关的许多因素。然而,这些事情完全在挤出陶瓷材料领域普通技术人员的一般知识内。
如果通过如在美国专利申请公开第2006/0252643A1号中描述的将载体浸泡在碱性氢氧化物如氢氧化钠、氢氧化钾,或酸如HNO3的溶液中来处理载体,则载体的性能提高。在处理之后,优选清洗该载体,如用水清洗,以除去未反应的溶解物质和处理溶液,并可选地进行干燥。
为了生产用于将烯烃氧化成环氧烷烃的催化剂,于是提供了催化有效量的银在其上的具有上述特性的载体。该催化剂通过用溶解在足以使银前体化合物沉积在载体上的合适的溶剂中的银离子、化合物、复合物(complex)和/或盐浸渍本发明的载体而制备。然后将浸渍的载体从溶液中去除,并通过高温煅烧将沉积的银化合物还原成金属银。还优选在沉积银之前、同时、或随后,在载体上沉积溶解在合适的溶剂中的碱金属的离子、化合物和/或盐形式的合适的助催化剂。并且,在沉积银和/或碱金属之前、同时、或随后,在载体上沉积溶解在合适的溶剂中的合适的过渡金属离子、化合物、复合物和/或盐。
如上所述的原始或处理后的载体用银浸渍溶液,优选银水溶液浸渍。还同时或以单独的步骤用不同的催化助催化剂浸渍该载体。根据本发明制备的优选催化剂包含按重量计高达约45%的银,其表示为金属,沉积在多孔耐热载体的表面上和整个孔中。基于总催化剂的重量为约1%至约40%的表示为金属的银含量是优选的,而约8%至约35%的银含量是更优选的。沉积在载体上或存在于载体上的银的量是催化有效量的银的量,即,可经济地催化乙烯和氧的反应以产生环氧乙烷的量。如本文中所使用的,术语“催化有效量的银”是指在催化剂寿命内能提供乙烯和氧气向环氧乙烷的可测量的转化、选择性和活性稳定性的银的量。有用的含银化合物非排他地包括草酸银、硝酸银、氧化银、碳酸银、羧酸银、柠檬酸银、邻苯二甲酸银、乳酸银、丙酸银、丁酸银和(银的)高级脂肪酸盐以及它们的组合。
催化剂包括负载在本发明的载体上的催化有效量的银、助催化量的碱金属、助催化量的过渡金属。如本文所用的术语催化剂的某种成分的“助催化量”是指所述成分这样的量,其可有效地起作用,以当与不包含所述成分的催化剂相比时,能提供所述催化剂的一种或多种催化性能的改善。当然,所采用的确切浓度与其它因素一起将取决于期望的银含量、载体的性质、液体的粘度、以及银化合物的溶解度。
除了银以外,该催化剂还包含选自锂、钠、钾、铷、铯或它们的组合中的碱金属助催化剂,其中铯是优选的。沉积在载体或催化剂上或存在于载体或催化剂上的碱金属的量是一种助催化量。优选地,所述量按以金属测量的总催化剂的重量计将在约10ppm至约3000ppm、更优选地约15ppm至约2000ppm、并且甚至更优选约20ppm至约1500ppm、并且还更优选约50ppm至约1000ppm的范围内。
催化剂还优选包含过渡金属助催化剂,该过渡金属助催化剂包括来自元素周期表中的第5b、6b、7b和8族的元素、以及它们的组合。优选地,该过渡金属包括选自元素周期表的第7b族的元素。更优选的过渡金属为铼、钼、和钨,其中,钼和铼是最优选的。沉积在载体或催化剂上或存在于载体或催化剂上的过渡金属助催化剂的量是一种助催化量。过渡金属助催化剂可以以表示为金属的每克总催化剂约0.1微摩尔至每克总催化剂约10微摩尔、优选每克总催化剂约0.2微摩尔至每克总催化剂约5微摩尔、并且更优选每克总催化剂约0.5微摩尔至每克总催化剂约4微摩尔的量存在。该催化剂可以进一步包括助催化量的一种或多种硫成分、一种或多种含氟成分、或它们的组合。
用于浸渍载体的银溶液也可以包括诸如本领域已知的可选溶剂或络合剂/增溶剂。各种溶剂或络合剂/增溶剂可用于将银在浸渍介质中溶解至期望的浓度。可用的络合剂/增溶剂包括胺、氨、乳酸以及它们的组合。胺包括具有1至5个碳原子的烷撑二胺(alkylenediamine)。在一种优选的实施方式中,该溶液包括草酸银和乙二胺的水溶液。络合剂/增溶剂可以以每摩尔银约0.1摩尔至约5.0摩尔乙二胺,优选约0.2摩尔至约4.0摩尔,并且对于每摩尔银来说更优选约0.3摩尔至约3.0摩尔乙二胺的量存在于浸渍溶液中。
当使用溶剂时,其可以是水基的、或有机基(系)的,并且可以是极性的或基本上或完全非极性的。通常,溶剂应具有充分的溶剂化能力以溶解溶液成分。同时,优选选择溶剂以避免对溶剂化的助催化剂具有过度的影响或与溶剂化的助催化剂相互作用。有机基(系)溶剂的实例包括但不限于醇类,特别是链烷醇;二醇,特别是烷基二醇;酮类;醛类;胺类;四氢呋喃;硝基苯;硝基甲苯等。优选每摩尔具有1至约8个碳原子的有机基溶剂。可以使用有机溶剂或水和一种或多种有机溶剂的混合物,假设这样的混合溶剂如本文中期望的起作用。
溶液中银盐的浓度在按重量计约0.1%至所采用的特定盐/增溶剂组合的溶解度所允许的最大值的范围内。采用包含按重量计约0.5%至约45%的银的银盐溶液通常是非常合适的,其中按重量计约5%至约30%的银盐浓度是优选的。
选择的载体的浸渍是以传统的方式通过过量溶液浸渍法、初湿法等而实现的。典型地,将载体材料置于银溶液中,直至足够量的溶液被载体吸收。优选地,用于浸渍多孔载体的银溶液的量不大于填充载体的孔体积所需的量。含银的液体通过吸附作用、毛细管作用和/或真空而渗入到载体的孔中。可以使用单一浸渍或一系列浸渍,有或没有中间干燥,这部分取决于溶液中银盐的浓度。浸渍过程描述在美国专利第4,761,394、4,766,105m、4,908,343、5,057,481、5,187,140、5,102,848、5,011,807、5,099,041和5,407,888号中,将其以引用方式并入本文中。可采用不同助催化剂的预沉积、共沉积和后沉积的已知现有过程。
催化性能的实例包括尤其是可操作性(耐逸出性)、选择性、活性、转化率、稳定性和产率。本领域的技术人员可以理解,一种或多种单独的(特有的,individual)催化性能通过“助催化量”可能被增强,而其它催化性能可能会或可能不会被增强,或者甚至可能会减小。可以进一步理解,不同的催化性能可能在不同的操作条件下被增强。例如,在一组操作条件下具有增强的选择性的催化剂可以在不同组的条件下操作,其中改善在活性方面而不是选择性方面显示出来,并且环氧乙烷厂的操作人员会有意地改变操作条件,以便利用某些催化性能,甚至以其它催化性能为代价,以便通过考虑到给料成本、能量成本、副产物去除成本等来优化条件和结果。本发明的银、载体、碱金属助催化剂、以及过渡金属助催化剂的具体组合将相对于银和载体以及无或仅有一种助催化剂的相同组合提供一种或多种催化性能的改善。
在浸渍以后,用银前体化合物和助催化剂浸渍的载体被煅烧或活化一段时间足以将银成分还原成金属银并将挥发性分解产物从含银载体中去除。煅烧通过在0.5巴至35巴范围内的反应压力下,将浸渍的载体优选地以渐进的速率加热到在约200℃至约600℃、优选约250℃至约500℃、以及更优选约300℃至约450℃范围内的温度一段时间足以将包含的银转化成银金属并分解所有或基本上所有存在的有机材料并将其以挥发物除去。通常,温度越高,所需的还原周期越短。本领域已建议各种范围的加热周期以热处理浸渍的载体。美国专利第3,563,914号建议加热小于300秒,而美国专利第3,702,259号披露在100℃至375℃的温度加热2小时至8小时,以还原催化剂中的银盐;通常加热约0.5小时至约8小时。然而,在本发明中,重要的仅是还原时间与温度相关联,使得实现银盐基本上完全还原成催化活性金属。为此可以使用连续或渐进的加热程序。
环氧烷烃的生产
通常,商业化实施的环氧烷烃的生产工艺是在催化剂存在的情况下,在约180℃至约330℃,并且优选约200℃至约325℃,更优选约225℃至约270℃范围内的温度下,在取决于期望的质量速度和生产率可从约大气压至约30大气压变化的压力下,通过使含氧气的气体与烯烃,特别是乙烯持续接触而进行的。通常采用在约大气压至约500psi范围内的压力。然而,在本发明的范围内可以采用更高的压力。在大规模反应器内的停留时间通常在约0.1-5秒的等级。氧气可以在含氧的流股如空气或商品氧气中供应至反应。使用传统方法将所得到的环氧烷烃,如环氧乙烷从反应产物中分离并回收。然而,对于本发明,环氧乙烷工艺预见到通常的气体循环,包括以正常浓度如约0.5至6体积百分比的二氧化碳循环。用于将乙烯氧化成环氧乙烷的通常工艺包括在固定床管式反应器中在本发明的催化剂存在的情况下用分子氧来气相氧化乙烯。传统的商品化固定床环氧乙烷反应器典型地以填充有催化剂的约0.7至2.7英寸O.D.、0.5至2.5英寸I.D.以及15-45英尺长的多个平行的细长管(在适当的壳体内)的形式。
本发明的催化剂已表明是用分子氧将乙烯氧化成环氧乙烷中特别选择的催化剂。在本发明的催化剂存在的情况下,用于进行这样的氧化反应的条件大致包括在现有技术中描述的那些。这适用于例如合适的温度,压力,停留时间,稀释材料如氮、二氧化碳、水蒸气、氩气、甲烷或其他饱和烃,存在或不存在缓和剂(减速剂)来控制催化作用,例如,1,2二氯乙烷、氯乙烯或氯化的聚苯化合物,采用循环操作或应用不同反应器中的连续转化以增加环氧乙烷的产率的期望性,以及在用于制备环氧乙烷的方法中可以选择的任何其它特殊条件。用作反应物的分子氧可由常规来源获得。适宜的氧气加料(oxygencharge)可以是相对纯的氧气,包括大量的氧并带有较少量的一种或多种稀释剂如氮气、氩气等的浓缩氧气流股,或其它包含氧气的流股如空气。本发明的催化剂在乙烯氧化反应中的使用绝不限于那些已知有效的条件中的特定条件的使用。
通过已知的并且在本领域中使用的传统方法,将所得到的环氧乙烷从反应产物中分离并回收。本发明的银催化剂在环氧乙烷生产工艺中的使用在给定的乙烯转化率下给出了比用传统催化剂可能的更高的对于环氧乙烷的总乙烯氧化选择性。
在环氧乙烷的生产中,反应物给料混合物可以包含0.5%至45%的乙烯和3%至15%的氧气,余量包括相对惰性的材料,该材料包括诸如氮、二氧化碳、甲烷、乙烷、氩等物质。在本发明的银催化剂的优选应用中,环氧乙烷是当使用约95%以上氧气的含氧气体时生产的。每次通过催化剂通常仅一部分乙烯发生反应,并且在分离期望的环氧乙烷产物并去除适当的清洗气流和二氧化碳以防止惰性气体和/或副产物的不受控制的积累后,使未反应的物质返回至氧化反应器。仅为了说明,下面为经常用于目前商品化环氧乙烷反应器单元中的条件。GHSV-1500-10,000;入口压力-150-400psig;入口进料:乙烯-1-40%;O2-3-12%;CO2-2-40%;乙烷-0-3%;氩气和/或甲烷和/或氮气:0.3-20ppmv总稀释剂含氯烃缓和剂;冷却剂温度-180-315℃;O2转化水平-10-60%;环氧乙烷EO生产率(工作速率)2-16磅.EO/立方英尺催化剂/小时。
在环氧乙烷生产工艺的其它描述中,向进料中加入含氧气体增加了效率。例如,在美国专利第5,112,795号中,5ppm的氧化氮被加入到以下组成的气体进料中:8体积%氧气,30体积%乙烯,约5ppmw氯乙烷和余量的氮气。
提供了下面的非限制性实例以说明本发明的一些实施方式并阐明在乙烯环氧化成环氧乙烷中使用本发明的载体的一些优点。以下用于本申请的实施例中。
催化剂的制备和测试。
a.银储备溶液的制备。
使用以下成分来制备银溶液(份数为按重量计):
氧化银–834份
草酸–444份
乙二胺–509份
在室温下将氧化银与水混合,接着逐渐加入草酸。将混合物搅拌15分钟,此时,氧化银的黑色悬浮液的颜色变为草酸银的灰/褐色。将混合物过滤,并用3升的去离子水洗涤固体。将样品置于冰浴中,并搅拌,同时缓慢加入乙二胺和水(作为66/34混合物),以便使反应温度维持低于33℃。在加入乙二胺/水混合物后,在室温下过滤溶液。使用澄清的滤出液作为用于催化剂制备的银/胺储备溶液。
b.助催化剂的添加:
助催化剂以催化活性量单独添加或作为水基溶液的混合物添加:例如,Cs以CsOH,Li以LiNO3,Re以HReO4,,W以偏钨酸铵、以及S以(NH4)2SO4。优化助催化剂的浓度以在高选择性下提供最大的稳定性。具体地,助催化剂的浓度在上述的宽范围内,并且也在美国专利第4,766,105号的7-20的实施例3-10中存在的范围内。
c.载体。
用于实施例中的载体A、B、C、D、E、F、G如表I所示。载体如表1所示在80℃下用NaOH溶液处理1.5小时,接着用去离子水冲洗载体以去除NaOH。
表1.载体性能和处理。
d.载体浸渍:
将100g至200g的载体样品置于压力容器中,然后暴露于真空,直至压力低于50mmHg。将200-300ml的调节的银/助催化剂溶液引入至烧瓶,同时使其仍在真空下。使容器的压力升高至大气压力。将催化剂从溶液中分离出来,并准备煅烧。
在载体A、B、C、D、E、F和G上制备用Cs、Li、Re、W和S助催化的银催化剂。该催化剂包含如被载体的总孔体积限制的在12%到18%之间的催化有效浓度的银。
e.催化剂煅烧:
煅烧是通过将催化剂加热直到银盐的分解温度而实现的。这是通过在具有几个加热区的炉子内在受控气氛下加热而实现的。在环境温度下将催化剂装载在进入炉子的移动带上。当催化剂从一个区转到下一个区时温度逐渐升高。在最热的区,温度升高达到400℃。在加热这些区后,带通过逐渐将催化剂冷却至接近室温的冷却区。通过在加热区中使用氮气流来控制炉子内的气氛。
f.催化剂测试:
在加热的不锈钢管内测试催化剂4g。使含有15%乙烯、7%氧气、以及78%主要为氮气和二氧化碳的惰性气体的气体混合物以300psig通过催化剂。调整反应温度,以将催化剂维持在重量工作效率(WWR)=540。
实施例1
该实施例说明在类似的表面积下,来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积越小,则选择性越高,并且稳定性越好。为了比较稳定性,测量了催化剂表现出大于85%选择性的时间。
表2
实施例2
该实施例说明在类似的来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积下,来自直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积越小,选择性越高。
表3
实施例3
该实施例说明当来自大于5微米的孔的孔体积很低,小于0.1ml/g时,来自直径低于1微米的孔的孔体积越小,选择性越高。
表4
虽然已参照优选的实施方式说明并描述了本发明,但是本领域的普通技术人员将容易理解,在不背离本发明的精神和范围的情况下,可以进行各种变化和更改。因此,旨在使权利要求解释成包括所披露的实施方式、那些已经讨论的替代物、以及此外任何和所有等价物。
Claims (19)
1.一种用于烯烃环氧化的催化剂的载体,所述载体具有小于0.20ml/g的来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积、以及小于0.05ml/g的直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积,并且来自在直径1微米到直径5微米之间的孔的孔体积包括至少80%的总孔体积,其中所述载体是含有α-氧化铝的载体。
2.根据权利要求1所述的载体,其中,所述载体包括氧化铝、活性炭、浮石、氧化镁、氧化锆、二氧化钛、硅藻土、漂白土、碳化硅、硅石、二氧化硅、粘土、人造沸石、天然沸石、陶瓷、或它们的组合。
3.根据权利要求1所述的载体,其中,所述载体具有约0.3m2/g至约3m2/g的表面积、以及约0.10cc/g至约0.8cc/g的水孔体积。
4.根据权利要求1所述的载体,其中,来自所述直径大于5微米的所述孔的所述孔体积小于0.05ml/g,以及来自所述直径小于1微米的所述孔的所述孔体积小于0.16ml/g。
5.根据权利要求1所述的载体,其中,来自所述直径大于5微米的所述孔的所述孔体积小于0.05ml/g,以及来自所述直径小于1微米的所述孔的所述孔体积小于0.12ml/g。
6.根据权利要求1所述的载体,其中,所述载体具有约0.2ml/g至约0.6ml/g的总孔体积。
7.一种含有α-氧化铝的载体,所述载体具有0.2ml/g至0.6ml/g的总孔体积并具有约0.3m2/g至约3.0m2/g的表面积、至少80%的来自直径在1微米到5微米之间的孔的孔体积、以及在1微米到5微米之间的中值孔径,并且其中来自直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积小于0.05ml/g,以及来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积小于0.20ml/g。
8.一种用于烯烃环氧化的催化剂,所述催化剂包括含有α-氧化铝的载体和在所述载体上的催化有效量的银,所述载体具有小于0.20ml/g的来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积、以及小于0.05ml/g的来自直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积、以及包括至少80%的来自在直径1微米到直径5微米之间的孔的孔体积,其中所述催化剂表现出大于85%的选择性。
9.根据权利要求8所述的催化剂,进一步包括在所述催化剂上的助催化量的助催化剂,所述助催化剂包括一种或多种含碱金属的化合物、一种或多种含过渡金属的化合物、一种或多种硫成分、一种或多种含氟成分、或它们的组合。
10.根据权利要求9所述的催化剂,其中,所述助催化剂为一种或多种含过渡金属的化合物,所述一种或多种含过渡金属的化合物包括选自元素周期表中的第5b、6b、7b和8族的元素、以及它们的组合。
11.根据权利要求10所述的催化剂,其中,所述一种或多种含过渡金属的化合物包括铼、钼、钨或它们的组合。
12.根据权利要求9所述的催化剂,其中,所述助催化剂为含碱金属的化合物,所述含碱金属的化合物包括锂、钠、钾、铷、铯或它们的组合。
13.一种用于烯烃环氧化的催化剂,所述催化剂包括含有α-氧化铝的载体和在所述载体上的催化有效量的银,所述载体具有0.2ml/g至0.6ml/g的总孔体积、约0.3m2/g至约3.0m2/g的表面积、至少80%的来自直径在1微米到5微米之间的孔的孔体积、以及在1微米到5微米之间的中值孔径,并且其中来自直径大于5微米的孔的孔体积小于0.05ml/g,以及来自直径小于1微米的孔的孔体积小于0.20ml/g,其中所述催化剂表现出大于85%的选择性。
14.根据权利要求13所述的催化剂,进一步包括在所述催化剂上的助催化量的助催化剂,所述助催化剂包括一种或多种含碱金属的化合物、一种或多种含过渡金属的化合物、一种或多种硫成分、一种或多种含氟成分、或它们的组合。
15.根据权利要求14所述的催化剂,其中,所述助催化剂为一种或多种含过渡金属的化合物,所述一种或多种含过渡金属的化合物包括选自元素周期表中的第5b、6b、7b和8族的元素、以及它们的组合。
16.根据权利要求15所述的催化剂,其中,所述一种或多种含过渡金属的化合物包括铼、钼、钨或它们的组合。
17.根据权利要求14所述的催化剂,其中,所述助催化剂为含碱金属的化合物,所述含碱金属的化合物包括锂、钠、钾、铷、铯或它们的组合。
18.一种用于将乙烯氧化成环氧乙烷的方法,所述方法包括在根据权利要求8所述的催化剂存在的情况下,在固定床管式反应器中用分子氧来气相氧化乙烯。
19.一种用于将乙烯氧化成环氧乙烷的方法,所述方法包括在根据权利要求13所述的催化剂存在的情况下,在固定床管式反应器中用分子氧来气相氧化乙烯。
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WO2009029414A1 (en) | 2009-03-05 |
BRPI0815885A8 (pt) | 2017-09-12 |
BRPI0815885A2 (pt) | 2015-02-18 |
CN101795762A (zh) | 2010-08-04 |
KR101502919B1 (ko) | 2015-03-16 |
CA2697771C (en) | 2018-09-04 |
EP2190575A1 (en) | 2010-06-02 |
EP2190575A4 (en) | 2014-05-21 |
RU2464087C2 (ru) | 2012-10-20 |
TW200927286A (en) | 2009-07-01 |
KR20100061698A (ko) | 2010-06-08 |
TWI436827B (zh) | 2014-05-11 |
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US7714152B2 (en) | 2010-05-11 |
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