CN105014503A - Precise grinding method for large-caliber axisymmetric aspheric surfaces - Google Patents
Precise grinding method for large-caliber axisymmetric aspheric surfaces Download PDFInfo
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- CN105014503A CN105014503A CN201510253819.3A CN201510253819A CN105014503A CN 105014503 A CN105014503 A CN 105014503A CN 201510253819 A CN201510253819 A CN 201510253819A CN 105014503 A CN105014503 A CN 105014503A
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B13/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding or polishing optical surfaces on lenses or surfaces of similar shape on other work; Accessories therefor
- B24B13/06—Machines or devices designed for grinding or polishing optical surfaces on lenses or surfaces of similar shape on other work; Accessories therefor grinding of lenses, the tool or work being controlled by information-carrying means, e.g. patterns, punched tapes, magnetic tapes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B49/00—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation
- B24B49/02—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation according to the instantaneous size and required size of the workpiece acted upon, the measuring or gauging being continuous or intermittent
- B24B49/04—Measuring or gauging equipment for controlling the feed movement of the grinding tool or work; Arrangements of indicating or measuring equipment, e.g. for indicating the start of the grinding operation according to the instantaneous size and required size of the workpiece acted upon, the measuring or gauging being continuous or intermittent involving measurement of the workpiece at the place of grinding during grinding operation
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
Abstract
A ground workpiece, a grinding wheel main shaft and a grinding wheel grinding tool are involved in a precise grinding method for large-caliber axisymmetric aspheric surfaces. The ground workpiece is fixedly arranged on a rotating working table. The top face of the ground workpiece is an aspheric surface. The grinding wheel main shaft is arranged on a y-axis feed slide base connected with an x-axis feed slide base. The grinding wheel grinding tool is fixed to the grinding wheel main shaft. The precise grinding method is characterized in that the rotating central line of the grinding wheel main shaft is controlled by a three-axis linkage control model to coincide with the normal of a grinding point on the generatrix of the aspheric surface all the time so that principle errors caused by grinding feed movement tracks can be avoided and the movement precision can be ensured; The aspheric surface is ground through the end face of the grinding wheel grinding tool so that the grinding ratio can be increased; and meanwhile, loss of the grinding wheel grinding tool is compensated for through a real-time detection method so that the grinding efficiency can be improved. A movement mechanism is simple, the grinding efficiency is improved, the grinding accuracy is ensured, and the precise grinding method can be suitable for grinding paraboloids of revolution, hyperboloids of revolution, ellipsoids of revolution and other large axisymmetric aspheric surfaces.
Description
Technical field
What the present invention relates to is a kind of precise grinding process of machine tool technology field, is specifically related to a kind of precise grinding process of heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface.
Background technology
The aspherical optical elements such as parabola, hyperboloid, ellipsoid are the core components in the systems such as large telescope, space camera, laser fusion, interplanetary probe, are widely used in the industry such as Aeronautics and Astronautics, national defence, astronomical observation.The bore of current aspherical optical element reaches several meters, and therefore the Precision Manufacturing Technology of aspherical optical element is key technology.
For the processing of non-ferrous metal, partial crystals aspherical optical element, diamond super precision turning can be adopted; And for optical glass, the hard brittle material such as devitrified glass and SiC aspherical mirror machining, the processing methods such as many employing computer controlled grinding methods of forming, ion beam polishing method.Wherein, the computer controlled grinding method of forming requires higher to processing technology; Equipment investment and the processing cost of ion beam polishing method are high, and efficiency is low.First the processing technology of aspherical optical element carries out milling roughing to component blank usually, then carries out half fine grinding, fine grinding, finally by precise polished come.
Half fine grinding and fine grinding are the important process means of aspherical optical element processing, make the surface figure accuracy of non-spherical element close to final processing request, the allowance of follow-up glossing is reduced, thus improve polishing precision and efficiency by accurate grinding processing.At present, the precise grinding process of most of aspherical optical element is all that the portion end surface of application ball-end grinding wheel, cylindrical grinding wheel cylindrical or cup emery wheel is to carry out grinding.
Through finding prior art literature search, Chinese Patent Application No. is: CN201010229423, name is called: numerical control aspherical processing method adopting tangent method and lathe, disclose a kind of tangential method digital control processing Aspheric grinding method, tangential method processing is implemented to given arbitrary axisymmetric aspheric surface or sphere, is not had the high-precision surface of ripply continuous and derivable in theory; Its process principle first the some M on grinding wheel axle is overlapped with turning cylinder z-axis, and workpiece spindle only drives workpiece to rotate, and emery wheel rotates on grinding wheel axle, and grinding wheel axle, moves while Z axis rotates for datum mark with M point in X-axis and Y direction; The motion of grinding wheel axle is to realize high-precision three-shaft linkage with the numerical control method of Speed interpolation principle.Thisly can obtain higher movement locus precision with the method for emery wheel a bit carrying out grinding, but a bit carrying out grinding the loss of emery wheel can be made very large with emery wheel, the wear-compensating of emery wheel just becomes crucial, thus need repeatedly to detect the surface figure accuracy of workpiece, this will reduce grinding accuracy and grinding efficiency.
Summary of the invention
For defect of the prior art, the invention provides a kind of precise grinding process of intelligentized heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface, by realizing detecting in real time grinding workpiece and carrying out real-Time Compensation to the wearing and tearing of emery wheel grinding tool in grinding process, reach the object improving grinding efficiency, ensure grinding accuracy.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
A kind of precise grinding process of heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface, comprise the end face be fixedly mounted on rotary table be aspheric grinding workpiece, be arranged on the y feeding slide that is connected with x feeding slide on grinding wheel spindle and the emery wheel grinding tool that is fixed on this grinding wheel spindle, it is characterized in that: the rotation centerline adopting three-shaft linkage Controlling model to control described grinding wheel spindle remains with the normal of grinding points on aspheric surface bus and overlaps, and the errors of principles brought to avoid grinding and feeding movement locus also ensures kinematic accuracy; The end face of application wheel grinding tool carries out grinding to improve grinding ratio to described aspheric surface; Adopt real-time detection method to compensate the loss of described emery wheel grinding tool to improve grinding efficiency simultaneously.
Further, described aspheric summit is defined as the origin of coordinates O of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, described aspheric rotating shaft overlaps with the y-axis of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, and this aspheric rotating shaft is overlapped with the rotation centerline of described rotary table, namely the rotation centerline of described rotary table overlaps with the y-axis of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, and this rotary table is with speed n
1do low-speed rotation around y-axis, namely described aspheric surface bus does low-speed rotation around y-axis; The rotation centerline of described grinding wheel spindle is crossing with the origin of coordinates O ' of Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' and in O ' x ' y ' plane, do reciprocally swinging around the origin of coordinates O ' of this Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z '; Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' does up and down and left and right linear translation respectively by described y feeding slide and x feeding slide in the Oxy plane of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, the rotation centerline of described grinding wheel spindle is remained with the normal of grinding points on described aspheric surface bus overlap, described grinding wheel spindle is with speed n
2do high speed rotary motion; By described Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' in the Oxy plane of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz up and down and left and right linear translation, the oscillating traverse motion in O ' x ' y ' plane of the origin of coordinates O ' of pivot wire-wound Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' of described grinding wheel spindle and described aspheric surface bus realize described aspheric accurate grinding around the low-speed rotation of y-axis and the high speed rotary motion of described grinding wheel spindle.
Further, described real-time detection method comprises: described grinding wheel spindle is hollow shaft, be provided with in the inner chamber of this grinding wheel spindle and can do along the rotation centerline of this grinding wheel spindle the checkout gear moved linearly, this checkout gear comprises the displacement transducer of test point on the pivot of described grinding wheel spindle, in grinding process, when institute's displacement sensors moves and touches described grinding workpiece surperficial, the coordinate value of this grinding points is collected to get off, and by control system, the data of gathered grinding points coordinate value and described aspheric standard coordinate data are compared, if generation error, just in real time described three-shaft linkage Controlling model is revised, to ensure that the movement locus of described grinding points remains on described aspheric surface bus.
Further, described emery wheel grinding tool is cylindrical shape emery wheel.
Further, described aspheric surface is axisymmetric aspheric surface.
Beneficial effect of the present invention is:
Adopt three-shaft linkage Controlling model to control grinding wheel spindle rotation centerline and aspheric surface bus grinding points normal to reach and remain and overlap, thus avoid the errors of principles that grinding and feeding movement locus brings, kinematic accuracy is guaranteed; Application cylindrical shape emery wheel grinding tool end face carries out grinding to aspheric surface, improves grinding ratio; Compensated the loss of emery wheel grinding tool simultaneously by real-time detection method, improve grinding efficiency.The present invention is intelligentized method for grinding, and its motion is simple, improves grinding efficiency, ensure that grinding accuracy.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Also read the following detailed description done non-limiting example by referring to accompanying drawing, technical characteristic of the present invention, object and advantage will become more obvious.
Fig. 1 is grinding attachment schematic diagram of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the schematic three dimensional views of the method for the invention.
Fig. 3 is Principle of Grinding and Cutting figure of the present invention.
In figure,
1-base, 2-rotary table, 3-grinding workpiece, 4-emery wheel grinding tool, 5-grinding wheel spindle, 6-column, 7-y feeding slide, 8-x feeding slide, 9-checkout gear.
Detailed description of the invention
Below in conjunction with specific embodiment, the present invention is described in detail.Following examples will contribute to those skilled in the art and understand the present invention further, but not limit the present invention in any form.It should be pointed out that to those skilled in the art, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, can also make some distortion and improvement, these all belong to protection scope of the present invention.
Refer to Fig. 1, the rotary table 2 of numerically-controlled precise grinding machine is arranged on base 1 rotationally, grinding workpiece 3 is fixedly mounted on rotary table 2 by frock clamp, the end face of this grinding workpiece 3 is the axisymmetric aspheric surface of heavy caliber, x feeding slide 8 is connected on the column 6 of numerically-controlled precise grinding machine, y feeding slide 7 is connected on x feeding slide 8, and grinding wheel spindle 5 is arranged on the y feeding slide 7 that is connected with x feeding slide 8, and emery wheel grinding tool 4 is fixed on the top of this grinding wheel spindle 5.
The present invention adopts spherical grinding method to carry out grinding aspheric surface, because the axisymmetric aspheric curvature radius ratio of heavy caliber is comparatively large, if the oscillation center O ' of grinding wheel spindle 5 is positioned in y-axis, pendulum radius will be made to become large and affect structural rigidity.For this reason, the present invention adopts the oscillation center O ' of grinding wheel spindle 5 to carry out the method for translation to realize the accurate grinding of heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface, and this can make the end face of emery wheel grinding tool 4 to the Distance Shortened of the oscillation center O ' of grinding wheel spindle 5.
The rotation centerline that the precise grinding process of described heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface adopts three-shaft linkage Controlling model to control described grinding wheel spindle 5 remains with the normal of grinding points on aspheric surface bus and overlaps, and the errors of principles brought to avoid grinding and feeding movement locus also ensures kinematic accuracy; The end face of application wheel grinding tool 4 carries out grinding to improve grinding ratio to described aspheric surface; Adopt real-time detection method to compensate the loss of described emery wheel grinding tool 4 to improve grinding efficiency simultaneously.
Described aspheric summit is defined as the origin of coordinates O of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, described aspheric rotating shaft overlaps with the y-axis of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz simultaneously, and this aspheric rotating shaft is overlapped with the rotation centerline of described rotary table 2, namely the rotation centerline of described rotary table 2 overlaps with the y-axis of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, and this rotary table 2 is with speed n
1do low-speed rotation around y-axis, also namely described aspheric surface bus does low-speed rotation around y-axis.
The rotation centerline of described grinding wheel spindle 5 is crossing with the origin of coordinates O ' of Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ', and the origin of coordinates O ' of this Cutter coordinate system of pivot wire-wound O ' x ' y ' z ' of this grinding wheel spindle 5 does reciprocally swinging in O ' x ' y ' plane.Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' does upper and lower linear translation by described y feeding slide 7 in the Oxy plane of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, in the Oxy plane of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, do left and right linear translation by described x feeding slide 8, the rotation centerline of described grinding wheel spindle 5 is remained with the normal of grinding points on described aspheric surface bus and overlaps; Described grinding wheel spindle 5 is with speed n
2do high speed rotary motion.
By above-mentioned two rectilinear motions: the upper and lower and left and right linear translation of described Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' in the Oxy plane of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, an oscillating motion: the oscillating traverse motion of origin of coordinates O ' in O ' x ' y ' plane of pivot wire-wound Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' of described grinding wheel spindle 5, and two rotary motions: described aspheric surface bus realizes described aspheric accurate grinding around the low-speed rotation of y-axis and the high speed rotary motion of described grinding wheel spindle 5.
The paraboloid of revolution is typical axisymmetric aspheric surface, below with the accurate grinding of the paraboloid of revolution for embodiment illustrates the present invention, the grinding tool of emery wheel described in the present embodiment 4 adopts cylindrical shape emery wheel, and described grinding wheel spindle 5 is hollow shaft.
Refer to Fig. 3, if the bus equation of the paraboloid of revolution is formula (1), can in the hope of M (x on paraboloid of revolution bus
0, y
0) the center of curvature P (x that puts
2, y
2) coordinate such as formula shown in (2).PM is M (x on paraboloid of revolution bus
0, y
0) radius of curvature put, PM and y-axis intersect at P ' (0, y
1), obvious P ' M<PM.
y＝px
2----------------------------(1)
Grinding is from M (x paraboloid of revolution bus
0, y
0) point starts close to the origin of coordinates O of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, x
0increase gradually, x, y coordinate position of the origin of coordinates O ' of the reciprocally swinging angle [alpha] of the origin of coordinates O ' of pivot wire-wound Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' controlling grinding wheel spindle 5 according to formula (3), (4), (5) in O ' x ' y ' plane and Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ', the rotation centerline making grinding wheel spindle 5 and paraboloid of revolution bus M (x
0, y
0) normal put remains coincidence, makes the end face of cylindrical shape emery wheel grinding tool 4 carry out grinding to the paraboloid of revolution.
x＝x
0-|O′M|sinα----------------------(4)
According to generating spherical grinding principle, at x
0the surface that (namely between twice grinding and feeding) grinding goes out in the time do not changed be around y-axis one week, an annular sphere band that width is suitable with cylindrical shape emery wheel grinding tool 4 diameter, the centre of sphere of this annular sphere band is P ' (0, the y in y-axis
1) point, the spherical radius of annular sphere band is P ' M.Because P ' M<PM, namely with P ' (0, y
1) put as the centre of sphere, P ' M is that the sphere of radius formation is at M (x
0, y
0) radius of curvature be less than the paraboloid of revolution at M (x
0, y
0) radius of curvature.M (x
0, y
0) put the point of contact being sphere and the paraboloid of revolution, this point forms a circle, along with x around y X-axis rotate once week
0increase, namely diameter of a circle increases, and also the paraboloid of revolution is just made up of the circle that diameter constantly changes one by one, the smoothness of the paraboloid of revolution and x
0each variable quantity is relevant.
In fact, be lossy at the end face of grinding process medium plain emery wheel grinding tool 4, the loss of emery wheel grinding tool 4 just have impact on the value of the O ' M in formula (4), (5), and movement locus also just changes.
In order to realize accurate grinding, present invention further proposes a kind of real-time detection method.Described real-time detection method comprises: in the inner chamber of this grinding wheel spindle 5, be provided with a set of checkout gear 9 comprising displacement transducer, this checkout gear 9 can move linearly along the rotation centerline of this grinding wheel spindle 5, and the test point of the displacement transducer of described checkout gear 9 is on the pivot of described grinding wheel spindle 5; In grinding process, when institute's displacement sensors moves and touches the non-spherical surface of described grinding workpiece 3, the coordinate value of this grinding points M is collected to be recorded, and by control system, the data of gathered grinding points M coordinate value and described aspheric standard coordinate data are compared, if generation error, just in real time the described three-shaft linkage Controlling model that formula (4), (5) represent is revised, thus ensure described grinding points M (x
0, y
0) movement locus remain on described aspheric surface bus.
The method of the invention equally can the large-scale axisymmetric aspheric surface such as the grinding hyperboloid of revolution, ellipse of revolution face.
Claims (5)
1. the precise grinding process of a heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface, comprise the end face be fixedly mounted on rotary table be aspheric grinding workpiece, be arranged on the y feeding slide that is connected with x feeding slide on grinding wheel spindle and the emery wheel grinding tool that is fixed on this grinding wheel spindle, it is characterized in that: the rotation centerline adopting three-shaft linkage Controlling model to control described grinding wheel spindle remains with the normal of grinding points on aspheric surface bus and overlaps, and the errors of principles brought to avoid grinding and feeding movement locus also ensures kinematic accuracy; The end face of application wheel grinding tool carries out grinding to improve grinding ratio to described aspheric surface; Adopt real-time detection method to compensate the loss of described emery wheel grinding tool to improve grinding efficiency simultaneously.
2. the precise grinding process of heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described aspheric summit is defined as the origin of coordinates O of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, described aspheric rotating shaft overlaps with the y-axis of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, and this aspheric rotating shaft is overlapped with the rotation centerline of described rotary table, namely the rotation centerline of described rotary table overlaps with the y-axis of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, and this rotary table is with speed n
1do low-speed rotation around y-axis, namely described aspheric surface bus does low-speed rotation around y-axis; The rotation centerline of described grinding wheel spindle is crossing with the origin of coordinates O ' of Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' and in O ' x ' y ' plane, do reciprocally swinging around the origin of coordinates O ' of this Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z '; Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' does up and down and left and right linear translation respectively by described y feeding slide and x feeding slide in the Oxy plane of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz, the rotation centerline of described grinding wheel spindle is remained with the normal of grinding points on described aspheric surface bus overlap, described grinding wheel spindle is with speed n
2do high speed rotary motion; By described Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' in the Oxy plane of workpiece coordinate system Oxyz up and down and left and right linear translation, the oscillating traverse motion in O ' x ' y ' plane of the origin of coordinates O ' of pivot wire-wound Cutter coordinate system O ' x ' y ' z ' of described grinding wheel spindle and described aspheric surface bus realize described aspheric accurate grinding around the low-speed rotation of y-axis and the high speed rotary motion of described grinding wheel spindle.
3. the precise grinding process of heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface according to claim 1, is characterized in that: described real-time detection method comprises: described grinding wheel spindle is hollow shaft, be provided with in the inner chamber of this grinding wheel spindle and can do along the rotation centerline of this grinding wheel spindle the checkout gear moved linearly, this checkout gear comprises the displacement transducer of test point on the pivot of described grinding wheel spindle, in grinding process, when institute's displacement sensors moves and touches described grinding workpiece surperficial, the coordinate value of this grinding points is collected to get off, and by control system, the data of gathered grinding points coordinate value and described aspheric standard coordinate data are compared, if generation error, just in real time described three-shaft linkage Controlling model is revised, to ensure that the movement locus of described grinding points remains on described aspheric surface bus.
4. the precise grinding process of the heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface according to claim 1,2 or 3, is characterized in that: described emery wheel grinding tool is cylindrical shape emery wheel.
5. the precise grinding process of the heavy caliber axisymmetric aspheric surface according to claim 1,2 or 3, is characterized in that: described aspheric surface is axisymmetric aspheric surface.
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