CN104954359A - 内容中心网络中数据的聚合签名 - Google Patents

内容中心网络中数据的聚合签名 Download PDF

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CN104954359A
CN104954359A CN201510116538.3A CN201510116538A CN104954359A CN 104954359 A CN104954359 A CN 104954359A CN 201510116538 A CN201510116538 A CN 201510116538A CN 104954359 A CN104954359 A CN 104954359A
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CN104954359B (zh
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E·尤祖恩
M·E·莫斯科
M·F·普拉斯
G·C·斯科特
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Cisco Technology Inc
Vihana Inc
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
    • H04L9/32Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials
    • H04L9/3247Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials involving digital signatures
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06FELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F21/00Security arrangements for protecting computers, components thereof, programs or data against unauthorised activity
    • G06F21/10Protecting distributed programs or content, e.g. vending or licensing of copyrighted material ; Digital rights management [DRM]
    • GPHYSICS
    • G06COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
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    • H04L63/123Applying verification of the received information received data contents, e.g. message integrity
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L9/00Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
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    • H04L9/3236Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols including means for verifying the identity or authority of a user of the system or for message authentication, e.g. authorization, entity authentication, data integrity or data verification, non-repudiation, key authentication or verification of credentials using cryptographic hash functions
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
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    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L2209/00Additional information or applications relating to cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communication H04L9/00
    • H04L2209/80Wireless
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L63/00Network architectures or network communication protocols for network security
    • H04L63/16Implementing security features at a particular protocol layer
    • H04L63/168Implementing security features at a particular protocol layer above the transport layer

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Abstract

一个实施例提供通过将内容对象聚合成安全内容目录以成本有效方式促进路由器验证内容对象的系统。在操作中,客户端计算装置接收安全内容目录,所述安全内容目录指示内容对象和他们对应的摘要的集合。所述目录用所述目录的生产者的私钥数字签名。客户端计算装置构造内容对象的兴趣,其中,所述兴趣指示所述内容对象的名称和所述内容对象的相应摘要,所述兴趣是基于安全内容目录的。所请求的内容对象的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI),其包括从最通用等级到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成。

Description

内容中心网络中数据的聚合签名
技术领域
本申请一般涉及安全和高效的数字内容分发。更具体地,本申请涉及创建聚合内容对象的安全内容目录,以高效地对内容进行验证和签名。
背景技术
移动计算和蜂窝网络的激增使数字内容(包括诸如歌曲、视频和电影的内容)比以往任何时候移动性更多。诸如命名数据网络(NDN)的内容中心网络(CCN)架构设计成促进访问这些数字内容。NDN的基本特征是对内容而不是通信端点命名。每项内容是分别被命名的,每项数据被绑定到将该数据与任何其它项数据相区分的唯一名称。在NDN中,每项内容是由其生产者或发布者加密签名的。请求消费者验证所接收内容的内容签名,以确保完整性、来源认证和校正。
通过路由器的网络内的内容缓存是NDN的另一关键特征。尽管NDN路由器可以通过验证签名来验证内容,但NDN并不要求路由器验证所有的接收内容。路由器对它接收的每个包执行加密验证所需的计算开销是不可行的。而且,路由器可能不知道每个内容产生应用的特定信任模型,这会要求获得多个关键认证或相似结构以建立对验证内容签名的公钥的信任。出于这些原因,不要求NDN路由器验证内容签名。然而,如果路由器在转发所接收内容之前不进行验证,这会使系统易于受到“恶意”内容的影响。而且,内容发布者为它发布的所有内容产生签名需要承受高的计算代价。
因此,要求路由器验证它接收的所有内容的签名以及要求发布者对它发布的所有内容产生签名的计算复杂性与防止恶意内容在网络中传播所需的安全性相悖。
发明内容
一个实施例提供通过将内容对象聚合成安全内容目录以成本有效方式促进路由器验证内容对象的系统。在操作中,客户端计算装置接收安全内容目录,所述安全内容目录指示内容对象和他们对应的摘要的集合。所述目录用所述目录的生产者的私钥数字签名。客户端计算装置构造内容对象的兴趣,其中,所述兴趣指示所述内容对象的名称和所述内容对象的相应摘要,所述兴趣是基于安全内容目录的。所请求的内容对象的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI),其包括从最通用等级到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成。
在一些实施例中,客户端计算装置基于所述目录的生产者的公钥,验证所述签名。
在一些实施例中,客户端计算装置接收所请求的内容对象;通过将所接收的内容对象的散列与之前构造的兴趣中的内容对象的相应摘要比较,验证所接收的内容对象,从而促进路由器以成本有效的方式验证内容。
在另一实施例中,所述内容对象的HSVLI的最后的名称组成指示所构造的兴趣的摘要。
在一些实施例中,在接收安全内容目录之前,所述客户端计算装置接收内容对象,所述内容对象基于所述安全内容目录的名称识别所述安全内容目录,其中,所述内容对象还指示与所述安全内容目录中表示的内容对象对应的索引号。
在一些实施例中,所构造的兴趣对应于由所述名称标识的安全目录。客户端计算装置基于所述目录的生产者的公钥,验证所述安全内容目录的签名;通过将所接收的内容对象的散列与和所述索引号对应的条目处的安全目录中列出的摘要相比,验证之前接收的内容对象,其中,所述摘要是所述内容对象的加密散列。这促进网络中的路由器以成本有效方式验证内容。
在一些实施例中,内容产生装置创建指示内容对象和他们相应的摘要的集合的安全内容目录。所述内容产生装置基于所述目录的生产者的私钥产生安全内容目录的数字签名,然后将数字签名的安全内容目录发送到客户端计算装置。这促进网络中的路由器以成本有效方式验证内容。
在另一实施例中,所述内容产生装置接收所述安全内容目录的兴趣,其中,与所述安全内容目录关联的内容对象的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI),所述分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)包括从最通用等级到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成。响应于所述目录的兴趣,内容产生装置发送包含所述安全内容目录的内容对象。
在一些实施例中,与由内容产生装置创建的安全内容目录关联的内容对象的HSVLI的最后的名称组成指示所述内容对象的摘要。
在另一实施例中,与由内容产生装置创建的安全内容目录关联的内容对象的相应摘要是内容对象的加密散列。
在一些实施例中,在创建所述安全内容目录之前,所述内容产生装置发送基于所述安全内容目录的名称标识所述安全内容目录的内容对象,其中,所述内容对象还指示与所述安全内容目录中表示的内容对象对应的索引号。
附图说明
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过签名和验证内容对象的聚合促进网络中数字内容的高效和安全分发的示例性计算机系统。
图2图解说明根据本发明的实施例客户端装置和内容生产者之间使用安全内容目录的示例性通信。
图3A呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过客户端计算装置使用安全内容目录获得内容对象的方法的流程图。
图3B呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过客户端计算装置和路由器使用安全内容目录获得内容对象的方法的流程图。
图3C呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过客户端计算装置使用安全内容目录获得内容对象的方法的流程图,其中,客户端装置首先接收指示安全内容目录的内容对象。
图4呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过内容产生装置创建、签名和发送安全内容目录的方法的流程图。
图5A呈现根据本发明的实施例描绘指示相应的内容对象的摘要的安全内容目录的格式的表。
图5B呈现根据本发明的实施例的具有被结构化以指示相应的内容对象的摘要的内容的示例性安全内容目录。
图5C呈现根据本发明的实施例描绘安全内容目录的格式的表,其中,在HSVLI的最后的名称组成中包含摘要。
图5D呈现根据本发明的实施例具有结构化内容的示例性安全内容目录,其中,在HSVLI的最后的名称组成中包含摘要。
图5E呈现根据本发明的实施例描绘安全内容目录的格式的表,其中,目录包含公共名称元件和后缀名称元件和相应摘要的列表。
图5F呈现根据本发明的实施例的示例性安全内容目录结构,其包含公共名称元件和后缀名称元件和相应摘要的列表。
图6图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过签名和验证内容对象的聚合促进网络中的数字内容的高效和安全分发的示例性计算机和通信系统。
在附图中,相同的附图标记指相同的附图元件。
具体实施方式
给出以下描述使得本领域技术人员能够制造和使用实施例,以下描述是在特定应用和其需求的背景下提供的。对所公开实施例的各种改进对本领域技术人员是非常显然的,在不偏离本申请的精神和范围下,本文中定义的通用原理可以应用于其它实施例和应用。因此,本发明不局限于所显示的实施例,而是给予与本文中公开的原理和特征一致的最宽范围。
本发明的实施例提供通过使用安全内容目录签名并验证内容对象的聚合达到数字内容的安全和高效分发的计算机网络环境。安全内容目录可以包括由名称和相应的摘要标识的内容对象的列表。在操作中,客户端计算装置请求并接收安全内容目录。目录是用该目录的生产者的私钥数字签名的,使得与目录关联的所有的内容对象被聚合。基于生产者的公钥的目录的签名验证减少了验证与目录关联的特定内容对象的签名的任何其它需要。以此方式,内容发布者只需要产生目录的签名一次,消费者只需要验证目录上的签名一次。随后对与签名验证的目录关联的特定内容对象的请求既不需要内容发布者签名特定的内容对象,也不需要消费者验证特定的内容对象上的签名。
安全内容目录可以包含对于其关联的内容对象的自认证名称的列表,使得内容对象名称的最后的名称组成指示与该内容对象相应的摘要,其中,摘要是内容对象的加密散列。内容对象的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI),其包括从最通用到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成。通过使用自认证名称作为安全内容目录的一部分,请求或接收具有自认证名称的包的任何条目可以只对所请求的内容对象执行散列运算,然后将结果与和所请求的特定内容对象对应的摘要进行比较。因此,NDN中的路由器或其它转发实体不需要对它接收的每个内容对象验证签名。因为所请求的内容对象的名称包含摘要组成,路由器只需要对所接收的内容对象执行一次散列运算(其计算复杂性比产生数字签名所需的计算复杂性要低很多),以确定内容对象是否满足所请求的兴趣。如果内容对象是所请求的内容对象,则路由器可以转发该内容对象。如果不是,则路由器可以丢弃该兴趣,从而防止在网络中广播恶意内容。
以此方式,内容通过CCN被安全、高效地分发,从而:内容发布者只需要对安全内容目录签名一次;消费者只需要验证安全内容目录上的签名一次;消费者和CCN中的任何路由器只需要对与目录关联的特定内容对象执行散列运算,而不是完整的签名验证。
在一些实施例中,NDN包含三种类型的实体:发出内容兴趣的消费者或客户端装置;产生、发布和签名内容的内容生产者或发布者;路由兴趣包并转发相应的内容包的路由器(或其它转发装置)。每个实体保存以下三个组件:内容存储(CS)或缓存,其用于内容缓存和检索;转发兴趣表(FIB),它是名称前缀和用于路由兴趣的相应的输出接口的路由表,这里,转发是通过名称的最长前缀匹配进行的;未决兴趣表(PIT),它是未完成的或待决的兴趣和相应输入和输出接口集合的表。
在一些实施例中,网络客户端、网络节点(例如诸如路由器的转发器)和发布者通过信息中心网络(ICN)通信。在ICN中,每一项内容是单独命名的,每项数据绑定到将该数据与任何其它项数据相区分的唯一名称,诸如同一数据的其它形式或来自其它源的数据。此唯一名称允许网络装置通过传播指示唯一名称的请求或兴趣来请求数据,并且可以获得与数据的存储位置、网络位置、应用和传输手段无关的数据。命名数据网络(NDN)或内容中心网络(CCN)是ICN架构的示例;以下词语描述NDN或CCN架构的元件:
内容对象(Content Object):单一一项命名数据,其绑定到唯一名称。内容对象是“永久的”,这意味着内容对象可以在计算装置内或者在不同的计算装置中移动,但不会改变。如果内容对象的任何组成变化,则出现变化的实体创建包括更新内容的新内容对象,并且将新内容对象绑定到新唯一名称。
唯一名称(Unique Name):ICN中的名称通常是与位置无关的,唯一地标识内容对象。数据转发装置不管内容对象的网络地址或物理位置如何,可以使用名称或名称前缀将包向生成或存储内容对象的网络节点转发。在一些实施例中,名称可以是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI)。HSVLI可以分成几个分层组分,这些组成可以以各种方式构造。例如,个别的名称组成parc,home,ndn,和test.txt可以以左对齐的前缀为主的方式构造,形成名称“/parc/home/ndn/test.txt.”。因此,名称“/parc/home/ndn”可以是“/parc/home/ndn/test.txt.”的“父”或“前缀”。附加组成可以用来区分内容项目的不同形式,诸如合作文档。
在一些实施例中,名称可以包括无层次标识符,诸如由内容对象的数据(例如检验和值)和/或从内容对象的名称的组成部分导出的散列值。基于散列的名称的描述在(发明人Ignacio Solis于2013年3月20日提交的名称为“ORDERED-ELEMENT NAMING FOR NAME-BASED PACKETFORWARDING,”的)美国专利申请号13/847,814中描述。名称还可以是扁平标签(flat label)。后面,“名称”用来指在命名数据网络中一条数据的任何名称,诸如层次名称或名称前缀,扁平名称(flat name),固定长度的名称,任意长度的名称,或者标签(例如多协议标签交换(MPLS)标签)。
兴趣(Interest):指示对一条数据的请求的包,包括该条数据的名称(或名称前缀)。数据消费者可以在信息中心网络中传播请求或兴趣,CCN/NDN路由器可以向可以提供请求数据的存储装置(例如缓存服务器)或数据生产者播送,以满足请求或兴趣。
在一些实施例中,ICN系统可以包括内容中心网络(CCN)架构。然而,本文中公开的方法还可以应用于其它ICN架构。CCN架构的描述在(发明人Van L.Jacobson和Diana K.Smetters于2008年12月18日提交的名称为“CONTROLLING THE SPREAD OF INTERESTS AND CONTENT INA CONTENT CENTRIC NETWORK”的)美国专利申请号12/338,175中描述。
图1图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过签名和验证内容对象的聚合促进网络中数字内容的高效和安全分发的示例性计算环境100。计算环境100可以包括客户端计算装置104,客户端计算装置104可以包括能确定通过网络102的内容请求的任何计算装置。例如,客户端计算装置104可以包括智能手机104.1、平板计算机104.2和/或个人计算装置104.p(例如膝上型计算机)。计算环境100还可以包括网络102,网络102可以是例如内容中心网络(CCN)、命名数据网络(NDN)或信息中心网络(ICN)。网络102可以包括诸如路由器110.1-110.m的转发装置,路由器110.1-110.m可以各自包含存储装置112.1-112.m,以缓存通过网络102传送的各种内容。如上文描述的,存储装置112.1-112.m可以各自包含内容存储(CS)或缓存、转发兴趣表(FIB)和未决兴趣表(PIT)。
计算环境100可以包括内容生产者108,内容生产者108可以作为主机提供(host)由客户端计算装置104请求的内容。内容生产者108可以创建与由内容对象的名称130.1-130.n和其相应的摘要132.1-132.n标识的内容对象的集合关联的安全内容目录120。内容生产者108可以使用内容生产者108的私钥数字签名安全内容目录120。内容生产者108还可以通过网络102中的路由器110.1-110.n向客户端计算装置104发送安全内容目录120。
一旦接收安全内容目录120,客户端计算装置104可以基于内容生产者108的公钥验证安全内容目录120的签名。客户端计算装置104可以通过由名称130.1和相应的摘要132.1标识内容对象来在与安全内容目录120关联的内容对象中构造兴趣140。这种标识可以基于自认证名称128.1,其中,内容对象的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI),所述分层结构的可变长度标识符HSVLI包括从最通用到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成。内容对象的名称的最后的名称组成可以指示与由名称130.1标识的内容对象对应的摘要132.1,这里,摘要是内容对象的加密散列。
一旦接收由与安全目录120关联的名称130.1标识的内容对象的兴趣140,网络中的路由器110.1可以在将兴趣140继续转发到另一路由器110.n或内容生产者108之前,在其未决兴趣表(PIT)中缓存摘要132.1(或整个自认证名称128.1)。内容生产者108接收由与安全内容目录120关联的名称130.1标识的内容对象的兴趣140,并且发送所请求的内容对象160。内容对象160基于其名称130.1和相应摘要132.1被标识。一旦从内容生产者108接收内容对象160,路由器110.1对内容对象160执行散列运算,并且将散列运算的结果与对应于兴趣140的存储器112.1中的PIT条目比较。如果不匹配,则路由器110.1会丢弃该包。如果匹配,则路由器110.1会根据路由器的FIB中的信息将包继续转发到下一路由器110.n或客户端计算装置104。因此,与计算更复杂的签名验证相反,路由器110.1只需要对内容对象160执行散列运算。而且,客户端计算装置104只需要执行相同的单个散列运算,以验证该内容。以此方式,系统通过使用安全内容目录的被签名和聚合内容对象促进在CCN中的数字内容的安全、高效分发。
图2图解说明根据本发明的实施例客户端装置和内容生产者之间使用安全内容目录的示例性通信200。客户端装置202、路由器206和内容生产者204下方的垂直直线指示时间,如由用向下箭头描绘时间的时间234标签显示的。在操作中,客户端装置202基于所请求目录的名称发送请求目录(request_catalog)兴趣220。请求目录兴趣220通过路由器206传送,内容生产者204接收此接收目录请求(receive_catalog_request)消息224。内容生产者204创建(或者如果已经创建,则访问)指示内容对象的聚合的安全内容目录120,如图1中所示,每个内容对象是基于名称130.1和对应的摘要132.1标识的。这种标识可以基于自认证名称128.1,其中,内容对象的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符(HSVLI),其包括从最通用到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成。内容对象的名称的最后的名称组成可以指示与由名称130.1标识的内容对象对应的摘要132.1,其中,摘要是内容对象的加密散列。在生产者签名目录(producer_sign_catalog)程序280中,内容生产者204基于内容生产者204的私钥产生安全内容目录120的数字签名。内容生产者204然后向客户端装置202发送返回目录(return_catalog)消息226,这里,返回目录消息226包括安全内容目录120,并且还通过路由器206传送。客户端装置202然后对所接收的安全内容目录120执行客户端验证签名(client_verify_signature)程序232,以验证安全内容目录。
客户端装置202现在拥有来自接收目录(receive_catalog)消息230的安全内容目录120,生成包括兴趣140的请求内容对象(request_content_object)兴趣240,其中,兴趣140中被请求的内容对象的名称130.1指示所请求内容对象的相应摘要132.1。所述名称可以是自认证名称,例如从安全内容目录120获得的、如关于图1描述的自认证名称128.1,自认证名称128.1包含名称130.1和对应的摘要132.1。路由器206执行路由器缓存摘要(router_cache_digest)程序242,从而路由器206缓存摘要132.1(或者包含名称130.1和作为最后的名称组成的摘要132.1的自认证名称128.1)。内容生产者204接收接收内容对象请求(receive_content_object_request)消息244,并且发送回带被请求名称130.1的内容对象160(或自认证名称128.1)。路由器206从内容生产者204接收返回内容对象(return_content_object)消息246中的内容对象160。路由器206对内容对象160执行路由器散列内容对象(router_hash_content_object)操作248。路由器204然后将此散列运算的结果与被之前的路由器缓存摘要(router_cache_digest)操作242缓存的摘要进行比较。如果结果不匹配,则路由器206丢弃内容对象160。如果结果匹配,则路由器206将内容对象160继续转发到客户端装置202。
客户端装置202因此接收接收内容对象(receive_content_object)消息250中的内容对象260。与路由器散列内容对象(router_hash_content_object)操作242相似,客户端装置202对内容对象160执行客户端散列内容对象(client_hash_content_object)操作252,将此散列运算的结果与基于原始兴趣140中包括的安全内容目录120的摘要进行比较。如果不存在匹配,则内容对象被丢弃。如果存在匹配,则由客户端装置202发出的原始兴趣140被满足。
图3A呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过客户端计算装置使用安全内容目录获得内容对象的方法的流程图300。基于关于图2中描述的对安全内容目录的请求,客户端装置接收用目录的生产者的私钥数字签名的安全内容目录(操作302)。安全内容目录指示内容对象和他们相应的摘要的集合。客户端装置基于目录的生产者的公钥验证安全内容目录的签名(操作304)。客户端装置然后基于安全内容目录构造内容对象的兴趣,这里,所构造的兴趣指示内容对象的名称和相应摘要(操作306)。一旦接收所请求的内容对象(操作308),客户端装置通过将所接收的内容对象的散列与之前构造的兴趣中的内容对象的摘要进行比较验证所接收的内容对象(操作310)。如果不存在匹配(判断312),则系统丢弃内容对象(操作314)。如果存在匹配(判断312),则兴趣被所接收的内容对象正确满足,使得客户端装置现在拥有它一开始请求的内容对象。
图3B呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过客户端计算装置和路由器使用安全内容目录获得内容对象的方法的流程图350。假设图3A中的前三个操作已经发生。换言之,客户端装置已经接收数字签名的安全内容目录(操作302),验证数字签名(操作304),构造特定内容对象的兴趣(操作306)。取决于网络中的哪个节点接收所构造的兴趣(判断320),系统相应继续进行。如果接收节点是路由器,则路由器会在路由器的未决兴趣表(PIT)中缓存兴趣中携带的摘要(操作322)。摘要与命名内容对象关联,是特定的内容对象的加密散列。路由器然后根据其转发信息表(FIB)中的信息转发兴趣,返回判断320。如果接收节点是内容生产者,则内容生产者会发送所请求的内容对象(操作326)。
根据网络中的哪个节点接收所发送的内容对象,系统相应地继续进行。如果接收节点是路由器,则路由器通过将所接收内容对象的散列与来自操作322的路由器的PIT条目中包含的内容对象的摘要进行比较,验证所接收的内容对象(操作330)。如果不存在匹配(判断332),则系统丢弃内容对象(操作314)。如果存在匹配(判断332),则路由器会根据其FIB中的信息转发内容对象,返回判断328(操作334)。如果内容对象的接收节点是客户端装置,则客户端装置通过将所接收内容对象的散列与之前构造的兴趣中的内容对象的摘要进行比较,验证所接收的内容对象(操作310)。如果不存在匹配(判断312),则系统丢弃内容对象(操作314)。如果存在匹配(判断312),则兴趣被所接收的内容对象正确地满足,使得客户端装置现在拥有一开始请求的内容对象。
因此,路由器和客户端装置都只需要对内容对象执行一次计算量不大的散列运算,以便验证内容(操作310和330)。对于与特定的安全内容目录关联的内容对象的特定集合,内容生产者只需要对安全内容目录执行一次计算量大的签名产生(关于图2描述的生产者签名目录(producer_sign_catalog)操作280),客户端装置或路由器(或其它转发装置或节点)分别只需要对安全内容目录执行一次复杂的签名验证过程(关于图2描述的客户端验证签名(client_verify_signature)操作232)。以此方式,基于与安全内容目录关联的内容对象发送或接收的后续的包不要求由内容生产者的签名产生或者由消费者或路由器的签名验证。后续的包只要求由消费者或路由器进行简单的散列运算(分别关于图2描述的客户端散列内容对象(client_hash_content_object)操作252和路由器散列内容对象(router_hash_content_object)操作248),因此,促进CCN中内容的高效和安全分发。
图3C呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过客户端计算装置使用安全内容目录获得内容对象的方法的流程图370,其中,客户端装置首先接收标识安全内容目录的内容对象。客户端装置接收标识安全内容目录的内容对象(操作301)。内容对象的关键定位器(KeyLocator)字段指向安全内容目录,由其名称标识安全内容目录。内容对象还指示索引号,其对应于安全内容目录中表示的内容对象。客户端计算装置然后基于内容对象中提供的名称构造安全目录的兴趣(操作302),随后接收用目录的生产者的私钥数字签名的安全内容目录(操作302)。安全内容目录指示内容对象和他们相应的摘要的集合。在一些实施例中,安全内容目录还包括与每个成员内容对象对应的索引号。客户端装置基于目录的生产者的公钥验证安全内容目录的签名(操作304)。客户端装置还通过将所接收的内容对象的散列与和来自安全内容目录的索引号对应的内容对象的摘要进行比较,验证所接收的内容对象(操作311)。如果不存在匹配(判断312),则系统丢弃内容对象(操作314)。如果存在匹配(判断312),则兴趣由所接收的内容对象正确地满足,使得客户端装置现在拥有它一开始请求的内容对象。
图4呈现图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过内容产生装置创建、签名和发送安全内容目录的方法的流程图400。内容生产者接收安全内容目录的兴趣,所述安全内容目录与由名称和相应的摘要标识的内容对象的集合关联(操作402)。内容生产者创建指示内容对象和他们相应的摘要的集合的安全内容目录(操作404)。内容生产者然后基于内容生产者的私钥产生安全内容目录的数字签名(操作406)。随后,内容生产者响应于初始兴趣,发送包含数字签名的安全内容目录的内容对象(操作408)。
安全内容目录120也被称作聚合签名对象(Aggregate SignatureObject,ASO)。ASO是专用内容对象,包括可以使用如关于图2描述的CCN内签名个别内容对象的传统程序认证的数据结构。ASO的数据结构可以包括摘要列表,其中,每个摘要对应于和ASO关联的内容对象的名称。摘要是由相应的名称标识的内容对象的散列。
图5A呈现根据本发明的实施例描绘指示相应的内容对象的摘要的安全内容目录500的格式的表。安全内容目录500可以包含索引字段134、内容对象名称字段130和摘要字段132,其中,与安全内容目录关联的内容对象由索引134.1-134.n、内容对象的名称130.1-130.n和命名内容对象的相应摘要132.1-132.n标识,其中,摘要是命名内容对象的散列。图5B描绘安全内容目录520的示例性内容,其指示具有图5A描述的数据结构的相应内容对象的摘要。由索引134.1指示的内容对象具有索引值1(索引134.1),名称“/netflix/home/frozen/vl/sl”(名称130.1)和摘要,摘要的值等于由名称130.1标识的内容对象的散列,“hash{COname130.1}”(摘要132.1)。
图5C呈现根据本发明的实施例描绘安全内容目录540的格式的表,其中,摘要包含于HSVLI的最后的名称组成中。与安全内容目录500的数据结构相似,安全内容目录540包含索引字段134。安全内容目录540还包含自认证名称字段128,其中,与命名内容对象对应的摘要包含于HSVLI的最后的名称组成中。自认证名称128.1被结构化,使得摘要132.1是名称:“NAME 130.1/DIGEST 132.1”的最后的名称组成。自认证名称的示例示于图5D中,图5D描绘安全内容目录560的内容,其中,摘要包含于HSVLI的最后的名称组成中。由索引134.1指示的内容对象具有索引值1和“/netflix/home/frozen/vl/sl/hash{COname130.1}”的对应自认证名称128.1。自认证名称128.1包括如关于图5A和5B中描述的名称130.1和摘要132.1组成。
图5E呈现根据本发明的实施例描绘安全内容目录570的格式的表,其中,目录包含公共名称元件和后缀名称元件与相应摘要的列表。安全内容目录570可以包含目录名称字段122和公共名称字段140,其中与安全内容目录570关联的内容对象由索引142.1-142.n、后缀名称字段144.1-144.n和命名内容对象的相应摘要146.1-146.n标识,其中,摘要是命名内容对象的散列。系统使用公共名称字段140和后缀名称字段144.1-144.n来确定内容对象的名称。以此方式,安全内容目录不需要重复代表目录中的成员内容对象的每个条目的名称的公共元件。此结构的示例示于图5F中,图5F描绘安全内容目录580的内容,其包含“/movie/frozen”的目录名称122和“/netflix/home/frozen/vl”的公共名称140。由索引142.1指示的内容对象具有索引值1,后缀名称144.1为“s1”,相应摘要146.1的值等于由名称“/netflix/home/frozen/vl/sl”(包括公共名称140.1,之后是后缀名称144.1)标识的内容对象的散列“hash{COcommon name122.1/suffix name 144.1}。
图5A-F描绘指示由名称和对应的摘要标识的内容对象的集合的安全内容目录。安全内容目录可以包括含有数据、公钥或其它目录的内容对象的引用。在一些变形中,安全内容目录的结构可以特定于应用。安全内容目录的结构也可以从摘要或自认证名称的单个列表到形成默克尔(Merkle)树的变形的不同内容对象中的多个列表变化。
图6图解说明根据本发明的实施例通过使用安全内容目录促进数字内容的安全和高效分发的示例性计算机和通信系统602。计算机和通信系统602包括处理器604、存储器606和存储装置608。存储器606可以包括易失性存储器(例如RAM),其充当管理存储器,并且可以用来存储一个或多个内存池。而且,计算机和通信系统602可以耦连到显示装置610、键盘612和定位装置614。存储装置608可以存储操作系统616、内容处理系统618和数据632。
内容处理系统618可以包括指令,这些指令由计算机和通信系统602执行时,可以使计算机和通信系统602执行本申请中描述的方法和/或过程。具体地,内容处理系统618可以包括用于发送请求并接收安全内容目录和由安全内容目录标识的特定内容对象的指令(通信机构620)。而且,内容处理系统618可以包括用于创建指示内容对象和其对应摘要的集合的安全内容目录的指令(目录创建机构622)。内容处理系统618还可以包括用于基于目录的生产者的私钥产生安全内容目录的数字签名的指令(签名产生机构624)。内容处理系统618可以包括用于基于目录的生产者的公钥验证安全内容目录的数字签名的指令(签名验证机构626)。
内容处理系统618还可以包括用于构造内容对象的兴趣的指令,其中,兴趣基于安全内容目录指示内容对象的名称和内容对象的相应摘要,并且其中,内容对象的名称是分层结构可变长度标识符(HSVLI),其包括从最通用等级到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成(兴趣构造机构628)。
内容处理系统618还可以包括用于通过将所接收的内容对象的散列与在之前构造的兴趣或之前缓存的条目中的相应摘要进行比较以验证所接收内容对象的指令(内容验证机构630)。
数据632可以包括通过本申请中描述的方法和/或过程作为输入请求的或作为输出生成的任何数据。具体地,数据632可以存储至少:指示内容对象和其相应的摘要的集合的安全内容目录;生产者的私钥;生产者的公钥;多个内容对象;其中,内容对象的名称是分层结构可变长度标识符(HSVLI),其包括从最通用等级到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成;与安全内容目录关联的内容对象的索引;与安全内容目录关联的内容对象的名称;与安全内容目录关联的内容对象的相应摘要,其中,摘要包括命名内容对象的加密散列;以及与安全内容目录关联的内容对象的自认证名称,其中,内容对象的HSVLI的最后的名称组成指示与内容对象对应的摘要。
在此详细描述中描述的数据结构和代码通常存储在计算机可读存储介质上,计算机可读存储介质可以是可以存储代码和/或数据以由计算机系统使用的任何装置或介质。计算机可读存储介质包括但不限于易失性存储器、非易失性存储器、磁和光存储装置(诸如磁盘驱动器、磁带、CD(光盘)、DVD(数字通用盘或数字视频盘))或能够存储现在已知或以后开发的计算机可读介质的其它介质。
在详细描述部分描述的方法和过程可以体现为代码和/或数据,这些代码和/或数据可以存储在如上文描述的计算机可读存储介质中。当计算机系统读、执行计算机可读存储介质上存储的代码和/或数据时,计算机系统执行体现为数据结构和代码并存储于计算机可读存储介质中的方法和过程。
而且,上面描述的方法和过程可以包括于硬件模块或设备中。这些模块或设备可以包括但不限于专用集成电路(ASIC)芯片、现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)、在特定时间执行特定软件模块或代码片段的专用或共用处理器,以及现在已知或以后开发的其它可编程逻辑器件。当硬件模块或设备被激活时,他们执行其中包括的方法和过程。
前面对本发明的实施例的描述只是出于图示和描述目的呈现的,且不意欲是详尽的或将本发明限制到所公开的形式。因此,许多改进和变形对本领域技术人员是显然的。另外,上面公开的内容不想要限制本发明。本发明的范围由所附权利要求限定。

Claims (10)

1.一种检测异常的计算机系统,包括:
处理器;
存储装置,所述存储装置耦连到所述处理器并存储指令,所述指令由计算机执行时,引起所述计算机执行一种方法,所述方法包括:
由客户端计算装置接收安全内容目录,所述安全内容目录指示内容对象和他们的相应摘要的集合,其中,所述目录用所述目录的生产者的私钥数字签名;以及
构造内容对象的兴趣,其中,所述兴趣基于所接收的安全内容目录,指示所述内容对象的名称和所述内容对象的相应摘要,以及其中,所述内容对象的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符HSVLI,所述分层结构的可变长度标识符HSVLI包括从最通用等级到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统,还包括:
基于所述目录的生产者的公钥,验证所述签名。
3.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统,其中,所述方法还包括:
接收所请求的内容对象;以及
通过将所接收的内容对象的散列与之前构造的兴趣中的内容对象的相应摘要比较,验证所接收的内容对象,
从而促进路由器以成本有效的方式验证内容对象。
4.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统,其中,所述内容对象的HSVLI的最后的名称组成指示所构造的兴趣的摘要。
5.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统,其中,内容对象的相应摘要是所述内容对象的加密散列。
6.根据权利要求1所述的计算机系统,其中,所述方法还包括:
通过所述客户端计算装置接收内容对象,所述内容对象基于所述安全内容目录的名称识别所述安全内容目录,并指示与所述安全内容目录中表示的内容对象对应的索引号;以及
构造所述安全内容目录的兴趣,其中,所述兴趣指示所述安全内容目录的名称,并且其中,所述安全内容目录的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符HSVLI,所述分层结构的可变长度标识符HSVLI包括从最通用等级到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成。
7.根据权利要求6所述的计算机系统,其中,所述方法还包括:
基于所述目录的生产者的公钥,验证所述安全内容目录中的签名;
通过将所接收的内容对象的散列与和所述目录中的索引号对应的内容对象的摘要相比,验证之前接收的内容对象,其中,所述摘要是所述内容对象的加密散列,
从而促进路由器以成本有效方式验证内容对象。
8.一种检测异常的计算机系统,包括:
处理器;
存储装置,所述存储装置耦连到所述处理器并存储指令,所述指令由计算机执行时,引起所述计算机执行一种方法,所述方法包括:
由客户端计算装置创建安全内容目录,所述安全内容目录指示内容对象和他们的相应摘要的集合;
基于所述目录的生产者的私钥,产生所述安全内容目录的数字签名;
向客户端计算装置发送数字签名的安全内容目录,
从而促进路由器以成本有效方式验证内容对象。
9.根据权利要求8所述的计算机系统,其中,所述方法还包括:
接收所述安全内容目录的兴趣,其中,与所述安全内容目录关联的内容对象的名称是分层结构的可变长度标识符HSVLI,所述分层结构的可变长度标识符HSVLI包括从最通用等级到最专用等级排序的连续名称组成;以及
响应于所述兴趣,发送包含所述安全内容目录的内容对象。
10.根据权利要求9所述的计算机系统,其中,与所述安全内容目录关联的内容对象的HSVLI的最后的名称组成指示所述内容对象的摘要。
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