CN105002913B - A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure and its construction method - Google Patents

A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure and its construction method Download PDF

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Publication number
CN105002913B
CN105002913B CN201510476511.5A CN201510476511A CN105002913B CN 105002913 B CN105002913 B CN 105002913B CN 201510476511 A CN201510476511 A CN 201510476511A CN 105002913 B CN105002913 B CN 105002913B
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water
under water
wall
partition wall
diaphram wall
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CN105002913A (en
Inventor
刘建伟
卢致强
潘秀明
雷崇红
吕高峰
张建海
贺长俊
崔志杰
郝志宏
李铁生
申小兵
付波
张美琴
孟伟
李明磊
刘静涛
刘卫华
谭万忠
贾飞宇
高雄鹰
陈琪娇
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Ranken Railway Construction Group Co Ltd
CRTG Survey and Design Institute Co Ltd
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Ranken Railway Construction Group Co Ltd
CRTG Survey and Design Institute Co Ltd
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Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure, including diaphram wall, plain concrete plate under water, reinforced concrete partition wall, uplift pile and inner support, diaphram wall is arranged on around foundation ditch by pouring, described inner support is supported on diaphram wall, below described diaphram wall reinforced concrete partition wall is formed on foundation ditch by pouring, reinforced concrete partition wall described in per two sides is enclosed in substrate formation with diaphram wall and pours storehouse, uplift pile has been poured below substrate in storehouse, the each Hatch Opening enclosed in reinforced concrete partition wall and diaphram wall to form plain concrete plate under water by pouring, described uplift pile build-in is under water in plain concrete plate.Plain concrete plate increases hole bottom bulk strength and rigidity under water, possess hole bottom to reinforce and antiseepage double effects, high artesian can effectively be solved to bottom heave caused by hole bottom stability influence and excavation of foundation pit, while the preferably sedimentation and deformation of reduction crater wall lateral displacement and surrounding environment.

Description

A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure and its construction method
Technical field
The present invention relates to highly permeable ground layer depth base construction field, in particular it relates to a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover Water sealing structure and its construction method.
Background technology
At present, generally using the outer precipitation in hole, curtain vertical partition wall, substrate three kinds of methods of full slip casting back cover in deep-foundation pit engineering To solve engineering problem caused by artesian water.
Precipitation method outside the first hole as described in Figure 1, the mentality of designing of this method is:Using diaphram wall as going along with sb. to guard him Structure, first carries out cheating inside and outside dewatering confined water construction after building enclosure is carried out, the absolute altitude of design requirement is dropped in artesian water head After carry out excavation.
The shortcoming of this method is that precipitation unavoidably causes foundation ditch surrounding enviroment to settle and relative settlement, and especially water is provided Source electrode requires higher engineering for the engineering in deficient area and to sedimentation and deformation, and the program is forbidden to use;In artesian head Higher sand-pebble layer, the water content of artesian aquifer is enriched, and Rainfall Influence scope is wide, and pump-out is big, the time of dewatering confined water Long, precipitation expense and difficulty are very high, and the power demands to construction management, municipal drainage and scene are higher, and quick-acting prescription is answered during power-off Case enforcement difficulty is high, and dewatering well closing also has suitable risk in hole.
Second of curtain vertical partition wall method as described in Figure 2, the mentality of designing of this method is:Using diaphram wall (or Drilled pile, interlocking pile and corresponding diaphram wall) as building enclosure, diaphram wall is inserted under artesian aquifer not Pervious bed certain depth, reaches vertical partition wall artesian water purpose.
The shortcoming of this method is that the depth of diaphram wall is big, particularly in the feelings that artesian aquifer is thicker and buried depth is deeper Under condition, diaphram wall insertion deep layer impermeable stratum, the requirement to construction technology and construction machinery is very high.Diaphram wall is got over It is deep, it is more difficult to ensure the perpendicularity and leak tightness of diaphram wall, once occurring the situation of curtain leak in digging process, easily sends out Raw dash forward is gushed, and consequence is serious, and is difficult to judge breakthrough.
The third full slip casting back cover method of substrate as described in Figure 3, the mentality of designing of this method is:Using diaphram wall (or drilled pile, interlocking pile and corresponding diaphram wall) uses gamut slip casting water proof as building enclosure, substrate, utilizes Injecting cement paste deadweight resistance artesian pressure.
The shortcoming of this method is that grouting amount is very big, particularly artesian aquifer is thicker and buried depth relatively depth in the case of, note Starch appropriate litigation fees high.Injecting cement paste once has local quality problem, and leak occurs in substrate, and underground water is rushed to rock-soil layer in substrate, string It is difficult to judge leakage area after water, it is also difficult to have progress specific aim compensation and grouting processing, gamut compensation and grouting is then costly, Duration is slow.
The content of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is that there is provided a kind of effect and reliability for improving water proof back cover to solve above-mentioned technical problem Property;Reasonable rabbet groove construction technology is selected, exploitativeness is improved;The operability of monitoring measurement and emergency processing is improved, once It was found that local seep water, the preceding discovery seepage place in time of generation can be gushed prominent, and there have enough buffer time to carry out specific aim to be stronger The highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure and its construction method of compensation and grouting processing.
The present invention the used technical scheme that solves the above problems is:A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover sealing knot Structure, including diaphram wall, under water plain concrete plate, reinforced concrete partition wall, uplift pile and inner support, diaphram wall is by pouring setting Around foundation ditch, described inner support is supported on diaphram wall, by pouring on foundation ditch below described diaphram wall Reinforced concrete partition wall is formed, the reinforced concrete partition wall described in per two sides is enclosed in substrate formation with diaphram wall and pours storehouse, in storehouse Uplift pile is poured below substrate, each Hatch Opening enclosed in reinforced concrete partition wall and diaphram wall to form plain under water by pouring Concrete plate, described uplift pile build-in is under water in plain concrete plate.Plain concrete plate increases hole bottom bulk strength and rigidity under water, possesses hole Bottom is reinforced and antiseepage double effects, can effectively solve high artesian grand to hole bottom caused by hole bottom stability influence and excavation of foundation pit Rise, while the preferably sedimentation and deformation of reduction crater wall lateral displacement and surrounding environment.
It is preferred that, the thick metallings of laying 0.5m on described concrete plate plain under water, described metalling is interior to lay draining blind pipe. Set under water between plain concrete plate and structure base slab lower section bed course in the thick metallings of 0.5m, metalling and lay draining blind pipe, to divide Storehouse excludes the percolating water in storehouse, it is ensured that the dry operation of construction of bottom plates.
It is preferred that, plain concrete plate junction under water is provided with rabbet groove on described reinforced concrete partition wall;Described uplift pile It is upper that plain concrete plate junction under water is provided with rabbet groove;Plain concrete plate junction under water is provided with enterprise on described diaphram wall Mouth groove.
It is preferred that, interface built-in slip casting pipe between described concrete plate plain under water and diaphram wall and reinforced concrete partition wall.Water Interface built-in slip casting pipe between lower plain concrete plate and diaphram wall, can compensate slip casting in time when percolating water occurs in interface Closure.
The present invention another technical scheme used that solves the above problems is:A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover sealing Construction method, comprises the following steps:
Step 1, according to artesian water water pressure and excavation of foundation pit depth, carry out it is anti-prominent gush, the native and anti-piping stability of anti-current Checking computations, it is determined that plain concrete plate thickness, uplift pile arrangement parameter and rabbet groove parameter under water;
Step 2, diaphram wall, reinforced concrete partition wall and uplift pile are poured from ground construction, the reinforced concrete described in per two sides Partition wall and diaphram wall are enclosed in substrate formation and pour storehouse, have poured uplift pile below substrate in storehouse, with plain concrete under water Rabbet groove of the level to insertion is reserved in reinforced concrete partition wall, uplift pile and the diaphram wall interface of plate connection;
Step 3, layer and section is down excavated, and sets up inner support in time, until being excavated to more than underground water position, then frame If more than water level one nearest of inner support;
Step 4, underwater excavation cubic metre of earth, until plain concrete plate bottom surface under water;
Step 5, the rabbet groove groove inner stuffing on reinforced concrete partition wall, uplift pile and diaphram wall is removed under water, then Sequence placing plain concrete plate under water;
Step 6, down pump drainage underground water, and set up platform in time is layered, inner support is set up on the water, until by underground water Whole pump drainages;
Step 7, metalling is backfilled above plain concrete plate under water, lays draining blind pipe, pump drainage percolating water;
Step 8, agent structure, laying waterproof layer are applied from the bottom up, sequentially remove support, top board backfill.
It is preferred that, described step 2 makes the rabbet groove grinding tool on reinforced concrete partition wall, using the horizontal bar shaped steel of two panels up and down Plate, a piece of vertical bar steel plate and multiple tracks ribbed stiffener welding assembly are into "] " shaped steel groove, steel tank integral solder prefabricated reinforced concrete every In wall cage bar, steel tank sets the filler for being pre-charged with and being removed under the Yishui River in anchor bar, steel tank behind.
It is preferred that, when described step 2 pours diaphram wall, three rotary churning piles or sleeve are used at the cold seam between framing Leak between valve pipe injecting treatment width, while reducing the level difference deformation between framing.
It is preferred that, when described step 5 pours plain concrete plate under water, under water plain concrete plate and diaphram wall and reinforced concrete every Interface built-in slip casting pipe between wall., there is seepage at interface in interface built-in slip casting pipe between plain concrete plate and diaphram wall under water Slip casting closure can be compensated during water in time.
To sum up, the beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
1st, the plain concrete water proof back cover of underwater casting, water pressure at the bottom of the foundation is resisted with reference to uplift pile, compared to substrate slip casting back cover, reliable Property is higher, and water proof back cover effect is more preferable.
2nd, interface sets the rabbet groove of the horizontal insertion of multiple tracks between plain concrete plate and diaphram wall and uplift pile under water, can Increase the shear resistance between interface, water proof effect is can guarantee that again.
3rd, plain concrete plate and diaphram wall are closely cementing under water, solve diaphram wall and are made because construction reason is not closed Into crater wall seepage problem;
4th, interface built-in slip casting pipe between plain concrete plate and diaphram wall under water, can be timely when percolating water occurs in interface Compensate slip casting closure.
5th, plain concrete plate increases hole bottom bulk strength and rigidity under water, possesses hole bottom and reinforces and antiseepage double effects, can have Effect solves high artesian to bottom heave caused by hole bottom stability influence and excavation of foundation pit, while preferably reduction crater wall is lateral Displacement and the sedimentation and deformation of surrounding environment.
6th, set under water below plain concrete plate and structure base slab between bed course in the thick metallings of 0.5m, metalling and lay draining Blind pipe, excludes the percolating water in storehouse, it is ensured that the dry operation of construction of bottom plates with point storehouse.
In summary, diaphram wall is difficult to the construction penetrated when one aspect of the present invention avoids highly permeable stratum thicker deeper Problem, on the other hand it also avoid artesian water and is depressured run into all difficulties.It can effectively control to dash forward and gush risk, reach and carry again High Passive earth forces, reinforce the purpose of base pit engineering, and construction costs is also saved while surrounding enviroment are preferably protected, Reduce engineering risk.
Brief description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural representation that prior art cheats outer precipitation method;
Fig. 2 is the structural representation of prior art curtain vertical partition wall method;
Fig. 3 is the structural representation of the full slip casting back cover method of prior art substrate;
Fig. 4 is a kind of schematic diagram of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure of the invention;
Fig. 5 is the plain hardened conjunction uplift pile back cover base plane figure structure schematic representation of concrete under reclaimed water of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is the plain hardened conjunction uplift pile back cover substrate vertical section structure schematic diagram of concrete under reclaimed water of the present invention;
The structural representation of diaphram wall or reinforced concrete partition wall rabbet groove in Fig. 7 present invention;
Fig. 8 is Fig. 7 1-1 cross section structure diagrams;
The structural representation of uplift pile rabbet groove in Fig. 9 present invention.
Figure 10 is Fig. 9 1-1 cross section structure diagrams.
Embodiment
With reference to embodiment, the present invention is described in further detail, but embodiments of the present invention not limited to this.
Embodiment 1
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure as shown in Figures 4 and 5, including it is diaphram wall 1, plain under water Concrete plate 2, reinforced concrete partition wall 3, uplift pile 4 and inner support 6, diaphram wall 1 (equivalent to water-stop curtain) are arranged on by pouring Around foundation ditch, inner support 6 is supported on diaphram wall 1, and reinforced concrete partition wall 3, reinforcing bar are set between described diaphram wall 1 Concrete partition wall 3 is formed by construction of diaphragm wall, and the reinforced concrete partition wall 3 described in per two sides is enclosed in diaphram wall 1 Substrate formation pour storehouse, uplift pile 4 has been poured below substrate in storehouse, reinforced concrete partition wall 3 and diaphram wall 1 enclose it is every Individual is poured poured in storehouse plain concrete plate 2 under water, and plain concrete plate 2 is formed by the plain concrete of underwater casting under water, and the build-in of uplift pile 4 is under water In plain concrete plate 2.
Embodiment 2
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure as shown in Figures 4 and 5, on the basis of embodiment 1, under water Laid on plain concrete plate 2 in the thick metallings 5 of 0.5m, metalling and lay draining blind pipe.Percolating water in storehouse is excluded with point storehouse, it is ensured that bottom The dry operation of plate construction.
Embodiment 3
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure as shown in Figures 4 and 5, on the basis of embodiment 1, reinforcing bar The plain junction of concrete plate 2 under water is provided with rabbet groove on concrete partition wall 3;Set in described uplift pile 4 with the plain junction of concrete plate 2 under water It is equipped with rabbet groove;The plain junction of concrete plate 2 under water is provided with rabbet groove on described diaphram wall 1.To increase plain concrete under water Shear resistance and guarantee waterproof effect between plate 2 and other supporting interfaces.
Embodiment 4
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure as shown in Figures 4 and 5, on the basis of embodiment 1, under water Interface built-in slip casting pipe between plain concrete plate 2 and diaphram wall 1 and reinforced concrete partition wall 3.Mended when percolating water occurs in interface Repay slip casting closure.
Embodiment 5
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure construction method as shown in Figures 4 and 5, the design of this method is thought Lu Shi:Using diaphram wall as building enclosure, underground water position is following to use underwater excavation, and substrate underwater casting element concrete plate is fast Fast water proof back cover, water pressure is resisted with reference to uplift pile jointly, is prevented from dashing forward and is gushed destruction.Plain concrete plate and the close glue of diaphram wall under water Knot, and the rabbet groove of the horizontal insertion of multiple tracks is set, prevent that the two joint place from occurring seepage erosion, also make up because of construction reason curtain The leakage problems do not closed, Grouting Pipe is reserved in joint place, can injecting treatment in time once seepage occurs in joint place.Including Following steps:
Step 1, according to artesian water water pressure and excavation of foundation pit depth, carry out it is anti-prominent gush, the native and anti-piping stability of anti-current Checking computations, it is determined that the plain thickness of concrete plate 2, the arrangement parameter of uplift pile 4 and rabbet groove parameter under water;
Step 2, diaphram wall 1, reinforced concrete partition wall 3 and uplift pile 4 are poured from ground construction, the reinforcing bar described in per two sides Concrete partition wall 3 and diaphram wall 1 are enclosed in substrate formation and pour storehouse, have poured uplift pile 4 below substrate in storehouse, with water Rabbet groove of the level to insertion is reserved at reinforced concrete partition wall 3, uplift pile 4 and the interface of diaphram wall 1 that plain concrete plate 2 is connected;
Step 3, layer and section is down excavated, and sets up inner support 6 in time, until being excavated to more than underground water position, then Set up more than water level nearest one of inner support 6;
Step 4, underwater excavation cubic metre of earth, until under water below plain concrete plate, underwater excavation must use suitable equipment, such as inhale Mud machine is to remove mud etc., it is to avoid siltation, influences underwater concreting quality;
Step 5, reinforced concrete partition wall 3, uplift pile 4 and diaphram wall 1 are removed under water reserve rabbet groove of the level to insertion, Then sequence placing plain concrete plate 2 under water;
Step 6, down pump drainage underground water, and set up platform in time is layered, inner support 6 is set up on the water, until in cheating Water whole pump drainage;
Step 7, the plain top of concrete plate 2 backfills metalling 5 under water, lays draining blind pipe, pump drainage percolating water;
Step 8, agent structure, laying waterproof layer are applied from the bottom up, sequentially remove inner support 6, top board backfill.
Embodiment 6
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure as Figure 7-8 and its construction method, in embodiment 5 On the basis of, step 2 makes the rabbet groove grinding tool on reinforced concrete partition wall 3, using the horizontal bar steel plate of two panels, a piece of vertical bar up and down Shape steel plate and multiple tracks ribbed stiffener welding assembly are into "] " shaped steel groove, steel tank integral solder is in the cage bar of prefabricated reinforced concrete partition wall 3, steel Groove sets the filler (ethene block or air bag etc.) for being pre-charged with and being removed under the Yishui River in anchor bar, steel tank behind, after Phase is removed and rabbet groove is formed after filler under water by diver.Described step 2 makes diaphram wall 1 and reinforced concrete partition wall Rabbet groove grinding tool on 3, using the horizontal bar steel plate of two panels, a piece of vertical bar steel plate and multiple tracks ribbed stiffener welding assembly up and down Into "] " shaped steel groove, steel tank integral solder is on diaphram wall 1 and the cage bar of reinforced concrete partition wall 3, and steel tank sets anchor bar behind, The filler removed under the Yishui River is pre-charged with steel tank.
Embodiment 7
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure as shown in figs. 9-10 and its construction method, in embodiment 5 On the basis of, step 2 makes the rabbet groove grinding tool in uplift pile 4, using two panels horizontal annular steel plate, a piece of vertical circular up and down Steel plate and multiple tracks ribbed stiffener welding assembly are into "] " shaped steel groove, steel tank ring steel reinforcement cage is welded in uplift pile cage bar for one week, the steel tank back of the body After set the filler (ethene block or air bag etc.) for being pre-charged with and being removed under the Yishui River in anchor bar, steel tank, the later stage by Diver removes rabbet groove is formed after filler under water.
Embodiment 8
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure as shown in Figures 4 and 5 and its construction method, in embodiment 5 On the basis of, when step 2 pours diaphram wall 1, used at the cold seam between framing at three rotary churning piles or sleeve valve barrel grouting Leak between width is managed, while reducing the level difference deformation between framing.
Embodiment 9
A kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure as shown in Figures 4 and 5 and its construction method, in embodiment 5 On the basis of, when step 5 pours plain concrete plate 2 under water, plain concrete plate 2 and diaphram wall 1 and the boundary of reinforced concrete partition wall 3 under water Face built-in slip casting pipe.Slip casting closure is compensated when percolating water occurs in interface.
The above, is only presently preferred embodiments of the present invention, not makees any formal limitation to the present invention, according to According to the present invention technical spirit, within the spirit and principles in the present invention, above example is made it is any it is simple modification, Equivalent and improvement etc., still fall within the protection domain of technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (7)

1. a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure, including diaphram wall (1), under water plain concrete plate (2), reinforced concrete Partition wall (3), uplift pile (4) and inner support (6), diaphram wall (1) are arranged on around foundation ditch by pouring, it is characterised in that: Described inner support (6) is supported on diaphram wall, and steel is formed by pouring on foundation ditch below described diaphram wall (1) Muscle concrete partition wall (3), the reinforced concrete partition wall (3) described in per two sides is enclosed in substrate formation with diaphram wall (1) and pours storehouse, in storehouse Uplift pile (4) is poured below interior substrate, by pouring in each storehouse that reinforced concrete partition wall (3) is enclosed with diaphram wall (1) Build to form plain concrete plate (2) under water, plain concrete plate (2) is interior under water for described uplift pile (4) build-in;
Interface built-in slip casting pipe between described concrete plate (2) plain under water and diaphram wall (1) and reinforced concrete partition wall (3);
Draining blind pipe is laid in the thick metallings (5) of laying 0.5m on described concrete plate (2) plain under water, described metalling.
2. a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Described steel Plain concrete plate (2) junction under water is provided with rabbet groove on muscle concrete partition wall (3);With plain concrete plate under water in described uplift pile (4) (2) junction is provided with rabbet groove;Plain concrete plate (2) junction under water is provided with rabbet groove on described diaphram wall (1).
3. a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure construction method, it is characterised in that comprise the following steps:
Step 1, according to artesian water water pressure and excavation of foundation pit depth, carry out it is anti-prominent gush, the native and anti-piping Stability Checking of anti-current, It is determined that plain concrete plate (2) thickness, uplift pile (4) arrangement parameter and rabbet groove parameter under water;
Step 2, diaphram wall (1), reinforced concrete partition wall (3) and uplift pile (4) are poured from ground construction, the steel described in per two sides Muscle concrete partition wall (3) is enclosed in substrate formation with diaphram wall (1) and pours storehouse, has poured uplift pile (4) below substrate in storehouse, With plain concrete plate (2) be connected under water the reserved level in reinforced concrete partition wall (3), uplift pile (4) and diaphram wall (1) interface to The rabbet groove of insertion;
Step 3, layer and section is down excavated, and sets up inner support (6) in time, until being excavated to more than underground water position, then frame If more than water level nearest one of inner support (6);
Step 4, underwater excavation cubic metre of earth, until plain concrete plate (2) bottom surface under water;
Step 5, the rabbet groove groove inner stuffing on reinforced concrete partition wall (3), uplift pile (4) and diaphram wall (1) is removed under water, Then sequence placing plain concrete plate (2) under water;
Step 6, down pump drainage underground water, and set up platform in time is layered, inner support (6) is set up on the water, until by underground water Whole pump drainages;
Step 7, metalling (5) is backfilled above plain concrete plate (2) under water, lays draining blind pipe, pump drainage percolating water;
Step 8, agent structure, laying waterproof layer are applied from the bottom up, sequentially remove support, top board backfill.
4. a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure construction method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that; Described step 2 makes the rabbet groove grinding tool on diaphram wall (1) and reinforced concrete partition wall (3), using two panels horizontal bar up and down Shape steel plate, a piece of vertical bar steel plate and multiple tracks ribbed stiffener welding assembly are into "] " shaped steel groove, steel tank integral solder is continuous in underground On wall (1) and reinforced concrete partition wall (3) cage bar, steel tank sets the filling for being pre-charged with and being removed under the Yishui River in anchor bar, steel tank behind Thing.
5. a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure construction method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that; Described step 2 makes the rabbet groove grinding tool in uplift pile (4), using two panels horizontal annular steel plate, a piece of vertical circular up and down Steel plate and multiple tracks ribbed stiffener welding assembly are into "] " shaped steel groove, steel tank ring steel reinforcement cage is welded in uplift pile cage bar for one week, the steel tank back of the body After set the filler for being pre-charged with and being removed under the Yishui River in anchor bar, steel tank.
6. a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure construction method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that; When described step 2 pours diaphram wall (1), handled at the cold seam between framing using three rotary churning piles or sleeve valve barrel grouting Leak between width, while reducing the level difference deformation between framing.
7. a kind of highly permeable stratum deep basal pit back cover water sealing structure construction method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that; When described step 5 pours plain concrete plate (2) under water, plain concrete plate (2) and diaphram wall (1) and reinforced concrete partition wall (3) under water Between interface built-in slip casting pipe.
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