CN104917333B - 旋转机械、轴承以及制造旋转机械的方法 - Google Patents
旋转机械、轴承以及制造旋转机械的方法 Download PDFInfo
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D27/00—Control, e.g. regulation, of pumps, pumping installations or pumping systems specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04D27/001—Testing thereof; Determination or simulation of flow characteristics; Stall or surge detection, e.g. condition monitoring
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
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- F16C32/04—Bearings not otherwise provided for using magnetic or electric supporting means
- F16C32/0402—Bearings not otherwise provided for using magnetic or electric supporting means combined with other supporting means, e.g. hybrid bearings with both magnetic and fluid supporting means
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
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- F01D17/02—Arrangement of sensing elements
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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- Magnetic Bearings And Hydrostatic Bearings (AREA)
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种旋转机械(1),包括:定心于中心轴线(X1)上的定子组件(3)和转子组件(4);磁性轴承(5);和辅助轴承(10),该辅助轴承包括:第一圈(13),其保持在所述定子组件(3)中,以及第二圈(14),其限定相对于所述转子(4)的径向于所述中心轴线(X1)的间隙(G)。所述第二圈(14)在主操作模式下不绕所述中心轴线(X1)旋转,并且在副操作模式下被拖动成绕所述中心轴线(X1)旋转。所述旋转机械(1)包括监测系统(50),用于检测从所述主操作模式到所述副操作模式的转换。所述监测系统(50)包括形成在所述第二圈(14)上的目标(60)和相对于所述定子组件(3)固定的传感器单元(70)。本发明还涉及一种轴承以及一种制造旋转机械(1)的方法。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种旋转机械,其包括定子组件、转子组件、磁性轴承和辅助轴承。本发明还涉及一种轴承,其适于用作旋转机械中的辅助轴承。本发明还涉及一种制造旋转机械的方法。本发明的领域涉及装配有磁性和辅助轴承的旋转机械。
背景技术
EP-A-2 677 176公开了一种电动压缩机类型的旋转机械,其包括定子组件、转子组件、磁性轴承和辅助轴承。该旋转机械包括传感器,用于监测属于转子组件的中心轴的位置,并且检测从标称位置的任何偏离。
US-A-2012/126648公开了另一种旋转机械,其包括定子组件、转子组件、磁性轴承和辅助轴承。该旋转机械包括传感器,用于测量辅助轴承的物理变量,例如温度、力、振动、压力或距离。
在已知的方式中,装配旋转机械的辅助轴承可以是防摩擦滚珠轴承,其具有保持在定子组件中的外圈和与转子组件分开一定径向间隙的内圈。辅助轴承直接暴露于其环境,优选的是采用干燥永久润滑,而没有永久上油。
在磁性轴承失效的情况下,旋转机械由辅助轴承保护。在正常操作中,当磁性轴承正常工作时,辅助轴承的内圈不旋转,并且在转子和辅助轴承之间没有接触。然而,空气动力摩擦可能会拖动内圈旋转,长期下去将会消除永久润滑,然后损坏辅助轴承。通常,启动新辅助轴承的内圈旋转所需要的“起动转矩”高于空气动力效应。然而,操作不当或故障有时会导致大幅降低的起动转矩。辅助轴承的漏检旋转导致其劣化,从而使辅助轴承在磁性轴承失效或处理过载的情况下不再保护转子组件不摩擦定子组件。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种设置有磁性和辅助轴承的改进的旋转机械。
为此,本发明涉及一种旋转机械,包括:定心于中心轴线上的转子组件和定子组件;磁性轴承;和辅助轴承,该辅助轴承包括:第一圈,其保持在所述定子组件中,以及第二圈,其限定相对于所述转子的径向于所述中心轴线的间隙。所述第二圈在主操作模式下不绕所述中心轴线旋转,并且在副操作模式下被拖动成绕所述中心轴线旋转。根据本发明,所述旋转机械包括监测系统,用于检测从所述主操作模式到所述副操作模式的转换,所述监测系统包括形成在所述第二圈上的目标和相对于所述定子组件固定的传感器单元。
由于本发明,可以简单有效地监测所述辅助轴承的异常操作。本发明的其它有利特征将在下文进行描述。
根据本发明的有利的但不是强制性的其它方面,这样的旋转机械可以合并一个或多个下述特征:
-所述目标被加工在所述第二圈的非功能区域中,例如在其外径和外侧上。
-所述辅助轴承是具有第二圈的标准滚珠轴承,所述目标在制造所述辅助轴承之后被重新加工在所述第二圈上。
-所述目标包括至少一个倒角。
-所述目标包括至少一个孔。
-所述传感器单元检测在所述磁性轴承的正常操作期间在副操作模式下所述目标绕中心轴线的旋转。
-所述传感器单元检测在主操作模式下所述目标的振动。
-所述传感器单元包括封装或罐装在由耐高压和/或腐蚀性环境的材料制成的壳体中的探头。
-所述传感器单元包括涡流探头。
-所述传感器单元包括磁性探头。
-所述传感器单元检测所述目标绕中心轴线的位置或速度。
-所述辅助轴承不含位于所述第一圈与第二圈之间的任何中间圈。
-所述第一圈是辅助轴承的外圈,所述第二圈是辅助轴承的内圈。
-所述第一圈是辅助轴承的内圈,所述第二圈是辅助轴承的外圈。
本发明还涉及一种轴承,适于作为在上述旋转机械中的辅助轴承。所述轴承包括适于保持在定子组件中的第一圈、第二圈以及形成在所述第二圈上并且配置成由传感器单元检测的目标。
在第一实施例中,所述轴承包括适于保持在定子组件中的外圈、内圈以及形成在所述内圈上并且配置成由传感器单元检测的目标。
在第二实施例中,所述轴承包括适于保持在定子组件中的内圈、外圈以及形成在所述外圈上并且配置成由传感器单元检测的目标。
本发明还涉及一种制造上述旋转机械的方法。所述方法包括以下步骤:
-在所述辅助轴承的第二圈上形成所述目标;
-相对于所述定子组件定位所述传感器单元;
-安装所述定子组件、转子组件、磁性轴承和辅助轴承。
附图说明
下面参照附图对本发明进行说明,附图仅作为说明性示例,并不限制本发明的目的。在附图中:
-图1是根据本发明的旋转机械的纵向剖视图,其包括定子、转子、磁性轴承、辅助轴承和监测系统;
-图2是更大比例的图1的局部视图,示出了在该旋转机械的中心轴线上方的辅助轴承和监测系统;
-图3是沿着图1上的箭头III的侧视图,示出了辅助轴承的内圈;
-图4和5是与图3相类似的视图,每个示出了本发明的另一实施例;以及
-图6是与图2相类似的视图,示出了本发明的另一实施例。
具体实施方式
图1至3示出了定心于中心轴线X1上的旋转机械1。
例如,旋转机械1可以是装备机动车的电动压缩机。可替代地,旋转机械1可以是适于运输车辆、机械工具、家庭装置等中的任何一种。旋转机械1的一些或全部部件可以在加压介质例如天然气中进行操作。
旋转机械1包括定子组件3、转子组件4、磁性轴承5、辅助轴承10和监测系统50。
定子组件3包括壳体31、兼容的管状衬套32、横向支架33以及背衬装置34。管状衬套32装配在壳体31内。支架33和装置34形成的装置用于将辅助轴承10紧固到定子组件3。
转子组件4包括空心轴41、管状元件42和环形元件43。元件42和43安装在轴41上,并且限定部分地接收辅助轴承10的空间44。转子组件4绕轴线X1是旋转R1可动的。
磁性轴承5在图1上仅示意性地示出,其相对于定子组件3和转子组件4(为了简化的目的,二者并未示出)布置。
辅助轴承10,也被称为紧急轴承、着陆轴承(landing bearing)、后备轴承(back-up bearing)或降落轴承(touch down bearing),主要在旋转机械1的启动或停止操作期间以及还在磁性轴承5出现全部或部分失效时经受冲击载荷的情况下的短暂间歇期间支撑转子组件4。
辅助轴承10包括两排滚珠轴承11和12,也被称为串联滚珠轴承11和12,它们被预加载并且特别适于在加压环境中使用。轴承11包括外圈13和内圈14,而轴承12包括外圈15和内圈16。轴承11包括位于圈13和14之间的一系列滚珠17,而轴承12包括位于圈15和16之间的一系列滚珠18。滚珠17和18可以由陶瓷或钢制成。外圈13和15装配在管状衬套32内。横向支架33定位成对着外圈13,而背衬装置34定位成对着外圈15。支架33和装置34形成的装置用于将外圈13和15紧固到定子组件3。内圈14和16位于空间44中。
在正常操作中,在辅助轴承10和转子组件4之间,更精确地说,在内圈14、16和管状元件42之间,相对于轴线X1沿径向设置缝隙或间隙。图2上示出了圈14和转子组件4之间的间隙G。例如,用于辅助轴承10的间隙G约为磁性轴承5的空气间隙的宽度的一半。
实际上,辅助轴承10的内圈14和16在主操作模式下不绕轴线X1旋转,在副操作模式下被拖动成绕轴线X1旋转。施加在辅助轴承10上的预载增加了带走转矩(take awaytorque),即施加到串联滚珠轴承11和12以启动将内圈14和16拖动成绕轴线X1旋转的最小转矩,从而从主模式切换到副模式。通常,该最小转矩可以在3和5N.m之间,但也可以显著更少。这取决于滚珠轴承及周围结构的尺寸和类型。
当前,旋转机械1在越来越高的压力下工作,气体密度越来越高。在不当操作或故障的情况下,内摩擦系数可能降低。然后,由于转子组件4的旋转而造成的空气动力效应可能足以将辅助轴承10拖动成旋转。在这些条件下,辅助轴承10可能会受到损坏并且失去其刚性,因此失去其在磁性轴承5失效的情况下保护旋转机1的能力。
为了检测辅助轴承10的旋转,已知的解决方案具有严重的缺点。
根据第一解决方案,可以通过位置传感器例如涡流探头来监测辅助轴承10的滚珠17和18的旋转。然而,这种解决方案不能与由陶瓷(当前大多数情况下)制成的滚珠17和18一起工作。
根据第二解决方案,磁性目标可以连接到辅助轴承10的内圈14。然而,该解决方案意味着磁性目标的特定制造。此外,,磁性目标可能一方面不与辅助轴承10的环境(其可能是腐蚀性的)兼容,另一方面不与在转子下降或降落的情况下内圈14的重要加速度兼容。
根据本发明,旋转机械1配备有监测系统50,其包括形成在圈14上的目标60和相对于定子组件3固定的传感器单元70。监测系统50允许检测从圈14不绕轴线X1旋转的主操作模式到圈14被拖动成绕轴线X1旋转的副操作模式的转换。
优选地,目标60被加工在圈14的非功能区域中,例如在如图1至3所示的其外径和外侧上。目标60被加工成绕轴线X1具有不规则形状,例如具有非圆形形状。换句话说,轴线X1并不限定目标60的对称轴线。尽管如此,内圈14的平衡得到保持。
根据具体的实施例,辅助轴承10是具有内圈14的标准滚珠轴承,目标60在制造辅助轴承10之后被重新加工在该内圈上。因此,标准的参考可用于辅助轴承10,没有将会大大增加成本和采购时间的特定制造。
如图3所示,目标60包括两个倒角62和64,它们在轴线X1的两侧上径向相对。每个倒角62和64具有截取的不规则形状。每个倒角62和64的表面从最大到在最大的两侧上绕轴线X1以90°限定的最小各不相同。在最大表面附近,圈14的直径减小可以在0.1和1毫米之间,例如0.2毫米。圈14的侧面具有椭圆形外形,如图3所示。与槽相比较,这样的倒角62和64并不削弱内圈14,以便内圈14能够在转子着陆时承受巨大的加速度,而不会危及辅助轴承10的任何耐用特征。可替代地,目标60可以仅包括一个倒角62或64。
传感器单元70适于检测目标60绕轴线X1的旋转。传感器单元70读取其尖端和内圈14的外径之间的距离。因此,传感器单元70检测在其尖端的前方倒角62和64的存在。传感器单元70可以配置为位置传感器,用于检测目标60绕轴线X1的位置,或者配置为速度传感器,用于检测目标60绕轴线X1的速度。特别地,传感器单元70适于检测在磁性轴承5的正常操作期间在副操作模式下目标60绕轴线X1的旋转。另外,传感器单元70可以配置成检测在主操作模式下目标60的振动,而旋转机械1正在工作或者处于维修检查。
如图1所示,传感器单元70包括探头72、壳体74和传输电缆76。探头72被封装或罐装在壳体74中,其由耐高压和/或腐蚀性环境的材料制成。取决于旋转机械1,探头72可以配置为涡流探头或磁性探头。涡流探头较少膨胀,而磁性探头在恶劣的环境下更有效。
监测系统50允许验证内圈14是否被拖动成旋转并且发射用于预防性维护的警告。系统50还可以用于在着陆期间或之后辅助轴承10的健康分析。有利地,系统50避免在辅助轴承10上增加任何部件。
由于本发明,没有必要在形成目标60之前进行特定的轴承制造,不会在圈14的内部产生应力,不会危及原始滚珠轴承11的任何特征,无需在圈14上增加平衡装置,无需增加任何旋转部件并且不会增加由辅助轴承10和监测系统50形成的组件的轴向长度。
图4至6示出了本发明的其他实施例。在这些实施例中,与第一实施例相类似的元件具有相同的附图标记,并且以相同的方式工作。下文仅就与第一实施例的不同之处进行说明。
图4示出了内圈14,其设置有包括两个倒角162和164的目标160,这两个倒角在轴线X1的两侧上径向相对,每个都具有平面表面。
图5示出了内圈14,其设置有包括三个倒角262、264和266的目标260,这三个倒角绕轴线X1以120°分布,每个都具有平面表面。
图6示出了辅助轴承10和监测系统50(其设置有目标60和传感器单元170)。目标60类似于第一实施例,或者可以被不同地配置。传感器单元170定位在形成于横向支架133内侧的腔137中。传感器单元170具有的尖端不同于传感器单元70的尖端,以便能够读取目标60。
旋转机械1的其它未示出的实施例可以在本发明的范围之内实现。特别地,定子组件3、转子组件4、磁性轴承5、辅助轴承10和/或监测系统50可以具有在本发明范围内的不同配置或布置。
根据未示出的实施例,旋转机械1可以包括若干个磁性轴承5和/或若干个辅助轴承10。不管该实施例如何,旋转机械1包括至少一个磁性轴承5和至少一个辅助轴承10。
根据另一未示出的实施例,辅助轴承10可以包括仅一排或两排以上的滚珠轴承11和12。
根据另一未示出的实施例,辅助轴承10可以是滚针轴承或滑动轴承。
根据另一未示出的实施例,内圈13可以相对于定子组件3固定,而外圈14可以设置由目标60。
根据另一未示出的实施例,目标60、160或160可以包括至少一个孔,而不是至少一个倒角。
根据另一未示出的实施例,若干个传感器单元70可以围绕轴线X1以对称的方式布置。优选地,信号被相互比较,从而产生的速度信息独立于圈14的位置信息。
此外,不同实施例的技术特征可以全部或部分地彼此结合。因此,旋转机械1及其制造方法可以适于本申请的特定要求。
Claims (9)
1.一种旋转机械(1),包括:
-定心于中心轴线(X1)上的定子组件(3)和转子组件(4);
-磁性轴承(5);和
-辅助轴承(10),其包括:
-第一圈(13),其保持在所述定子组件(3)中,以及
-第二圈(14),其限定相对于所述转子组件(4)的径向于所述中心轴线(X1)的间隙(G),
其中,第一圈是辅助轴承的外圈,第二圈是辅助轴承的内圈,或者第一圈是辅助轴承的内圈,第二圈是辅助轴承的外圈;
其中,所述第二圈(14)在主操作模式下不绕所述中心轴线(X1)旋转,并且在副操作模式下被拖动成绕所述中心轴线(X1)旋转;
其特征在于,所述旋转机械(1)包括监测系统(50),用于检测从所述主操作模式到所述副操作模式的转换,所述监测系统(50)包括形成在所述第二圈(14)上的目标(60;160;260)和相对于所述定子组件(3)固定的传感器单元(70;170);
所述传感器单元适于检测所述目标围绕中心轴线的旋转。
2.根据权利要求1所述的旋转机械(1),其中,所述目标(60;160;260)被加工在所述第二圈(14)的非功能区域中。
3.根据权利要求1所述的旋转机械(1),其中,所述辅助轴承(10)是具有第二圈(14)的标准滚珠轴承,所述目标(60;160;260)在制造所述辅助轴承(10)之后被重新加工在所述第二圈上。
4.根据权利要求1所述的旋转机械(1),其中,所述目标(60)包括至少一个倒角(62、64;162、164;262、264、266)。
5.根据权利要求1所述的旋转机械(1),其中,所述目标(60)包括至少一个孔。
6.根据权利要求1所述的旋转机械(1),其中,所述传感器单元(70;170)检测在所述磁性轴承(5)的正常操作期间在副操作模式下所述目标(60;160;260)绕中心轴线(X1)的旋转。
7.根据权利要求1所述的旋转机械(1),其中,所述传感器单元(70;170)检测在主操作模式下所述目标(60;160;260)的振动。
8.根据权利要求1所述的旋转机械(1),其中,所述辅助轴承(10)不含位于所述第一圈(13)与第二圈(14)之间的任何中间圈。
9.一种制造根据权利要求1至8中任一项所述的旋转机械(1)的方法,其中,所述方法包括以下步骤:
-在所述辅助轴承(10)的第二圈(14)上形成所述目标(60;160;260);
-相对于所述定子组件(3)定位所述传感器单元(70;170);
-安装所述定子组件(3)、转子组件(4)、磁性轴承(5)和辅助轴承(10)。
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EP2918845B1 (en) | 2018-11-28 |
US10260557B2 (en) | 2019-04-16 |
US20150260221A1 (en) | 2015-09-17 |
CA2884602C (en) | 2022-03-01 |
CA2884602A1 (en) | 2015-09-11 |
CN104917333A (zh) | 2015-09-16 |
JP2015178901A (ja) | 2015-10-08 |
JP6546759B2 (ja) | 2019-07-17 |
EP2918845A1 (en) | 2015-09-16 |
EP2918845B2 (en) | 2022-01-12 |
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